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![| General trend analysis of antibiotic resistance for some certain commonly used molecules (denoted by the color of the lines as given in legend). (A) The resistance pattern in animal isolates, (B) the resistance pattern in meat isolates and (C) the resistance pattern for the human isolates. The XX' presents the time of data collection while YY' gives the resistance percent. [Tetracycline (TET), Ampicillin (AMP), Streptomycin (STR), Chloramphenicol (CHL), Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (COT)].](publication/332904443/figure/fig1/AS:755920007081986@1557236782269/General-trend-analysis-of-antibiotic-resistance-for-some-certain-commonly-used.png)
| General trend analysis of antibiotic resistance for some certain commonly used molecules (denoted by the color of the lines as given in legend). (A) The resistance pattern in animal isolates, (B) the resistance pattern in meat isolates and (C) the resistance pattern for the human isolates. The XX' presents the time of data collection while YY' gives the resistance percent. [Tetracycline (TET), Ampicillin (AMP), Streptomycin (STR), Chloramphenicol (CHL), Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (COT)].
Source publication
Salmonella is a major foodborne pathogen which causes widespread contamination and infection worldwide. Salmonella Typhimurium is one of the leading serovars responsible for human and animal salmonellosis, globally. The increasing rate of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella Typhimurium poses a significant global concern, and an improved understandi...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... general trend of the AR of the S. Typhimurium isolates from animals, meat and humans to some commonly used antimicrobial agents is presented in Figure 1. In the early 2000s, a surge in resistance to tetracycline by isolates from humans coincided with a similar surge in the animals' isolates. ...
Context 2
... is not regularly used for the treatment of salmonellosis; but it is commonly used as a growth promoter in animals. Due to this reason, streptomycin could serve as a marker for resistant isolates moving through the food-chain (McDermott et al., 2016). Among the multiple factors that confer the emergence of antibiotic resistant bacteria, the extensive and overuse of antibiotics in medical system and agriculture is believed as the most pivotal (NARMS, 2019). ...
Citations
... As a major cause of foodborne diseases in humans, Salmonella infections pose a huge public health problem globally with chicken and pigs representing the main contaminated meat source 36 . The emergence of infections with multi-drug resistant Salmonella in addition to the lack of an optimal vaccine calls for a better understanding of the host immunity 37 . This gains further relevance in the context of helminth coinfections which can antagonize the host's protective responses against Salmonella and other intracellular pathogens 7 . ...
Natural killer (NK) cells play a key role in defense against Salmonella infections during the early phase of infection. Our previous work showed that the excretory/secretory products of Ascaris suum repressed NK activity in vitro. Here, we asked if NK cell functionality was influenced in domestic pigs during coinfection with Ascaris and Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium. Ascaris coinfection completely abolished the IL-12 and IL-18 driven elevation of IFN-γ production seen in CD16 + CD8α + perforin + NK cells of Salmonella single-infected pigs. Furthermore, Ascaris coinfection prohibited the Salmonella-driven rise in NK perforin levels and CD107a surface expression. In line with impaired effector functions, NK cells from Ascaris-single and coinfected pigs displayed elevated expression of the inhibitory KLRA1 and NKG2A receptors genes, contrasting with the higher expression of the activating NKp46 and NKp30 receptors in NK cells during Salmonella single infection. These differences were accompanied by the highly significant upregulation of T-bet protein expression in NK cells from Ascaris-single and Ascaris/Salmonella coinfected pigs. Together, our data strongly indicate a profound repression of NK functionality by an Ascaris infection which may hinder infected individuals from adequately responding to a concurrent bacterial infection.
... Furthermore, the Typhimurium isolates retrieved in this study were mostly pansusceptible, with only one isolate showing a non-wildtype phenotype to ampicillin, sulfamethoxazole, and trimethoprim. This is in contrast with the typical resistance patterns in isolates retrieved from animals and humans described in other regions, including Europe [103] and the USA, which usually involve ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulphonamides, and tetracycline [104], or Chile, involving ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid [105]. The resistance pattern found in the only S. Enteritidis isolated recovered (non-wild-type phenotype for colistin and sulfamethoxazole) was partially similar to the ones previously described for isolates belonging to this serovar retrieved from gulls from the same area (which were resistant to sulfamethoxazole but also to streptomycin, tetracycline, gentamicin, and ampicillin) [70,71]. ...
