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![Generic diagram of iron uptake into cells. A) Tf-iron binds to Tf receptors (TFR) at the cell surface. B) The Tf-iron/TfR complexes are internalized in clathrin-coated vesicles. C) ATP-dependent proton pumps (H + ) acidify the endosome, releasing iron from the Tf/TFR complex. D) Iron exits the endosome via the divalent metal ion transporter DCT1 [48]. E) The free iron (Fe 2+ ) is either used by the cell for mitochondrial respiration or incorporated into ironcontaining proteins. F) The remainder of iron is either stored in ferritin deposits or transported out of the cell via ferroportin (not shown). G) Meanwhile, the Tf/TFR complex is returned to the cell membrane where the complex dissociates, releasing Tf for re-use. Reproduced from [47] with permission from John Wiley & Sons.](publication/235400972/figure/fig2/AS:380777545125899@1467795849564/Generic-diagram-of-iron-uptake-into-cells-A-Tf-iron-binds-to-Tf-receptors-TFR-at-the.png)
Generic diagram of iron uptake into cells. A) Tf-iron binds to Tf receptors (TFR) at the cell surface. B) The Tf-iron/TfR complexes are internalized in clathrin-coated vesicles. C) ATP-dependent proton pumps (H + ) acidify the endosome, releasing iron from the Tf/TFR complex. D) Iron exits the endosome via the divalent metal ion transporter DCT1 [48]. E) The free iron (Fe 2+ ) is either used by the cell for mitochondrial respiration or incorporated into ironcontaining proteins. F) The remainder of iron is either stored in ferritin deposits or transported out of the cell via ferroportin (not shown). G) Meanwhile, the Tf/TFR complex is returned to the cell membrane where the complex dissociates, releasing Tf for re-use. Reproduced from [47] with permission from John Wiley & Sons.
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The neuroanatomic specificity with which Alzheimer's disease (AD) progresses could provide clues to AD etiopathology. Magnetic resonance imaging studies of AD clinical progression have confirmed general conclusions from earlier studies of AD neuropathological progression wherein neurofibrillary tangle pathology was observed to spread along a well-d...
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... In the 1960s, detrimental effects of chemical coagulants on the human health were published (Simate et al., 2011). Residual aluminum in alum treated water has been the center of debate as it is linked to serious health issues such as the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD) (Walton, 2013). Chemical coagulation is the most common and traditional coagulation process in water and wastewater treatment. ...
Coagulation activity in water and waste water treatment tends to reduce turbidity by agglomerating the dissolved and suspended particles thereby making them dense enough to settle. Alluminium phosphate is the common solution that is used to achieve coagulation. In case of lacking aluminum phosphate, an alternative has to be considered. In this study, leaves of five trees are considered. The trees include Jujube Tree (Prunus Domestica), Desert dates (Balanites Eagyptiaca), Kamel’s Foot (Piliostigma reticulatum; P. Thonningii), Guiera (Guiera Senegalensis) and Mahogany (Khaya Senegalensis). Leaves of these trees were dried and grinded to powder before they were dissolved in water. Extract of these solution were used for coagulation potentialities with a concentration of 2 ml per liter. Turbidity of the water was tested before coagulation and was found to be 233 NTU. The results of the turbidity after coagulation showed that the water has 53 NTU, 69 NTU, 70 NTU, 74 NTU and 700 NTU for Mahogany, Jujube, Guiera, Desert Dates and Kamel’s Foot respectively. Drinking water limit of 5NTU for turbidity in accordance to W.H.O has not been achieved in all the tests made
... The negative effects of chemical coagulants on human health and well-being were first reported in the 1960s [108]. The presence of residual aluminium in alum-treated water has sparked controversy because it has been attributed to significant health problems, including the onset of Alzheimer's disease (AD) [109][110][111][112]. Unreacted chemical monomers and polymer by-products in water can also pose a health risk to humans [113]. ...
