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... is a nonmetallic inert byproduct primarily consists of silicates, aluminosilicates, and calcium-alumina-silicates. The mol- ten slag which absorbs much of the sulfur from the charge comprises about 20 percent by mass of iron pro- duction. The schematic production details of Slag are shown in Figure 1. ...
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The present experimental investigation reports the relative results of flexural and compressive strength of conventional uni-paver concrete blocks of M-40 grade with the paver blocks produced by the combined partial replacement of the cement and fine aggregate with fly ash and pond ash respectively. Incorporation of these industrial products result...
Citations
... Because of the expansion of infrastructure, the demand for natural coarse aggregate is extremely strong. As natural aggregates become less available in the future, it becomes increasingly difficult to fulfil worldwide demand for concrete, making it a more difficult challenge to discover adequate substitutes to natural aggregates for creating concrete [1][2][3][4][5].Waste management is now one of the most difficult concerns influencing the environmental balance in emerging nations such as India. The disposal and management of solid waste products has become a serious challenge in all countries. ...
... Because of the expansion of infrastructure, the demand for natural coarse aggregate is extremely strong. As natural aggregates become less available in the future, it becomes increasingly difficult to fulfil worldwide demand for concrete, making it a more difficult challenge to discover adequate substitutes to natural aggregates for creating concrete [1][2][3][4][5].Waste management is now one of the most difficult concerns influencing the environmental balance in emerging nations such as India. The disposal and management of solid waste products has become a serious challenge in all countries. ...
... This research aimed to assess and quantify the effect of various mixture proportions on the compressive strength of steel slag concrete when coarse aggregate is substituted, including the water/cement ratio, steel slag content, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, and curing time. Several model techniques were used to evaluate the compressive strength of concrete incorporating steel slag as a partial replacement, including the adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) model, the multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS) model, the M5P-tree model, and the artificial neural network (ANN), all of which were applied to data gathered from the literature [1,3,6,13,[27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39]. ...
Abstract
Concrete is a very flexible composite material that is extensively employed in the building industry. Steel slag is a waste material produced during steelmaking. It is formed during the separation of molten steel from impurities in steelmaking
furnaces. Slag starts as a molten liquid melt and cools to a solid state. It is a solution of silicates and oxides that is rather complicated. Steel slag recovery is environmentally friendly since it conserves natural resources and frees up landfill space. Steel slag has been extensively utilized in concrete as a partial substitute for normal and crushed coarse aggregate to improve the mechanical qualities of normal-strength concrete, such as compressive strength. The researchers and suppliers investigated that using steel slag instead of normal coarse aggregate could save the environment and natural resources. Three hundred thirty-eight (338) data sets were gathered and evaluated in total. During the modeling procedure, the most significant factors affecting the compressive strength of concrete with steel slag replacement were considered, including the curing time of 1–180 days, the cement content of 237.35–550 kg/m3 , the water-to-cement ratio of 0.3–0.872, the fine aggregate content of 175.5–1285 kg/m3, the steel slag content of 0–1196 kg/m3
, and the coarse aggregate content of 0–1253.75 kg/m3 . A credible mathematical model is needed to investigate the influence of steel slag as a partial
replacement on concrete compressive strength. Mathematical models will help engineers and concrete industries mix a
proper concrete mix design, including steel slag, to achieve a desired compressive strength without doing any experimental
work. As a result, an artificial neural network (ANN), an adaptive network-based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), a
multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS), and an M5P-tree model were presented in this research to predict the
compressive strength of concrete with steel slag aggregate replacement. According to previous research findings, all
percentages of steel slag improve compressive strength. According to statistical studies, the adaptive network-based fuzzy
inference system model outperformed the other models in forecasting steel slag replacement compressive strength for normal strength concrete (ANN, MARS, and M5P-tree). It has a higher coefficient of determination of 0.99, a smaller mean
absolute error of 0.74 MPa, a smaller root mean square error of 1.12 MPa, a smaller scatter index of 0.029, and a smaller objective of 0.93 MPa.
