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Generalized distribution of black-footed albatrosses in the subarctic North Pacific. Redrawn from Shuntov (1972).
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The importance of the subarctic gyres of the North Pacific Ocean to marine birds and mammals is poorly known because of a paucity of data spanning appropriate scales of time and space. The little information that is available indicates the western subarctic gyre (WSAG) is more productive than the eastern subarctic gyre (ESAG). In summer the WSAG su...
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... summer the Laysan albatross (Diomedea immutabilis) is abundant in the WSA, including most of the area occupied by the gyre (Fig. 6). The black-footed albatross (Diomedea nigripes) replaces the Laysan albatross in the ESA, but it is noticeably less abundant across the center of the gyre (Fig. 7). In winter, Laysan albatrosses remain in the WSA, but apparently are less abundant toward the center of the gyre than in summer. The black-footed albatross, in contrast, moves south out of the subarctic in winter. ACCESS data support the view of a skewed distribution of these species (Table ...
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... This species is estimated to have a lifespan of 2 years (Suyama et al., 1996 and is widely distributed from subarctic to subtropical regions of the North Pacific Ocean (Kurita et al., 2004) between the coast of Japan and the western coast of North America (Hubbs and Wisner, 1980). It plays an important role in the northwestern Pacific ecosystem as a predator of zooplankton (Odate, 1994) and as prey for predatory fishes, sea birds, and marine mammals (Chikuni, 1985;Springera et al., 1999). Pacific saury spawns over a wide migratory range and almost all year round, mainly from September to June of the following year (from autumn to spring) (Watanabe and Lo, 1989;Watanabe et al., 2003). ...
... Ecological partitions emerging in fitness space can influence host range and are evident across spatial and temporal scales. Ecological interactions directly and indirectly influence connectivity within foodwebs and are seen in (1) aspects of foraging behavior and capacity (distance, depth, time); (2) taxonomic prey spectrum (e.g., adult and larval fishes, macro-and microzooplankton, cephalopods, and other invertebrates); (3) prey selection, size, and availability (diel and vertical spatial patterns); and (4) physical oceanographic conditions (water mass structure, zonation, temperature, nearshore and offshore upwelling, advection and current regimes, frontal zones and eddies in relation to islands, and marine stratification and sea ice, especially in the Sea of Okhotsk and Bering Sea) (e.g., Ainley, Strong, et al., 1990;Springer et al., 1999;Piatt and Springer, 2003;Sydeman et al., 2017;Hunt et al., 2018;Piatt et al., 2018Piatt et al., , 2020. Regional and seasonal dynamics are at play with shifts by foraging seabirds among and between diverse prey resources over space and time (Ainley, Strong, et al., 1990;Hunt et al., 2018;Kitasky and Hunt, 2018). ...
... Seabirds rely on a broad assemblage of potential prey species but generally exploit a narrow array of piscine and invertebrate species spatially and oceanographically and relative to the breeding cycle (e.g., Ainley and Sanger, 1979). Seasonally the greater North Pacific is not homogeneous; consequently, conditions in the subarctic pelagic domain will be different relative to the Sea of Okhotsk, the Aleutian Arc, islands of the Bering Sea and Chukchi Sea, Gulf of Alaska, and province of the California Current (e.g., Ainley and Sanger, 1979;Hunt, Burgeson, et al., 1981;Hunt et al., 2018;Ogi, 1982;Springer et al., 1999;Piatt and Springer, 2003;Paredes et al., 2012;Piatt et al., 2018). For example, in the upwelling system of the Farallones (California Current), breeding alcids and migrating sooty shearwaters are dependent on what has been termed the "juvenile rockfish economy," which can drive extensive overlaps in foraging and diets (Ainley, Strong, et al., 1990). ...