This review plans to provide an overview of the Hylocereus spp as a whole, focusing on their morphology, how they are propagated and cultivated, what are the optimum conditions for them to be propagated and cultivated in, their nutritional and medicinal benefits, and the application of these plants in different industries such as cosmeceuticals, food and beverage, wastewater treatment, and its potential uses in oil and gas industry. Pitaya is becoming increasingly popular as a staple crop in different countries across various regions from Central America to Asia due to its rich nutritional make-up making it an excellent source of dietary fibre, vitamins, fructose, and minerals. Moreover, cultivators are attracted to this plant species due to their relatively high yield and the crop's longevity, with one plant lasting up to 25-30 years. At the moment, there is very little information on maximising the full potential of this plant's uses and benefits to consumers and industries across the world. Hence, this review may provide a guideline and detailed background to develop a better understanding of the pitaya plant including the fruits as well as the by-products, and expand the market and its applications in different industries.
... Other studies listed the following as drawbacks of inorganic coagulants: highly sensitive to pH, inefficient towards very fine particles, and applicable only to a few dispersed systems [11,12]. According to Walton, an increase in metal concentration in treated water, resulting from inorganic coagulant, may have serious health concerns [13]. AC toxicity has been found in rats and water fleas to be 124 mg/kg and 160 mg/L, respectively, by researchers (Sigma-Aldrich; [14]). ...
The search for alternative solutions for sustainable management of faecal sludge in the area of dewatering with biocoagulants/bioflocculants remains unfulfilled. Some available and accessible indigenous plants in the northern part of Ghana have been characterised and subsequently evaluated in their suitability for use as biocoagulant/bioflocculants. The Yila (Crossopteryx febrifuga) and the Voulo (Grewia mollis) plants were the indigenous plants used in this study. Three applications from the Yila wooden stem, the Yila bark, and the Voulo at different treatment concentrations with faecal sludge were monitored. The Yila wooden stem gave a potential of pollutant removal up to about 83.99%, 93.79%, and 91.54% for Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), and turbidity, respectively. Application of the Yila bark gave a respective removal efficiency of up to about 77.39%, 82.02%, and 54.60% for COD, TSS, and turbidity. The efficiency of the Voulo plant obtained for COD, TSS, and turbidity was up to about 80.43%, 86.83%, and 72.55%, respectively. No cyanogenic or toxic compounds were identified in the characterised raw materials used for this study. The study has revealed the potential of producing biocoagulants that can perform as effectively as synthetic/chemical coagulants using locally natural raw materials but the use of it at large scale will only be applicable for batch or semi-batch systems. Some interesting constituents identified in the plants under consideration, such as trialkyl bismuthine and furan derivative, can open up opportunities to elucidate the potential applications of these identified plants in the areas of pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, glass and ceramics, rubber production, and other applicable medicinal advantageous areas.
... High dose Al exposure to rats have a high success rate, mimic AD, and a cost-effective animal model, with memory impairment, neuron loss, neurogliocyte proliferation, and senile plaque (SP) and neurofibrillary tangle (NFT) aggregation in the brain. However, the high dose of Al may cause rat liver injuries and anorexia, accompanied with decreased weight [14]. Previous research showed that AD brains contain increased levels of Al. ...
Background: Exposure to high levels of aluminium (Al) leads to neurotoxicity. Hippocampus is one of the preferred sites of aluminium accumulation. Nevertheless, the role of Al in Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains controversial and there is little proof directly interlinking Al to AD. Aims: The present study was undertaken to find out the occurrence of AD pathogenesis in Hippocampus under moderate aluminium exposure in rats. Materials and Methods: Adult rats were divided into control (C) and aluminium treated (E) groups having eight animal each. The rats in group E were exposed to aluminium 4.2 mg/kg body weight for three months with due approval from Institute Animal Ethics Committee. The hippocampus was processed for histopathological and electron microscopy observation. Results: Moderate Al intake produces significant reduction in the count of Pyramidal cells in hippocampus identified by shrunken cells as well as pyknosis in cell bodies. The differences between the cell numbers in all groups were found to be statistically significant (P < 0.05). Cornu Ammonis (CA) exhibited significantly reduced nissl bodies with a marked reduction in neuronal cell loss. Neurofibrillary tangle and plaques were not seen in the given dose of Al exposure. Electron microscopy from experimental group showed that the majority of neurons were disintegrating, the nuclear membrane has ruptured, and nucleoli appeared significantly distorted. The chromatin condensed and the mitochondria had disintegrated. Many vacuoles and lipofuscin sediment in cytoplasm, as compared to the control group noted. Conclusion: Present data demonstrated that moderate chronic aluminium exposure 4.2mg/kg body weight induced neurodegeneration in hippocampus but not significant for Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis.