... River sand passing through 2.36 mm having a specific gravity of 2.68 as per IS: 383-1970 and ACI 549 1R-93, 1999 is used for ferrocement [23,24]. Steel slag an effective substitute material is used as a partial replacement for river sand [25]. Steel slag passing through 2.36 mm with a specific gravity of 2.95 was used as per the recommendations of IS 228, 1987 [26] and ACI 233 R-03, 200 [27]. ...
Design of Experiment-Response surface methodology approach is adopted to obtain the optimal flexural moment of ferrocement composites comprising galvanised square weld mesh with weight fraction of fine aggregate by steel slag. To get the optimal combination of progression variables on a flexural moment of ferrocement composites, the central composite design of response surface methodology was adopted. Regression models for responses were justified using analysis of variance and the Pareto chart. The test results show that a maximum ultimate load of 3.30 kN and moment capacity of 220 kNm was obtained for ferrocement with a volume fraction of 2.733% and steel slag of 25% replacement. From the analysis of variance, it is evident that the p value is less than 0.005, the predicted R2 and the adjustable R2 are less than 20%, and the predicted values go in hand with the experimental result which indicates that the proposed models are highly suitable. Moreover, the volume fraction of galvanised square weld mesh has a higher significance on a flexural moment of ferrocement composites. Surface plot, Pareto chart, and regression analysis outcomes show that the most substantial and influential factor for a flexural moment is the volume fraction of galvanised square weld mesh.
... As mentioned earlier, this research aimed to analyze and quantify the influence of different mixture proportions on the compressive strength of steel slag concrete when coarse aggregate is replaced. LR model, NLR model, FQ model, M5P-tree model, and artificial neural network (ANN) were used to assess the compressive strength of concrete using steel slag as a partial replacement (Ahmad &Rahman 2018;Aslam et al. 2020;Chopra et al. 2015;Crainic and Marques 2002;Hawreen and Bogas 2019;Khaloo et al. 2016;Lam et al. 1998;MacLeod et al. 2020;Meddah et al. 2010;Miah et al. 2020;Mohammed and Arun 2012;Nili et al. 2010;Salemi and Behfarnia 2013;Sharba 2019;Tarawneh et al. 2014;Vesmawala et al. 2020;Zhang et al. 2021), and ANN was conducted to predict the electrical conductivity of normal concrete (de Grazia et al. 2021;Lübeck et al. 2012;Palod et al. 2020). ...
Concrete is a composite material widely used in construction. Waste slag smelting (pyrometallurgical) (steel slag (SS)) is a molten liquid melt of silicates and oxides created as a by-product of steel production. It is a complex solution of silicates and oxides. Steel slag recovery conserves natural resources and frees up landfill space. Steel slag has been used in concrete to replace fine and coarse particles (gravel). Three hundred thirty-eight data points were collected, analyzed, and modeled. It was determined which factors influenced the compressive strength of concrete with steel slag replacement in the modeling phase. Water/cement ratio was 0.3–0.872, steel slag content 0–1196 kg/m3, fine aggregate content 175.5–1285 kg/m3, and coarse aggregate content (natural aggregate) 0–1253.75 kg/m3. In addition, 134 data were collected regarding the electrical conductivity of concrete to analyze and model the effect of SS on electrical conductivity. The correlation between compressive strength and electrical conductivity was also observed. This research used a linear regression (LR) model, a nonlinear regression (NLR) model, an artificial neural network (ANN), a full quadratic model (FQ), and an M5P tree model to anticipate the compressive strength of normal strength concrete with steel slag aggregate substitution. For predicting the electrical conductivity, the ANN model was performed. The compressive strength of the steel slag was raised based on data from the literature. Statistical techniques like the dispersion index and Taylor diagram showed that the ANN model with the lowest RMSE predicted compressive strength better than the other models.
... As previously stated, the purpose of this study was to evaluate and quantify the impact of various mixture proportions on the compressive strength and electrical resistivity of concrete containing steel slag when coarse aggregate is substituted, including steel slag content, water/cement ratio, fine aggregate, curing time, coarse aggregate. Several model techniques were utilized to evaluate the compressive strength of concrete incorporating steel slag as a partial replacement, including multi-logistic regression (MLR), FQ model, M5P-tree model, artificial neural network (ANN), and FQ model to predict the electrical resistivity of normal concrete using data gathered from the literature [1,3,6,11,[24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36]. ...
