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General scheme of the chronology of findings of the first half of the I millennium AD from the Komariv settlement.
Source publication
The settlement of III-IV centuries AD near the village Komariv is located at the middle course of the Dniester River. In the 1950 - 70s, its excavations were conducted by M. Yu. Smyshko and Yu. L. Shchapova. 40 objects of the late Roman times were excavated (glass-melting kiln, building on a stone foundation, pottery kiln, pits and terrestrial dwel...
Context in source publication
Citations
... The Komariv settlement, which has been investigated intermittently since the 1950s, is known in the region for the evidence of glass production (Smishko, 1964;Petrauskas, 2014b;Petrauskas and Avramenko, 2019). As for the nearby located Buzovytsia-1, the amount of material obtained from the site is much more modest. ...
The paper presents the results on archaeometric characterization of a test sample of building materials from the settlements of the Late Roman period Komariv and Buzovytsia-1 in the middle course of the Dniester river. The parameters of raw material and technology of bricks from the two sites are compared and the first reconstruction of features of operational chains are offered. Also, the first comparison of the Late Roman period materials with same-function artifacts of the Middle Ages (Old Rus’ Culture) has been made. The development of petrographic and geochemical classification of archaeological building ceramics from the sites of the Central and South-West Ukraine was started.
In the article, the publication of glass vessels from the burials of the Cherniakhiv burial ground Lisovi Hrynivtsi 3a is presented. The site was discovered by Serhii Demydko in 2010 during the construction of the Khmelnytskyi-Shepetivka road. Rescue excavations of the preserved part of the burial site in 2010–2011 revealed 21 burials, three of which (burials nos. 7, 13 and 18) contained glass beakers among the accompanying funeral material. Two of the vessels can be attributed to the Eggers type 230, which widely circulated in different regions of the European Barbaricum mainly in the second and third quarters of the 4th century. Another one belongs to the Sântana de Mureș type. Similar artefacts are also recognised in the Roman provinces as beakers of the AR 69, Trier 54, or 47f types according to L. Barkoczi. The finds of such vessels outside the Limes are concentrated exclusively within the Cherniakhiv culture area and are mainly associated with the final stage of its existence, i.e. the last quarter of the 4th — first third of the 5th centuries. The glass vessels come from inhumations oriented to the west. In the grave pit, the goblets were placed mainly next to the skull of the buried person. The combination of chronological markers suggests that the set of items from the burial no. 13 can be dated to the third quarter of the 4th century, and the assemblages from burials nos. 7 and 18 to the last quarter of the 4th to the first third of the 5th centuries. Certain differences in the geographical distribution of glass vessels found in Lisovi Hrynivtsi, in our opinion, may indicate different origins of these glassware types. Based on this assumption, we can suggest the existence of at least two vectors of supply of glass vessels to the local community of the Cherniakhiv culture, one of which is probably not associated with the Roman Empire.
The North Pontic region, which encompasses present-day Ukraine, was a crossroads of migration as it connected the vast Eurasian Steppe with Central Europe. We generated shotgun-sequenced genomic data for 91 individuals dating from around 7,000 BCE to 1,800 CE to study migration and mobility history in the region, with a particular focus on historically attested migrating groups during the Iron Age and the medieval period, such as Scythian, Chernyakhiv, Saltiv and Nogai associated peoples. We infer a high degree of temporal heterogeneity in ancestry, with fluctuating genetic affinities to present-day Western European, Eastern European, Western Steppe and East Asian groups. We also infer high heterogeneity in ancestry within geographically, culturally and socially defined groups. Despite this, we find that ancestry components which are widespread in Eastern and Central Europe have been present in the Ukraine region since the Bronze Age.
In the article a research devoted to the problem of origin of hemispherical glass cups with fire-rounded rims discovered within the Cherniakhiv culture area is presented. These finds may be compared to a certain extent to Western European vessels of Eggers 199, 202, 205-206 types or the so-called Bodenrippenschale and Faßschale (after G. Rau) as well as cups of Werbkowice and Weklice types according to T. Stawiarska. Although, the Cherniakhiv artefacts are quite diverse in terms of their ornamental design, they are very similar referring to their morphology as well as finishing and decoration techniques. This fact, besides their identical chronological position and the same distribution pattern allow considering the mentioned items as a single glassware group and assuming their common origin. The conducted investigation demonstrates that at the end of the late Roman time (stage C3) the Cherniakhiv glass cups with fire-rounded rims were an original typological group of vessels, which had no synchronous analogues outside their distribution area. Although, the products that are similar to them in the technological point of view, occurred earlier in European Barbaricum, Roman provinces and antique centres of the Northern Black Sea region as well as at the end of the late Roman time in the Crimea. Taking into account the typological uniqueness and chronology of the Cherniakhiv finds as well as the absence of similar glassware among the products of synchronous glass-making centres of the neighbouring Roman provinces, it can be assumed that the most likely place of their origin was the Komariv workshop. The glass cups with fire-rounded rims are considered one of the items produced in this workshop. The artefacts that have close parallels among Cherniakhiv cups are also known here. It is worth noting, that the geochemical composition of some Cherniakhiv items finds close analogues between raw material and glassworking waste from Komariv, which is further evidence in favour of this hypothesis. The Roman origin of the Cherniakhiv cups, due to their morphological difference and chronological asynchrony with technologically similar products of the Roman glass-working centers, seems unlikely to us. Nevertheless, despite certain morphological differences, some early types of Western and Northern European artefacts, as well as Roman provincial glassware could serve as prototypes for the Cherniakhiv finds.