... By using metal NPs such as Fe 3 O 4 or Ag NPs, the accumulation of transition metals and elements on different tissues/cells is increased substantially, leading to an enhancement in the likelihood of progression of genetic diseases. 271,272 Thus, it is vital to know the detailed mechanisms of how these NPs interrelate with cells to control the cellular cytotoxicity. Remarkably, cellular adhesions in cancer therapeutic systems are specifically crucial, which could be manipulated. ...
Since cancer has a very complex pathophysiology, existing cancer treatment strategies encounter several challenges such as the lack of specificity/selectivity, induction of multidrug resistance, and possible side effects/toxicity. A wide variety of organic, inorganic, and hybrid nanosystems have been designed with unique magnetic, thermal, mechanical, electrical, and optical properties for targeted cancer therapy. These advanced nano-systems with enhanced bioavailability, biocompatibility, and drug loading capacity have been developed for targeted cancer therapy to reduce toxicity and improve the targeting properties. In this context, challenges persist for their clinical translational studies and enhancement of their therapeutic efficiency as well as the optimization of synthesis conditions and large-scale production. In addition, despite promising preclinical results, the number of nanosystems available to patients is still very low, partly due to a lack of understanding of the differences among animal model species and humans that influence the behavior and functionality of these nanosystems. Regarding this, organ-on-a-chip platforms can significantly help in drug screening and delivery aspects in cancer/tumor cells as well as cancer modeling research; the organs-on-chip approach can also be helpful to analyze the cancer−immune cells interactions. Future studies should focus on the exploration of multifunctional nanosystems with synergistic chemo-photothermal, photothermal/photodynamic, and cancer immunotherapeutic potentials as well as smart nanosystems with theranostic capabilities. Herein, recent advancements pertaining to the applications of advanced nanosystems for cancer therapeutics are deliberated. Current obstacles and limitations hindering the application from research to clinical uses are also discussed while providing recommendations for a more efficient adoption of nanomaterials in the treatment of cancers.
... Therefore, it can influence energy metabolism. Al has been linked to several neurodegenerative diseases, including AD, PD, and ALS [157][158][159][160]. ...
Neurodegenerative processes encompass a large variety of diseases with different pathological patterns and clinical features, such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. Exposure to metals has been hypothesized to increase oxidative stress in brain cells leading to cell death and neurodegeneration. Neurotoxicity of metals has been demonstrated by several in vitro and in vivo experimental studies, and most probably, each metal has its specific pathway to trigger cell death. As a result, exposure to essential metals, such as manganese, iron, copper, zinc, and cobalt, and nonessential metals, including lead, aluminum, and cadmium, perturbs metal homeostasis at the cellular and organism levels leading to neurodegeneration. In this contribution, a comprehensive review of the molecular mechanisms by which metals affect microglia physiology and signaling properties is presented. Furthermore, studies that validate the disruption of microglia activation pathways as an essential mechanism of metal toxicity that can contribute to neurodegenerative disease are also presented and discussed.
... Aluminum causes a chronic neurotoxicity on human nervous system. Diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, encephalopathies and neurological disorders may be related to human exposure to aluminum through contaminated water (Polizzi et al., 2002, Banks et al., 2006Walton, 2013;Lee et al., 2014;Lima-Jú-nior & Abreu, 2018). ...