... For example, in the upwelling system of the Farallones (California Current), breeding alcids and migrating sooty shearwaters are dependent on what has been termed the "juvenile rockfish economy," which can drive extensive overlaps in foraging and diets (Ainley, Strong, et al., 1990). In contrast, in systems strongly influenced by advection in the Bering Sea, Aleutian Islands, and northern Gulf of Alaska, distinctly different assemblages of pelagic fishes, zooplankton, and cephalopods are critical resources (e.g., Ainley and Sanger, 1979;Hunt, Burgeson, et al., 1981;Schneider and Hunt, 1982;Springer et al., 1999;Piatt and Springer, 2003;Sydeman et al., 2017). ...
We begin resolution of the Tetrabothrius jagerskioeldi–species complex with descriptions of Tetrabothrius alcae n. sp. based on numerous specimens, primarily in murres (species of Uria), from the greater North Pacific basin and Tetrabothrius sinistralis n. sp. based on cestodes in guillemots (species of Cepphus) from the central Bering Sea and West Greenland. These tetrabothriids are characterized, among 44 species of Tetrabothrius in avian hosts, by attributes of the scolex, male and female organ systems, structure and dimensions of the vitelline gland, numbers of testes, configuration of the genital atrium, genital papillae and the male and female atrial canals, position of the genital ducts relative to the poral osmoregulatory canals, structure, dimensions and position of the vaginal seminal receptacle, and dimensions of the embryophore and oncosphere, in addition to a broader array of characters. Remarkably, T. alcae, T. sinistralis, and a cryptic complex had remained unrecognized for the past century, given that these species are unequivocally differentiated by multiple suites of unique structural attributes relative to T. jagerskioeldi. Alcids and cestodes of the T. jagerskioeldi–complex are restricted to cold marine systems of advection and upwelling along coastal margins adjacent to the continental shelf or are associated with archipelagos (especially the Aleutian Arc), isolated islands and rocky headlands of the Bering Sea, Chukchi Sea, Gulf of Alaska, Sea of Okhotsk, and Sea of Japan. Tetrabothrius alcae, T. jagerskioeldi, and T. sinistralis may occur in sympatry but with minimal overlap in the faunas associated with murres (Alcini) and guillemots (Cepphini). Transmission for cestodes and persistence of this fauna is expected to be associated with pelagic and neritic systems adjacent to colony sites in zones where critical prey species are concentrated or secondarily dispersed downstream by predictable advective and upwelling processes and become available to foraging birds. Faunal assembly represents the outcomes of oscillating climate, shifting ranges (breakdown in isolation, ecological fitting, and exploration modes for cestodes) and the changing interfaces for resource availability maintained by trophic and habitat overlaps. Dynamics at these ecotones constitute the nexus of opportunity and capacity for infection by species of Tetrabothrius among avian hosts where capacity appears broad and opportunity is ecologically restricted in space and prevatime. Life history pathways for cestodes are tied to trophic associations and dynamics at mesoscales across marine domains and provinces. Resilience and connectivity through ecological fitting strongly suggest the influence of multiple trophic pathways for transmission and persistence of this complex fauna through differing assemblages of zooplankters, fishes, and cephalopods depending on locality, oceanographic conditions, and temporal variability. Changing conditions, especially ecological perturbations driven by climate oscillations, directly determine production cycles and distributions of micro- and macro-zooplankton, forage fishes, cephalopods, and trophic structure in high-latitude marine ecosystems. Expanding regimes of accelerating change emphasize the critical importance of field collections, archives, and baselines to assess biological outcomes across temporal and spatial scales. Parasite assemblages reveal macro- to meso-scale connectivity serving as adjuncts and proxies in recognizing and understanding outcomes for episodes of environmental oscillation and directional atmospheric and oceanic warming in marine ecosystems.
... Pioneering investigations of seabird distributions in the oceanic zone were carried out in the North Atlantic, demonstrating, for example, a macroscale correlation between seabird and phytoplankton abundance and the influx and movements of southern hemisphere migrants during the boreal summer (Jespersen, 1924;Jespersen, 1930;Wynne-Edwards, 1935). Since then however, ship-based investigations into seabirdhabitat relationships in the oceanic zone have focussed on the Pacific, Indian and Southern Oceans (Ainley & Boekelheide, 1984;Ballance et al., 2006;Hyrenbach et al., 2007;Pakhomov & McQuaid, 1996;Springer et al., 1999;Wahl et al., 1989). These studies, augmented more recently by seabird tracking and satellite remote sensing, indicate that seabird-habitat relationships in the oceanic zone are scale-dependent (Fauchald et al., 2000;Pakhomov & McQuaid, 1996;Ribic et al., 1997). ...
