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Genetic clustering of 12 and 13 study populations of Salvia spinosa and Salvia syriaca according to STRUCTURE analysis (K = 2). Each bar denotes an individual and colours indicate the degree of affinity to each cluster. Pie charts indicate genetic membership at the population level. Med = Mediterranean, Ira = Irano-Turanian, Sah = Saharo-Arabian phytogeographic region.
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Environmental gradients, and particularly climatic variables, exert a strong influence on plant distribution and, potentially, population genetic diversity and differentiation. Differences in water availability can cause among‐population variation in ecological processes and can thus interrupt populations’ connectivity and isolate them environmenta...
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Human-induced climate- and land-use change have been affecting biogeographical and biodiversity patterns for the past two centuries all over the globe, resulting in increased extinction and biotic homogenization rates. High mountain ecosystems are more sensitive to these changes, which have led to physiological and phenological shifts, as well as t...
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... Wadi Elbarasa has low-altitude valleys characterized by water aggregations that allow for the growth of a few plant populations. The slight gorges in Gebel Kniethl (750-1000 m a.s.l) facilitate the growth of plant populations [39], revealing the same connection between genetic diversity maintenance in rare plant populations and water availability in desert habitats. ...
... Wadi Elbarasa has low-altitude valleys characterized by water aggregations that allow for the growth of a few plant populations. The slight gorges in Gebel Kniethl (750-1000 m a.s.l) facilitate the growth of plant populations [39], revealing the same connection between genetic diversity maintenance in rare plant populations and water availability in desert habitats. ...
Commiphora gileadensis (L.) C. Chr is a perennial plant existing mainly in the southern and western mountains of the Arabian Peninsula. In the Makkah province, the remaining populations are threatened by many factors such as overcutting, overgrazing, and urban developments. These dangers are expected to be aggravated by the progression of aridification factors arising from climate change. To overcome the decline in remaining populations of this valuable species, a timely evaluation of the population’s genetic variables and genetic structure is vital for the conservation of existing C. gileadensis populations. In this study, we used 61 SSR primers to achieve this objective. Only 50 loci showed polymorphisms, which led to further analysis of the population genetics for 600 genotypes that were collected from 50 populations of C. gileadensis found in 10 different sites in the Makkah region: Gebel Al Muliesaa, Wadi Albathna, Wadi Houra, Wadi Albaidaa, Wadi Elebiedia, Gebel Kniethl, Wadi Sayaa, Wadi Elbarasa, Wadi Alfawara, and Wadi Alkharar. The results showed an obvious decrease in genetic diversity variables in all studied populations. The range of PPL was between 8 and 40; additionally, the low HT value of 0.804 and the high value of inbreeding, Fis = 0.238, reflected a severe lack of heterozygotes. High levels of FST and GST and low gene flow indicate considerable segregation among the C. gileadensis populations, which creates a barrier to gene migration. Our data suggest the need for conservation planning for C. gileadensis in order to avoid the species’ forthcoming extinction. Efforts should be largely oriented around managing water consumption, prohibiting overcutting and overgrazing, and establishing appropriate seed banks.
... Depending on the timing of the intervention, bone grafting is usually divided into primary, performed at the time of cheiloplasty [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] and secondary, performed after cheiloplasty. Secondary bone grafting, in turn, is divided into early, carried out during the period of milk occlusion, and late, carried out in combination with corrective operations on the upper lip and nose during the formed permanent occlusion [13][14][15][16][17][18]. ...
Alveolar cleft is a tornado-shaped bone defect in the maxillary arch. The treatment goals for alveolar cleft are stabilization and provision of bone continuity to the maxillary arch, permitting support for tooth eruption, eliminating oronasal fistulas, providing an improved esthetic result, and improving speech. Treatment protocols vary in terms of the operative time, surgical techniques, and graft materials. Early approaches including boneless bone grafting (gingivoperiosteoplasty) and primary bone graft fell into disfavor because they impaired facial growth, and they remain controversial. Secondary bone graft (SBG) is not the most perfect method, but long-term follow-up has shown that the graft is absorbed to a lesser extent, does not impede facial growth, and supports other teeth. Accordingly, SBG in the mixed dentition phase (6–11 years) has become the preferred method of treatment. The most commonly used graft material is cancellous bone from the iliac crest. Recently, many researchers have investigated the use of allogeneic bone, artificial bone, and recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein, along with growth factors because of their ability to decrease donor-site morbidity. Further investigations of bone substitutes and additives will continue to be needed to increase their effectiveness and to reduce complications.