Salmonella enterica is one of the most important foodborne pathogens worldwide, and the emergence of multidrug resistance (MDR) clones can aggravate its public health importance. Wildlife species may act as reservoirs of these clones, but their role is not well understood. In this study, faecal samples from shorebirds, with a focus on the endangered Humboldt penguin (Spheniscus humboldti), collected from five sites in central Chile with different levels of anthropogenic pressure were analysed to characterize antimicrobial resistant S. enterica serovars. Overall, Salmonella was isolated from 22 of the 595 samples (3.7%), with positivity ranging between 1.6% and 9.5%, depending on the sampling site. Four of the Salmonella isolates were retrieved from Humboldt penguin samples (1.4% positive samples in this species). Serovars Infantis (nine isolates), Typhimurium (six), Goldcoast (four), and Enteritidis, Agona, and Give (one isolate each) were identified. Resistance levels were the highest for sulphamethoxazole (13/21 isolates with a non-wild-type phenotype), ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, and trimethoprim (11/21 each). Whole-genome sequencing performed on eight S. Infantis strains revealed that seven carried the plasmid replicon IncFIB (pN55391), indicating the presence of the pESI-like megaplasmid, harbouring resistance determinants to multiple antimicrobial classes as well as heavy metal, biocides, and virulence-related genes. Furthermore, five S. Infantis isolates that showed an ESBL phenotype carried the blaCTX-M−65 gene, three of which were detected in Humboldt penguin faeces. The finding of an international emerging S. Infantis clone in protected wildlife is of concern to environmental, animal, and public health specialists, supporting initiatives for an active surveillance of resistance and virulence traits in wildlife exposed to anthropogenic areas.
... Third-generation cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones are the highest priority antibiotics for the treatment of human invasive salmonellosis [29]. Our results showed that among these two classes of antibiotics, Salmonella isolates exhibited the highest sensitivity to ciprofloxacin, which was recommended as the adaptive choice for empirical therapy [40,41]. ...
Salmonella is a primary cause of foodborne diseases globally. Despite food contamination and clinical infections garnering substantial attention and research, asymptomatic Salmonella carriers, potential sources of infection, have been comparatively overlooked. In this study, we conducted a comparative analysis of serotype distribution, antimicrobial resistance phenotypes, and genetic profiles of archived Salmonella strains isolated from food (26), asymptomatic carriers (41), and clinical cases (47) in Shiyan City, China. Among the 114 Salmonella strains identified, representing 31 serotypes and 34 Sequence Types (STs), the most prevalent serovars included Typhimurium, Derby, Enteritidis, Thompson, and London, with the most predominant STs being ST11, ST40, ST26, ST34, and ST155. Antimicrobial resistance testing revealed that all strains were only sensitive to meropenem, with 74.6% showing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and 53.5% demonstrating multidrug resistance (MDR). Strains resistant to five and six classes of antibiotics were the most common. Pearson’s chi-square test showed no statistically significant difference in the occurrence of AMR (p = 0.105) or MDR (p = 0.326) among Salmonella isolates from the three sources. Our findings underscore associations and diversities among Salmonella strains isolated from food, asymptomatic carriers, and clinical patients, emphasizing the need for increased vigilance towards asymptomatic Salmonella carriers by authorities.
... The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) have identified nontyphoidal Salmonella as one of the top five pathogens contributing to foodborne illnesses in the United States (Canning et al. 2023). Over the years, antibiotics have been used to treat these illnesses; however, their overuse and misuse have led to the emergence of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella, resulting in a public health crisis of global concern (Wang et al. 2019;Punchihewage-Don et al. 2022). In search of alternative biological control and/or treatment modalities, bacteriophages are making headlines as a promising option for combating bacterial infections, including those caused by Salmonella Typhimurium (Joerger 2003). ...
... Genomic analyses to elucidate the diverse mechanisms underlying antibiotic resistance in Salmonella typhymurium strains isolated from food samples (meat). Through whole genome sequencing and bioinformatics approaches, the researchers identify genes associated with resistance mechanisms such as efflux pumps, target site mutations, and horizontal gene transfer of resistance determinants [19]. Genetic determinants and mechanisms contributing to antibiotic resistance in Salmonella enteritidis strains of poultry and provide important information for the control of antibiotic -resistant foodborne pathogens [20]. ...