Concrete is a composite material that is highly used in construction fields. Steel slag (SS) is a molten liquid melt of silicates and oxides, is a by-product of the steel-making process, and solidifies upon cooling. It is a complex solution of Silicates and Oxides. From an environmental standpoint and to save the environment and natural resources, steel slag recovery conserves natural resources and frees up space in landfills. Steel slag as waste
materials has been used in concrete as a partial replacement with fine (sand) and coarse aggregate (gravel). A total of 338 data points were collected, analyzed, and modeled. The most effective factors affecting the compressive strength (CS) of concrete incorporated with steel slag replacement were considered during the modeling process. The cement content was ranged from 237.35 to 550 kg/m3 , curing time 1–180 days, water/
cement ratio ranged between 0.3 and 0.872, steel slag content varied between 0 – 1196 kg/m3
, fine aggregate
content ranged between 175.5 – 1285 kg/m3 and coarse aggregate content (natural aggregate) varied between
0 – 1253.75 kg/m3
. Furthermore, 58 data were collected to analyze and model the effect of steel slag on the
electrical resistivity (ER) of normal concrete. An Artificial Neural Network (ANN), a Multi Logistic Regression model (MLR), a Full Quadratic model (FQ), and an M5P-tree model were employed in this study to forecast the compressive strength of normal strength concrete (CS ranged between 10 and 55 MPa) with steel slag aggregate replacement, and Full quadratic model was applied to predict the ER of normal concrete (ER varied between
23.98 and 1440 Ω.m). Finally, the correlation between compressive strength and electrical resistivity was investigated through different models. Based on data from the literature, the steel slag content was increased the compressive strength and lowered the ER of concrete. According to statistical tool assessments such as objective function (OBJ), scatter index. Taylar diagram, the ANN model with the lowest root mean square error (RMSE) performed better than the other models in predicting the compressive strength. FQ model as a reliable mathematical model can be applied to forecast the ER of normal concrete due to the high coefficient of determination R2 is 0.91.
... Another reason behind the decrease could be the smoother surface texture of the slag aggregates. Opposite to this, Mohammed et al. [30] in their study showed improved fresh properties for the concrete containing different forms of slag aggregates due to less water absorption capacity of slag aggregates. Also, they observed that on increasing sand to aggregate ratio, the workability values got reduced. ...
... The reason behind this decrease could be the lower mass of slag aggregates [31]. The similar pattern of results were also obtained by Mohammed et al. [30]. The reason they cited was the usage of light weight slag aggregates. ...
... Another reason for decreased strength could be the very slippery texture of CSA which may have hindered the bond formation between aggregates and paste [32]. Similar pattern of results were found by Mohammed et al. [30] for light weight slag aggregates. However, increased strength were observed by them on using heavy slag aggregates. ...
The current study mainly aims on the usage of waste coarse slag aggregates (CSA) to prepare coarse slag aggregate concrete (CSAC). The waste slag aggregates are the by-products mainly obtained from the iron and steel industries. These wastes are mostly disposed off into the landfills and the newer alternative method of disposing are being researched. Also, the increasing rate of construction has resulted into the diminishing of natural raw materials. The present paper focuses on incorporating CSA as the replacement of 20 mm natural coarse aggregates to prepare CSAC for various volumetric replacement of 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100%. Cube and beam samples having different percentages of CSA were casted to undergo the experimental analysis. The fresh, mechanical and durability parameters has been studied by performing workability, density, compressive strength, split tensile strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity, water absorption and water permeability tests, for the in-depth analysis. The outcomes from the experiments has shown decrease in the strength and durability properties for increasing count of CSA. Decrease in compressive and split tensile strength of 39.08% and 37.50% respectively was observed for 100% CSA replacement. In case of durability properties, the penetration depth has increased up to 69.84% for the 100% CA replacement sample. However, a very marginal decrease in the values were observed for the replacement content up to 40%. The study concluded that the utilization of slag aggregate is a sustainable approach by preserving the naturally available raw materials and also construction can be made economical.
... Aggregate constitutes the major percent of the concrete which has high impact in its properties, as it typically constituted 60-80% of the concrete volume. Theses aggregates has a direct effect on the fresh and mechanical performance of the concrete (Mohammed and Arun 2012). Despite the global acceptance of concrete as a key construction material, it has some shortcomings that usually affect its quality and general performance. ...