... Wadi Qaraba and Wadi Al Khamas are low-level valleys with more water reserves, permitting the growth of many plant populations. Al-Gharaibeh et al. 2017 [35] mentioned the same relationship between the maintenance of genetic diversity in the populations of other plant species and water accessibility and altitude in the desert. ...
Rhanterium epapposum Oliv. is a perennial medicinal shrub growing mainly in desert habitats in the Arabian Peninsula. In western Saudi Arabia, the remaining few populations of this species are exposed to many threats, including overcutting, overgrazing, and recently, increasing human activities. These threats are predicted to be exacerbated by the advancement of aridification caused by climate change. The conservation and recovering of the diminished populations of R. epapposum necessitate measurement of their genetic diversity and genetic differentiation. To accomplish this objective, we tested 150 simple sequence repeat (SSR) primer pairs, with which 40 polymorphic loci were identified. These polymorphic loci were used to determine the population genetics of 540 plant accessions sampled from a total of 45 populations of R. epapposum located in 8 sites in western Saudi Arabia: Wadi Khurieba, Wadi Al Khamas, Gebel Al Twaal, Al Asaafer, Wadi ALHamda, Wadi Al Nassayeif, Wadi Qaraba, Wadi Kuliayah, and Wadi Dahban. Low levels of genetic diversity were found in all populations (the values of the PPL ranged between 52.5 and 15) along with a declined value of HT (0.123) and a considerable inbreeding value (F = 0.942), which confirmed a noticeable shortage of heterozygotes. High genetic differentiation among the populations and a low value of gene flow are indicative of high isolation among the R. epapposum populations, which has caused a severe deficiency in gene migration. The data obtained herein inspire several recommendations for conservation and retrieval of the existing populations, including seed banks, restoration of diminished populations, and monitoring and prevention of cutting and grazing activities at threatened sites. All of these measures are urgently required to avoid imminent extinction.
... Wadi Qaraba and Wadi Al Khamas are low-level valleys with more water reserves, permitting the growth of many plant populations. Al-Gharaibeh et al. 2017 [35] mentioned the same relationship between the maintenance of genetic diversity in the populations of other plant species and water accessibility and altitude in the desert. ...
Rhanterium epapposum Oliv. is a perennial medicinal shrub growing mainly in desert habitats in the Arabian Peninsula. In western Saudi Arabia, the remaining few populations of this species are exposed to many threats, including overcutting, overgrazing, and recently, increasing human activities. These threats are predicted to be exacerbated by the advancement of aridification caused by climate change. The conservation and recovering of the diminished populations of R. epapposum necessitate measurement of their genetic diversity and genetic differentiation. To accomplish this objective, we tested 150 simple sequence repeat (SSR) primer pairs, with which 40 polymorphic loci were identified. These polymorphic loci were used to determine the population genetics of 540 plant accessions sampled from a total of 45 populations of R. epapposum located in 8 sites in western Saudi Arabia: Wadi Khurieba, Wadi Al Khamas, Gebel Al Twaal, Al Asaafer, Wadi ALHamda, Wadi Al Nassayeif, Wadi Qaraba, Wadi Kuliayah, and Wadi Dahban. Low levels of genetic diversity were found in all populations (the values of the PPL ranged between 52.5 and 15) along with a declined value of HT (0.123) and a considerable inbreeding value (F = 0.942), which confirmed a noticeable shortage of heterozygotes. High genetic differentiation among the populations and a low value of gene flow are indicative of high isolation among the R. epapposum populations, which has caused a severe deficiency in gene migration. The data obtained herein inspire several recommendations for conservation and retrieval of the existing populations, including seed banks, restoration of diminished populations, and monitoring and prevention of cutting and grazing activities at threatened sites. All of these measures are urgently required to avoid imminent extinction.
... Wadi Khurieba is located close to a mountainous region, where more water from frequent rains is accessible; this is reflected in the populations of S. persica and its genetic diversity. Similar maintenance of genetic diversity in other rare plant populations grown in relation to water availability and altitude of its sites in desert, was reported by Al-Gharaibeh et al [40]. ...