... S. enterica has over 2500 serovars, many of which are common etiological agents of disease and outbreaks in the USA [5]. However, S. enterica serovar Typhimurium (ST) remains one of the most clinically relevant serovars given its ubiquitous prevalence across the environment and various food categories, as well as for its broad antibiotic resistance pattern and well-adapted virulence factors that aid it during infection of its human hosts [6][7][8][9]. Though most cases of infection with ST are considered to be self-limiting and mostly manifest as a gastrointestinal disease, infections have been known to persist as they develop into systemic infections that can spread to bones, joints, and bloodstream, especially within vulnerable populations, such as children, the elderly, immunocompromised patients and people that cannot clear out the infection in time or are suffering from a secondary infection [10]. ...
The incidence of gastrointestinal illness attributable to Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (ST) remains a concern for public health worldwide, as it can progress into systemic infections mediated by the type-three secretion system (T3SS), which allows for adherence and invasion to intestinal epithelial cells. The current study evaluates the ability of gallic acid (GA), protocatechuic acid (PA), and vanillic acid (VA) to impair the adhesion and invasion abilities of ST to a human epithelial (INT-407) cell monolayer while also assessing their cytotoxicity. GA, PA, and VA inhibited detectable ST growth at specific concentrations but showed cytotoxicity against INT-407 cells (>20% reduction in viability) after 3 h of treatments. Adjusting the pH of the solutions had a neutralizing effect on cytotoxicity, though it did reduce their antimicrobial potency. Adhesion of ST was reduced significantly when the cells were treated with 4.0 mg/mL of VA, whereas invasion was reduced in all treatments, with GA requiring the lowest concentration (0.5 mg/mL). Relative gene expression of virulence genes after treatment with GA showed downregulation in the T3SS regulator and effector hilA and sipA, respectively. These findings suggest further use of phenolic acids in reducing the activity of key virulence factors critical during ST infection.
... In recent years, microorganisms that cause foodborne infection and food spoilage have increased mortality or morbidity by many folds. The problem of foodborne infections is precarious, affecting 10% of the global population with 33 million deaths annually [1]. Several persistent food pathogens are present in food systems such as Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, S. aureus, C. botulinum, Salmonella Typhimurium, and C. perfringens, in both the forms planktonic as well as in biofilms. ...
... Moreover, one of the major issues related to S. aureus is antimicrobial resistance, specifically, Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), which is getting extensive attention to develop new methods for the prevention and control of S. aureus infections [7]. One of the second most common serovars responsible for causing infections in humans and animals worldwide is the gram-negative food-borne pathogen Salmonella Typhimurium, with its wider range of host tropism including food-borne infections [1,10]. Salmonellosis mainly spreads by consuming contaminated eggs and chicken, various kinds of seafood, meats, and vegetables which show an important role in the persistent occurrence of outbreaks [11,12]. ...
... The history of Salmonella epidemiology has relied on various features to categorize strains. In vitro antibiotic susceptibility testing remains crucial for monitoring antibiotic resistance trends and guiding effective anti-infective therapy [17]. Thus, this study focused on 251 Salmonella clinical isolates collected over 18 years (1982-1999) in the United States from 11 different animal host species. ...
... Serovar-specific variations in resistance frequency were noted in this study, with S. Typhimurium displaying the highest resistance among serovars, predominantly distributed in animal hosts. This observation aligns with previous findings that S. Typhimurium consistently exhibits greater antimicrobial resistance compared to other common serovars [17,40]. Notably, most of the antimicrobial resistance serovars were recovered from bovine sources, particularly S. Typhimurium and S. Dublin, which corresponds with previous reports and emphasizes their significance in bovines due to both their zoonotic potential and clinical impact in cattle herds [17,41]. ...
... This observation aligns with previous findings that S. Typhimurium consistently exhibits greater antimicrobial resistance compared to other common serovars [17,40]. Notably, most of the antimicrobial resistance serovars were recovered from bovine sources, particularly S. Typhimurium and S. Dublin, which corresponds with previous reports and emphasizes their significance in bovines due to both their zoonotic potential and clinical impact in cattle herds [17,41]. Similarly, in this study, S. Typhimurium from equine sources exhibited a high resistance, a trend supported by Spier et al. [42], who documented a high fatality rate of horses associated with S. Typhimurium. ...