... At the macroscale (throughout, we use terms defined by Haury et al.'s (1977) when referring to spatial scale), community composition reflects productivity, water masses and proximity to breeding colonies. Abundance is highest in the major frontal systems, in upwellings associated with eastern boundary currents, and seasonally, at high latitudes (Ainley & Boekelheide, 1984;Ballance et al., 2006;Hyrenbach et al., 2007;Pakhomov & McQuaid, 1996;Pocklington, 1979;Springer et al., 1999;Wahl et al., 1989). At finer scales, fronts, eddies, internal waves, etc., as well as the behaviour of prey, give rise to a nested hierarchy of prey patches (Bertrand et al., 2014;Bost et al., 2009;Fauchald, 2009;Haney, 1986;Scales et al., 2014;Tew Kai & Marsac, 2010). ...
Biological production in the oceanic zone (i.e. waters beyond the continental shelves) is typically spatially patchy and strongly seasonal. In response, seabirds have adapted to move rapidly within and between ocean basins, making them important pelagic consumers. Studies in the Pacific, Southern and Indian Oceans have shown that seabirds are relatively abundant in major frontal systems, with species composition varying by water mass. In contrast, surprisingly little was known about seabird distribution in the oceanic North Atlantic until recent tracking showed that relative abundance and diversity peak in the Sub-polar Frontal Zone, west of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, now proposed as a Marine Protected Area. However, absolute seabird abundance, distribution, age and species composition, and their potential environmental drivers in the oceanic temperate NW Atlantic remain largely unknown. Consequently, we systematically surveyed seabirds and environmental conditions across this area by ship in June, 2017, then modelled the density of common species as functions of environmental covariates, validating model predictions against independent tracking data. Medium-sized petrels (99.8%), especially Great Shearwaters (Ardenna gravis, 63%), accounted for the majority of total avian biomass, which correlated at the macroscale with net primary production and peaked at the sub-polar front. At the mesoscale, the density of each species was associated with sea surface temperature, indicating zonation by water mass. Most species also exhibited scale-dependent associations with eddies and fronts. Approximately 51, 26, 23, 7 and 1 % of the currently estimated Atlantic populations of Cory's Shearwaters (Calonectris borealis), Great Shearwaters, Sooty Shearwaters (A. grisea), Northern Fulmars (Fulmarus glacialis) and Leach’s Storm-petrels (Oceanodroma leucorhoa) occurred in the area during our survey, many of which were undergoing moult (a vital maintena nce activity). For some species, these estimates are higher than suggested by tracking, probably due to the presence of immatures and birds from untracked populations. Our results support the conclusion that MPA status is warranted and provide a baseline against which future changes can be assessed. Moreover, they indicate potential drivers of seabird abundance and diversity in the oceanic zone of the North Atlantic that should be investigated further.
... A recent ship-based survey showed that mesopelagic fish density increases from near-surface water to 400 to 600 m (28), which matches the primary foraging depths of female elephant seals during both daytime and nighttime (Fig. 1, B and C). This suggests that the deep-diving capabilities of elephant seals (18) allow them to exploit profitable depths that are inaccessible to other shallow-diving (<250 m) marine mammals such as dolphins, porpoises, and fur seals ( Fig. 4A and table S3) (29)(30)(31). These shallow-diving species can only feed on myctophids during the night when the fishes exhibit diel vertical movements toward the ocean surface. ...