ABSTRACT:
Salvadora persicaL. is a medicinal plant distributed in desert and subtropical regions. In Rabigh,the few persisting populations of this plant are exposed to overcutting, overgrazing and,recently, human habitation. The conservation ofS. persicarequires an assessment of their geneticdiversity and genetic differentiation. We applied 40 simple sequence repeat (SSR) primers, withwhich 22 polymorphic loci were identified. The PIC values were varied between 0.858 and 0.967.240 plant accessions were sampled from four sites in Rabigh: Wadi EL Khaneg, Wadi Al Johfa,Wadi Al Hakak, and Wadi Khurieba. The percentage of polymorphic loci PPL% were rangedbetween 60% and 32% and a considerable inbreeding value (F=0.942). Elevated genetic differ-entiation among the populations and a low gene migration suggest isolation amongS. persicapopulations. Several recommendations for the protection of the existing populations, includ-ing seed preservation, restoration of highly endangered sites, and management of cutting andgrazing activities.
(PDF) Genetic diversity and genetic structure of Salvadora persica L., rare plant species in Rabigh province, Saudi Arabia: implications for conservation.. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342643739_Genetic_diversity_and_genetic_structure_of_Salvadora_persica_L_rare_plant_species_in_Rabigh_province_Saudi_Arabia_implications_for_conservation [accessed Jul 03 2020].
... In this research field, we firstly quantified genetic (Al-Gharaibeh, Hamasha, Rosche, et al., 2017) [14] and phenotypic variation (Al-Gharaibeh, Ley et al., 2018) [15,13] of native species to assess their evolutionary potential under climate change (Q.5.1). Secondly, we used a field common garden experiment (Q.5.2) (Haider et al., in preparation) [2] and a common garden clipping experiment (Q.5.3) [8] to explore the role of pre-adaptation in establishment success of invaders. ...
... Our studies focused on a steep precipitation gradient spanning from the arid Irano-Turanian and Saharo-Arabian regions with highly variable and unpredictable rainfall to the moister Mediterranean region with less variable and more predictable rainfall. The first author sampled populations of Salvia syriaca and S. spinosa across all three regions in order to investigate the neutral genetic differentiation (Al-Gharaibeh, Hamasha, Rosche, et al., 2017) [14] by the means of AFLP markers. For the vast majority of these populations we then also analyzed differentiation in responses of germination behavior to variation in salinity and temperature along the precipitation gradient (Al-Gharaibeh, [15]. ...
... Al-Gharaibeh MM,Hamasha HR, Rosche C, Lachmuth S, Hensen I (2017). Environmental gradients shape the genetic structure of two medicinal Salvia species in Jordan. ...
Worldwide, biodiversity is under pressure from anthropogenic environmental change. In concert, environmental change and modifications of dispersal pathways induce immense and rapid alterations to the geographic distributions of species including range retractions, expansions, shifts, and the invasion into novel regions. Here, rare or declining species vs. invasive species represent the opposite ends of a gradient of demographic success. This habilitation thesis assembles conceptual and empirical research on five phenomena that shape the eco-evolutionary dynamics of natural plant populations under global change: 1) anthropogenic alterations of biotic and abiotic environments, 2) demographic and genetic bottlenecks 3) inbreeding depression and inbreeding x environment interactions, 4) interspecific hybridization between previously isolated taxa, 5) and ultimately altered evolutionary trajectories. In summary, the research assembled in this thesis contributes to a more general understanding of the important role of eco-evolutionary processes for the demographic success and thus management implications of declining and invasive species.
... cold index (CI). Al-Gharaibeh et al. (2017) observed an increase in genetic diversity with an increase in temperature, drought in Salvia spinosa and Salvia syriaca populations. According to Lee and Chun (2016), patterns of plant diversity was found to be highly influenced by habitat heterogeneity in Korean temperate forests. ...