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in non-typhoidal Salmonella is a pressing public health concern in the United States, necessitating continuous surveillance. We conducted a retrospective analysis of 251 Salmonella isolates from 11 animal species recovered between 1982 and 1999, utilizing serotyping, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and whole-genome sequencing (WGS). Phenotypic resistance was observed in 101 isolates, with S. Typhimurium, S. Dublin, S. Agona, and S. Muenster prevailing among 36 identified serovars. Notably, resistance to 12 of 17 antibiotics was detected, with ampicillin being most prevalent (79/251). We identified 38 resistance genes, primarily mediating aminoglycoside (n = 13) and β-lactamase (n = 6) resistance. Plasmid analysis unveiled nine distinct plasmids associated with AMR genes in these isolates. Chromosomally encoded blaSCO-1 was present in three S. Typhimurium and two S. Muenster isolates from equine samples, conferring resistance to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid. Phylogenetic analysis revealed three distinct clusters for these five isolates, indicating evolutionary divergence. This study represents the first report of blaSCO-1 in the USA, and our recovered isolates harboring this gene as early as 1989 precede those of all other reports. The enigmatic nature of blaSCO-1 prompts further research into its function. Our findings highlight the urgency of addressing antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella for effective public health interventions.
... In Nigeria, the NTS is prevalent, and is an oftenunderdiagnosed persistent disease in both humans (≤ 16.3%) and animals (≤ 48.3%), particularly in poultry [7,9,10]. Human and poultry cases of NTS are complicated by the phenomenon of antimicrobial resistance, which is linked to underdiagnoses, ease of access to antimicrobials, antibiotic misuse, abuse and overuse in order to treat infections [7,11,12]. ...
Background
Non-typhoidal Salmonella infection (NTS) is an important foodborne zoonosis with underappreciated health and economic burdens, and low case fatality. It has global prevalence, with more burdens in under-resourced countries with poor health infrastructures. Using a cohort study, we determined the cost-effectiveness of NTS in humans in Nigeria for the year 2020.
Methods
Using a customized Excel-based cost-effectiveness analysis tool, structured (One Health) and unstructured (episodic intervention against NTS) in Nigeria were evaluated. Input data on the disease burdens, costs surveillance, response and control of NTS were obtained from validated sources and the public health system.
Results
The non-complicated and complicated cases were 309,444 (95%) and 16,287 (5%) respectively, and the overall programme cost was US$ 31,375,434.38. The current non-systematic episodic intervention costed US$ 14,913,480.36, indicating an additional US$ 16,461,954 to introduce the proposed intervention. The intervention will avert 4036.98 NTS DALYs in a single year. The non-complicated NTS case was US$ 60/person with significant rise in complicated cases. The cumulative costs of NTS with and without complications far outweighed the program cost for One Health intervention with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of -US$ 221.30).
Conclusions
Utilising structured One Health intervention is cost-effective against NTS in Nigeria, it carries additional mitigative benefits for other diseases and is less costly and more effective, indicative of a superior health system approach. Identified limitations must be improved to optimize benefits associated and facilitate policy discussions and resource allocation.
... The AMP-C-TE-S-S3 resistance profile associated with the S. Typhimurium DT104 strain was detected at a rate of 5% in chickens and calves. The resistance profile ASSuT (ampicillin, streptomycin, sulfonamide, and tetracycline) reported for the S. Typhimurium DT193 strain associated with human infections in other countries, such as Spain, England, and Wales [27], was only detected in lambs in our study. ...
The high incidence of multidrug-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Kentucky isolates is a concern for human and animal health. This study aimed to investigate the antibiotic resistance determinants of a total of 150 S. Typhimurium and S. Kentucky isolates obtained from cows, calves, lambs, and poultry. Salmonella isolates were tested against 13 different antimicrobials using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method, and genotypic antimicrobial resistance determinants were investigated by polymerase chain reaction. Significant differences were detected among serovars for gentamicin, streptomycin, ampicillin, sulfonamide, nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, and tetracycline resistance, with the rates of resistance to these antibiotics being determined to be 57.8%, 82.2%, 60%, 56.7%, 71.1%, 67.8%, and 50%, respectively for the S. Kentucky isolates and 6.7%, 20%, 25%, 33.3%, 8.3%, 0%, and 11.7%, respectively for the S. Typhimurium isolates. The rates of multidrug resistance (MDR) of the S. Typhimurium and S. Kentucky isolates were 16.7% and 62.2%, respectively. MDR for S. Typhimurium was detected in lambs, calves, and chickens at the rates of 100%, 40%, and 12.2%, respectively, while it was not detected in geese, turkeys, and gulls. The most prevalent resistance genes were tetA, sul1, strA, and strB. Our study has revealed that the strains isolated from livestock have a higher rate of phenotypes and genotypes with multidrug resistance compared to those isolated from poultry. These results emphasize the importance of using antibiotics with greater caution and awareness in food-producing animals.