Zusammenfassung
In den Jahren 2020–2021 wurde bei Buzovycja (Ukraine, Černivci Gebiet) ein Fundplatz klar römischen Ursprungs entdeckt. Erste Feldforschungen im Jahr 2020 ließen bereits die Existenz von Gebäuden vermuten, die nach römischer Bautradition errichtet wurden. Auf der Geländeoberfläche zeichneten sich an mehreren Stellen spezifische architektonische Überreste ab. Solche Anhäufungen enthielten neben den üblichen Funden der Černjachiv-Kultur auch Ziegelstein-, Mörtel- und Steinfragmente. Nach den Ergebnissen einer 2021 durchgeführten geomagnetischen Messung wurde für Probegrabungen eine vielversprechende Anomalie im zentralen Teil der Siedlungsstelle ausgewählt. Die Hauptaufgabe dann erfolgten archäologischen Ausgrabungen bestand darin, den architektonischen Typ des Objekts zu bestimmen und diesen zu datieren. Die Ausgrabung brachte einen Gebäudebereich zu Tage, der aus Ziegeln, Steinen und Kalkmörtel errichtet wurde. Die Breite des Gebäudes betrug ca. 9,3 m, die mögliche Länge kann auf ca. 20 m geschätzt werden. Der freigelegte Gebäudeboden befand sich 1,4 m tief unter dem heutigen Oberflächenniveau und bestand aus mit Kalkstein angereichertem wasserdichtem Estrichmörtel.
Im Nordteil des Gebäudes konnten auf dem Betonboden drei runde Ziegelsteine entdeckt werden, von denen eine an Ort und Stelle fixiert wurde. Stellenweise fanden sich komplette Ziegelblöcke, die bis zu vier Lagen zählten und mittels Kalkmörtel verbunden waren. Im Gebäude konnten eine Reihe von Funden geborgen werden. Dazu zählte Černjachiv-Keramik, Forlimpopoli-Amphoren, Amphorenständer, Glasperlen, eine Eisenkette und weitere Objekte mehr. Die Analyse der Funde und der Gebäudereste erbrachte, dass das Gebäude in spätrömische Zeit datiert (3.– Mitte 5. Jahrhundert n. Chr.). Die geborgenen Reste der Baukeramik und der Mörtel weisen darauf hin, dass es in römischer Architekturtradition errichtet wurde. Das Vorhandensein rechteckiger und runder Ziegelblöcke in einer Zerstörungsschicht deuten darauf hin, dass das Gebäude ein Hypocaustum hatte. Die sonstigen archäologischen Funde aus der Fundstelle Buzovycja-1 gehören hauptsächlich zur Černjachiv-Kultur. Gedeutet wird der Gesamtbefund nach gegenwärtigem Untersuchungsstand als einheimische Siedlung mit in diesem errichteten Gebäude in römischer Bautradition.
Odontological studies of ancient populations represent different indicators related to health state, lifestyle and human diet. The aim of this paper is to determine the dental health indicators in the Chernyakhov population (the end of the IVth c. AD) from Ukraine. The paper also attempts to identify the relationship between sex and these indicators in the studied population. The sample analysed consisted of the dental remains of 25 adult individuals (11 males and 14 females) and 8 children individuals excavated from the cemetery at the archaeological site of Shyshaki (Poltava region of Ukraine). A total of 760 teeth were examined for caries, tooth wear and calculus clinically, and 647 teeth of adults were observed radio-graphically. The studied population presents frequency of caries in individuals of 12.5%. This indicator in adult male and female dentition is 42.86% and 14.0% respectively, and 25% in children. The presented population frequency of caries teeth was 0.88%. Females presented higher caries rate than males (2.72 % females vs. 0.36 % males) (p0.5). These findings confirm a very low rate of caries teeth in the territory of Shyshaki during the Late Roman period, which could be related to regional diet and concentration of fluorine in drinking water. The Chernyakhov population presents high dental wear and similar frequency of dental calculus when compared to the population from Roman Britain. Females presented significantly higher frequency of caries than males, whereas no significant sex differences were found regarding dental wear, calculus, and localisation of caries lesions. The authors presume that dental health indicators in the Chernyakhov culture need to be studied more with bigger sample size and data of the populations from other regions of Ukraine.