The need for evaluation of compressive strength of a concrete is of utmost importance in civil and structural engineering as one of the factors that determine quality of concrete. In this paper, two artificial intelligence (AI) techniques, namely Hammerstein–Wiener model (HWM) and support vector machine (SVM) were used in the prediction of compressive strength (σ). The input variables including curing age (T), amount of coarse aggregate (cA), percentage replacement of aggregate (cAR), amount of Jujube seed (S) and slump (D) as the independent variables. Two evaluation metrics were used to determine the fitness between the computed and the predicted values of the σ namely, Correlation co-efficient (R) and determination co-efficient (R2), while two other metrics were employed to check the errors depicted by each model combination inform of mean square error (MSE) and root mean square error (RMSE). The result obtained from AI-based models revealed that both HWM and SVM showed higher prediction skills in prediction of σ. Overall, the comparative performance results proved that HWM-M4 indicated an outstanding performance of 0.9953 and 0.9982 in both the training and testing stages, respectively.
... Similar results were reported by Qasrawi et al. [9], who also found that concrete made with 40% SSFA showed higher resistance to HCl and H 2 SO 4 compared to the control mix. The benefits of using SSFA in concrete (by partially or fully replacing natural sand) in terms of strength, toughness, and energy absorption capacity have also been reported in other studies [12][13][14][15]. Furthermore, due to the higher specific gravity of slag, concrete density is usually increased, which could make such concrete more effective in special applications such as radiation shielding [16]. ...
Induction furnace steel slag is a secondary product obtained when molten steel is separated from the impurities in the steel-producing furnaces. Though numerous studies have been published on the mechanical strength of concrete/mortar made with steel slag as fine aggregate, relatively few studies focus on the shrinkage, durability (i.e., porosity, water absorption, and resistance to chloride penetration) at ambient temperature, and especially the mechanical and durability performances after exposure to elevated temperatures. Within this context, the present study investigates mechanical strength, shrinkage, and durability of mortar made with different contents of steel slag powder (SSP) at two different water-to-cement (w/c) ratios before and after exposure to elevated temperatures (120, 250, 400 and 600 oC). Mortars made with SSP showed significantly higher mechanical strength and better durability than mortar made with 100% natural sand (control mortar). Compressive, tensile, and flexural strength increased by 45%, 72% and 56%, respectively, when SSP entirely replaced natural sand. Porosity, water absorption, and chloride penetration decreased by 42%, 61% and 52%, respectively, for 100% SSP mortar. Furthermore, the shrinkage of the mortar decreased with increasing percentages of SSP. Conversely, residual compressive strength after heat exposure was lower for 100% SSP mortar than for the control mortar. Therefore, this study presents a first step towards the successful utilization of SSP in cementitious mortar.
... BF slag also find its application in fine or coarse aggregates in concrete. Natural gravel can be replaced by the broken crystallized slag obtained after the slow cooling in air process [140]. Granulated slag can replace fine sand aggregates for building applications without any need for secondary processing, which highlights its great energy saving potential. ...
The molten blast furnace slags, a kind of main by-product in Iron and Steel industry, contains a substantial amount of high-grade thermal energy and untapped resources, and thus their heat recovery and resource utilization are essential to industrial energy saving and emission reduction. The traditional water quenching waste heat recovery method is expected to be replaced by dry post-processing technologies due to the water conservation and efficiency issues. A typical process of centrifugal granulation - physical heat recovery - resource utilization with the advantages of simple structure and a large waste heat recovery potential is focused in this review. The mechanism, phenomenon, influence factors of centrifugal granulation process from analytical, experimental and numerical simulation sides are discussed. The developed correlations of liquid film thickness, ligament number, droplet diameter are summarized. Physical waste heat recovery process after centrifugal granulation through a fluidized bed or moving bed is always accompanied with the solidification and phase evolution of the slag particles, which exert a significant influence to their further utilization. The development of different physical heat recovery methods and investigations on phase evolution during the cooling process are presented, and the further utilizations of slag particles as substitutions of cement, ceramics, composite phase change materials are summarized.