Small mesopelagic fishes dominate the world's total fish biomass, yet their ecological importance as prey for large marine animals is poorly understood. To reveal the little-known ecosystem dynamics, we identified prey, measured feeding events, and quantified the daily energy balance of 48 deep-diving elephant seals throughout their oceanic migrations by leveraging innovative technologies: animal-borne smart accelerometers and video cameras. Seals only attained positive energy balance after feeding 1000 to 2000 times per day on small fishes, which required continuous deep diving (80 to 100% of each day). Interspecies allometry suggests that female elephant seals have exceptional diving abilities relative to their body size, enabling them to exploit a unique foraging niche on small but abundant mesopelagic fish. This unique foraging niche requires extreme round-the-clock deep diving , limiting the behavioral plasticity of elephant seals to a changing mesopelagic ecosystem.
... Such migrations are accompanied by the concentration of fish at the border of the epi-and mesopelagic zones, which is recorded by echo sounders as sound-scattering layers . Being the consumers of the 2nd and 3rd orders in marine ecosystems, deepsea fish make up a significant part of food chains (Beamish et al., 1999;Springer et al., 1999), playing an important role in the vertical transport of active carbon in the ocean (Longhurst et al., 1990). Deepsea pelagic ichthyocoenoses, despite of their ecological significance, still remain one of the least studied components of the ecosystems of the open ocean (Irigoien et al., 2014). ...
The spatial and vertical distribution of larvae, juveniles, and adults of meso-and bathypelagic fish during the dark period of the day was analyzed at three areas in the tropical part of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, located north and south of the Cape Verde Fault in the zone of the Russian exploration area. The material was collected at four standard layers of 250-0, 700-0, 1500-0, and 2500-0 m. In the study area, 127 species of juveniles and adult fish, belonging to 29 families, and 81 species of larvae, representing 32 families, were recorded. Species abundance and total abundance of deep-sea fish communities at different areas did not differ statistically, regardless of the trawling layer. In the night, the species diversity and average abundance of the fishes gradually increased (from 25.9 to 531.6 sp./100 m 2) with an increase of fishing depth from the surface up to a zone of 1500 m. The maximum fish abundance was observed nearby the summits and slopes of seamounts at a depth range of 700-1500 m. No signs of nighttime peaks in the abundance of deep-sea fish in the 250-0 m layer in the tropical part of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge were found. With increasing of the depth of fishing, the number of warm-water species of lanternfishes (Myctophidae), belonging to tropical and equatorial habitats, decreases, whereas the number of species with bicentral and central-peripheral ranges on the contrary increases. At greater depths there are also appear the subtropical species, preferring less warm water masses, and the species, inhabiting the continental slope and seamounts.
... Такого рода миграции сопровождаются концентрацией рыб на границе эпи-и мезопелагиали, что регистрируется эхолотами в виде звукорассеивающих слоёв . Являясь в экосистемах морских сообществ консументами 2-го и 3-го порядков, глубоководные рыбы составляют значимую часть пищевых цепей (Beamish et al., 1999;Springer et al., 1999), а также играют важную роль в вертикальном переносе активного углерода в океане (Longhurst et al., 1990). Несмотря на свою экологическую значимость, глубоководные пелагические ихтиоцены до сих пор остаются одним из наименее исследованных компонентов экосистем открытого океана (Irigoien et al., 2014). ...
Рассматривается пространственное и вертикальное распределение личинок, молоди и взрослых мезо- и батипелагических рыб в тёмное время суток на трёх полигонах над тропической частью Срединно-Атлантического хребта, расположенных севернее и южнее разлома Зелёного мыса в зоне Российского разведочного района. Материал собран на четырёх стандартных горизонтах 250−0, 700−0, 1500−0 и 2500−0 м. В районе работ отмечены 127 видов молоди и взрослых рыб, относящихся к 29 семействам, а также 81 вид личинок из 32 семейств. Видовое обилие и численность глубоководных рыбных сообществ на разных полигонах статистически не различаются вне зависимости от горизонта траления. В тёмное время суток с увеличением глубины лова от поверхности вплоть до горизонта 1500 м постепенно увеличивается как видовое разнообразие, так и средняя численность рыб в улове (25.9 до 531.6 экз/100 м2), а максимумы численности были приближены к вершинам и склонам подводных поднятий и располагаются в диапазоне глубин 700−1500 м. Отмечено отсутствие ночного максимума численности глубоководных рыб на горизонте 250−0 м над тропической частью Срединно-Атлантического хребта. С увеличением нижней отметки горизонта лова относительно уменьшается число теплолюбивых видов светящихся анчоусов (Myctophidae) с тропическими и экваториальными типами ареалов, увеличивается число видов с бицентральными и центрально-периферическими ареалами, появляются более холодолюбивые субтропические и виды, чей ареал приурочен к континентальному склону и/или подводным поднятиям.