Simmondsia chinensis (Link) Schneider, commonly known as Jojoba is a woody, dioecious shrub, cultivated all over the globe mainly for its commercially important seed oil (liquid wax ester). Investigations were carried out to analyze genetic diversity and population structure of 57 Jojoba genotypes belonging to 3 different eco-geographical regions of India (Gujarat, Jodhpur, and Jaipur) employing sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. SRAP markers produced higher mean values of polymorphic bands (6.22), polymorphism information content (PIC: 0.47), effective multiplex ration (EMR: 5.36) and marker index (MI: 2.59) compared to SSR markers (5.87, 0.38, 5.26 and 2.23 respectively). Higher % polymorphism (86.30%) and resolving power (RP: 8.76) were detected by SSR markers than SRAP markers (82.30% and 8.71 respectively). Total genetic diversity (Ht) and genetic diversity within populations (Hs) in Jojoba genotypes were found to be very high (0.47 and 0.45 respectively). AMOVA analysis also revealed higher genetic variation within populations (77%) than among populations (23%). Very low genetic differentiation (Gst: 0.04) and high gene flow (Nm: 10.57) among different populations were observed. The Jojoba population of Gujarat region was observed to be highly diverse (h: 0.48), and that of Jaipur was least polymorphic (h: 0.40). Jojoba male genotypes were found to be more polymorphic (h: 0.46) compared to females (h: 0.44). UPGMA, Neighbor-Joining tree, and population structure analysis divided Jojoba populations into two main clusters, first comprising of Gujarat and Jodhpur populations and second including Jaipur population. Genetic diversity in different Jojoba populations was found to be strongly negatively and significantly correlated with the longitude factor. For sex identification in Jojoba, one SRAP primer combination, ‘Em14/Me10’ amplified a DNA fragment of 396 bp specific to male genotypes of Jaipur population. This male-specific marker was further positively validated on different genotypes growing in Jodhpur and Gujarat regions and sequenced.
... Meriandra, Perovskia, Rosmarinus, Zhumeria) (De la Torre et al. 1992;Hanson 2015b;Jiang et al. 2015;Mahmoud et al. 2005;Mothana et al. 2009;Rustaiyan et al. 1995), as well as the presence in other taxa taxonomically separated (Alvarenga et al. 2001;Hanson 2011Hanson , 2015b, should now be reconsidered in view of new chemotaxonomic considerations. A metabolomic approach could be helpful (Abe et al. 2003;De Falco and Lanzotti 2018;Ernst et al. 2015;Gallon et al. 2018;Liu et al. 2017), taking into account that the chemical composition of the species can be varied greatly from the habitats , and the different bioclimatic areas of distribution can exert a strong influence on population genetic diversity and differentiation (Al-Gharaibeh et al. 2017). ...
A total of 175 abietane quinone diterpenes with ortho- or para-quinone chromophore, namely 11,12-ortho-quinone abietane, 11,14-para-quinone abietane, seco-abietane and abeo-abietanes quinones were surveyed from 130 species of Salvia of central Asia/Mediterranean area, eastern Asia, and Central and South America. An organized information on the phytochemistry and the biological activities, i.e. anti-cancer, antioxidant, anxiolytic and antidepressant, anti-obesity, antinflammatory, as well as antimicrobial and toxicological aspects of these compounds was provided. Due to the many nomenclatural mistakes caused by the abundance of data, and the need to provide the plant knowledge for further chemotaxonomic studies, the results about the botany and the taxonomy of the plant source of these compounds were also summarized.
... Both environment (rainfall, temperature) and geography shaped genetic differentiation in wild barley in Israel [5] suggesting that both non-selective forces such as migration but also abiotic factors such as aridity gradient played major roles in the adaptation of wild barley. Environment but not geography influenced genetic differentiation in two Salvia species [74] and three of the four studied Stipa species in Jordan [75]. Both later mentioned authors argue that absence of IBD in presence of IDE suggest that gene flow between populations is rather limited by strong environmental variation between populations that may influence flowering phenology and consequently cause reproductive isolation between environmentally different populations irrespective of geographic distance between them [75,76]. ...
Knowledge of current genetic diversity and mating systems of crop wild relatives (CWR) in the Fertile Crescent is important in crop genetic improvement, because western agriculture began in the area after the cold-dry period known as Younger Dryas about 12,000 years ago and these species are also wild genepools of the world’s most important food crops. Wild pea (Pisum sativum subsp. elatius) is an important source of genetic diversity for further pea crop improvement harbouring traits useful in climate change context. The genetic structure was assessed on 187 individuals of Pisum sativum subsp. elatius from fourteen populations collected in the northern part of the Fertile Crescent using 18,397 genome wide single nucleotide polymorphism DARTseq markers. AMOVA showed that 63% of the allelic variation was distributed between populations and 19% between individuals within populations. Four populations were found to contain admixed individuals. The observed heterozygosity ranged between 0.99 to 6.26% with estimated self-pollination rate between 47 to 90%. Genetic distances of wild pea populations were correlated with geographic but not environmental (climatic) distances and support a mixed mating system with predominant self-pollination. Niche modelling with future climatic projections showed a local decline in habitats suitable for wild pea, making a strong case for further collection and ex situ conservation.