The risks of scarcity have forced several countries to change their water resources management. In Brazil, the Paraíba do Sul River has a great importance as it supplies water for many cities of the Southeast region. Thus, the management of water and wastewater systems demands a more sustainable and efficient scenario. The study's objective was to evaluate, through sustainability indicators, the urban water management system in Volta Redonda (Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil). The selection of sustainability indicators was done through Delphi technique: a group of eight specialists selected the indicators used to evaluate sustainability, its dimension and level of importance. The six criteria for the classification of indicators according to the dimensions of sustainability were: (1) Environmental / Ecological, (2) Economic, (3) Social / Cultural, (4) Technological (5) Ethical and (6) Political / Institutional. Most of the indicators were considered "very important" or just "important". Regarding the dimension of sustainability, 93% of indicators contemplated more than three dimensions. However, 13 indicators contemplated all the six dimensions as they were multidimensional indicators, analyzed according to the municipal data. The chosen method for the indicator's selection was considered quite satisfactory, since they were able to generate a set of key indicators to show the current municipal water and wastewater scenario. The city has shown satisfactory conditions regarding fresh water supply index. However, some indicators pointed a not sustainable system due to the low wastewater treatment index, precarious state of the river's life and divergences between the basin plan and the municipal director plan.
... Many studies have shown that Al-toxicity causes neuropathological, neurobehavioral, neurophysical and neurochemical shifts (Colomina et al., 2002; Walton et al., 2013). Treatment with Al+3 has also been demonstrated to play a role in neuronal degeneration processes linked to antioxidant enzyme suppression, lipid peroxidation, and protein denaturation (Walton, 2007). ...
... In the industrial sector, clean water is needed to reach about 22% of the total water available [10]. On the water supply aspect, the problems are the increase in water pollution from various toxic pollutants from industrial and domestic [4], [5], [7], [11], [12], [13], [14], [15]. Domestic wastewater mainly contains pathogenic microbiological, such as Coliform, E. coli, Streptococcus sp., Pseudomonas sp., Vibrio sp., Clostridia sp., Arcobacter sp., Thiobacillus sp. ...
... [16], [17]. Meanwhile, the industrial wastewater is hydraulic overload, extreme temperatures, oil and grease, acids or bases, suspended solids, inorganic or organic, toxic and volatile materials, odors, or corrosive gases [4], [5], [7], [11], [12], [13], [14], [15]. ...
... Despite providing good performance in water treatment, the coagulants have several disadvantages such as reducing pH to acid, inefficiency in low temperatures, high cost of coagulants, large sludge volume, and accelerated pipe corrosion. In addition, it also potential causes of health problems (Alzheimer's disease, neurotoxic, and carcinogenic) [4], [11], [13], [29], [37], [46], [51], [52]. ...
Background. A cationic copolymer has been developed as a substitute for synthetic coagulants, resulting in decreased pH, potential health problems, high costs, and large sludge volumes. Aim. This study evaluated the potential of banana pith in several treatments as a natural coagulant to reduce turbidity, COD, and color. Methods. The synthesis was carried out by inserting the cationic moiety of GTA (3-Chloro-2-hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride) into the starch backbone by microwave radiation. Resulth. It has been found that the floculation characteristics depend on the charge neutralization, followed by the linkage between the copolymer chains. The results showed that the initial dose and concentration influenced the copolymer's flocculation performance. Conclusions. Natural polysaccharides can be modified becomes an effective flocculation material for treating clean water and wastewater
... Despite providing good performance, chemical coagulants can have adverse effects on organisms, lowering the pH of the water, large sludge residues, pipe corrosion. It is also a potential cause of health problems such as Alzheimer's, neurotoxic, carcinogenic (Choubey, Rajput, & Bapat, 2012;Choudhary & Neogi, 2017;Choy et al., 2014;Kristianto, 2017;Mouhamed Bayane, Yanjun, & Bekhzad, 2020;Taiwo et al., 2020;Walton, 2013;Yavuz, Vaizoǧlu, & Güler, 2013). In addition, chlorination, due to high coagulant doses, can produce several by-products with long-term harmful effects (Senthil Kumar et al., 2019;Taiwo et al., 2020). ...