... They are considered key species in the pelagic environment and are main components in the diet of several marine top predators (e.g. Battaglia et al., 2013;Fossi et al., 2018;Kozlov, 1995;Springer et al., 1999). ...
A further contribution to the knowledge of the photophore structure of the mesopelagic fish Diaphus holti (Myctophidae) from the central Mediterranean Sea (Strait of Messina) is given by means of a structural, ultrastructural and immunohistochemical study, to describe the component structures of these luminescent organs.
... consumers (e.g., copepods and macro-zooplankton) with both pelagic and deep-sea fish species, as well as other marine species such as marine mammals and birds (Pereira et al., 2011;Smith et al., 2011;Springer et al., 1999;Trueman et al., 2014). The high species richness of stomiiform and myctophiform fishes has contributed to the lack of more detailed information on the basic aspects of fish biology, including length-weight relationships (LWRs) and condition factors at the species level (Battaglia et al., 2010(Battaglia et al., , 2015Fock & Czudaj, 2018;Fock & Ehrich, 2010;Jiang et al., 2017;Wang et al., 2018). ...
Length–weight relationships (LWRs) were estimated for 36 mesopelagic fish species collected from the equatorial and tropical Atlantic encompassing several oceanographic regions: oligotrophic, equatorial, Cape Blanc, Cape Verde and the Canary Islands. The sample was composed of myctophids (25 species), gonostomatids (5), sternoptychids (3), stomiids (2) and phosichthyids (1). The species were clustered according to body shape: “short‐deep” (sternoptychids), “elongate” (gonostomatids, stomiids and some phosichthyids) and “fusiform” (myctophids and some phosichthyids). Three types of weight and LWRs were considered: wet weight (WW), eviscerated wet weight (eWW) and eviscerated dry weight (eDW). The study demonstrated that most species present a positive allometric growth, independent of the weight used. However, the allometric value varied in 40–50% of species depending on the type of weight considered. Significant variations linked to fish morphology were found in the relationship between the slope and intercept of the LWR equation. Significant differences were also noted in the water content linked to fish body shape. Based on the distributions of several species we compare their fitness between oceanographic regions using the relative condition factor (Krel). Except for Diaphus brachycephalus (oligotrophic vs. equatorial waters) and Lampanyctus alatus (equatorial, Cape Blanc, Cape Verde and the Canary Islands), no regional significant differences were observed in the species analysed.
... Oceanic habitat is influenced by physical processes such as currents and water mass boundaries, vertical stratification, and surface mixing from storms. Abundant forage species in Central Pacific include squid, lanternfish (Myctophidae), northern smoothtongue (Leuroglossus stilbius), Pacific saury (Cololabis saira), and euphausiids (Springer et al. 1999 ...
... These data suggest that Horned Puffins, like many other marine birds and mammals in the North Pacific (Springer et al. 1999), depend on oceanic myctophids and squid when away from breeding areas. Atlantic Puffins collected during winter away from breeding colonies revealed a similar reliance on myctophids (37% Benthosema glaciale), squid (43%), and polychaetes (13%; Falk et al. 1992). ...
... Oceanic habitat influenced by physical processes such as currents and water mass boundaries, vertical stratification, and surface mixing from storms. Abundant forage species in Central Pacific include squid (Teuthidae), lanternfish (Myctophidae), northern smoothtongue (Leuroglossus stilbius), Pacific saury (Cololabis saira), and euphausiids (Springer et al. 1999 (Bédard 1969). Correspondingly, about 50-70% of adult diet is invertebrates and remainder fish, but adults feed mostly fish to young (Wehle 1982a(Wehle , 1983. ...
