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In just a few years, the efficiency of perovskite-based solar cells (PSCs) has risen to 25.8%, making them competitive with current commercial technology. Due to the inherent advantage of perovskite thin films that can be fabricated using simple solution techniques at low temperatures, PSCs are regarded as one of the most important low-cost and mas...
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... The costs of organic materials such as spiro-OMeTAD, PEDOT: PSS, PTAA and P3HT are all prohibitively high for large-scale applications. The industrial growth and market potential of photovoltaic solar cells (PSCs) is constrained by their high cost and instability in water, heat, and light, despite the fact that all of these materials provide higher open-circuit voltages and higher efficiencies [13]. ...
... Graphene derivatives GO and r-GO have thus been used as a substitute for spiro-OMeTAD as HTL in PSCs due to the aforementioned features. Due to the device's mobility and stability, this could be a viable solution both economically and technically [13]. ...
In this work, the Taguchi Method approach is used to optimize graphene oxide (GO) as the hole transport layer (HTL) in inverted perovskite solar cells (IPSC). By using this method, the data from the numerical modelling Solar Cell Capacitance Simulator-One Dimensional (SCAPS-1D) was optimized. While it has distinct parameter results and diverse causes, it also takes a long time to complete the analysis process. The Taguchi method is reported to be able to find the most significant factor and reduce the parameter variations in less time. The Taguchi algorithm is used in this experiment because it is based on orthogonal array (OA) experiments, which provide a substantially smaller variance for the experiment with optimal control parameter values. SCAPS-1D software was used to simulate the IPSC with GO as HTL. The results obtained with the software are then analysed and compared with the performance of the solar cell. The final results show that the Taguchi Method optimized IPSC with GO as HTL achieved better Power Conversion Efficiency (PCE) compared to previous researchers, with the efficiency increasing from 18.53%.to 23.408%.
... 9 There are many common HTL materials, both organic and inorganic, namely, PEDOT:PSS, 14,15 PTAA, 16,17 NiO x, 18 CuI, 19 V 2 O 5 , 20,21 etc. Among the several inorganic hole-transporting studied samples in the p-i-n configuration, the NiO x HTMs are all focused on devices with an efficiency approximately around 20%. 22 These efficiencies are similar to the most outstanding performance achieved with organic HTMs in p-i-n. Nickel oxide exhibits excellent properties such as high optical transparency (band gap >3.5 eV); perfect energy band positioning, which benefits hole extraction capabilities at the interface between the HTL and PV layer; and the excellent potential of hole transport and tiny electrode polarization, which contribute to negligible hysteresis; in addition, it can be easily synthesized using lowcost methods. ...
In this work, we synthesized trifluoromethyl group series modified triphenylamine dibenzofulvenes, named as CC-1–3 as hole transporting interfacial layer to obtain well-matched energy levels and long-term stability features in NiOx-based inverted perovskite solar cells. The optical and thermal properties of these new compounds were investigated. All the compounds will be combined with NiOx and formed layer by layer as hole transporting layers (HTLs). Morphology, energy level, and charge transfer resistance are all compared. The NiOx/CC-3 bilayer-based architecture improves energy level alignment, film morphology, crystallinity, and hole transportation, allowing for a high-quality perovskite layer and interfacial contact behaviour. As a result, this inverted cell significantly improves open-circuit voltage (VOC), short current density (JSC), fill factor (FF), and power conversion efficiency (PCE) values up to 21.66 mA cm-2, 1.105 V, 79.33%, and 19.813%, respectively. Remarkedly, the NiOx/CC-3 device has negligible hysteresis and long-term stability, retaining over 90% of its original efficiencies under argon and over 80% in the ambient atmosphere after 40 days. This paper shows a new chemical design, particularly for the trifluoromethyl group effect, and a complete understanding of the bilayer HTL technique and its promise for producing efficient cell performance.
Keywords: bilayer HTL, inverted perovskite solar cells, triphenylamine dibenzofulvene derivatives, trifluromethyl group
... In perovskite solar cells, the hole transporting layer (HTL) plays signifcant roles such as avoiding unwanted electron transfer, extracting the holes in the active layer, splitting the perovskite layer from the anode, minimizing degradation, improving the device's stability, and enhancing the open-circuit voltage (Voc) [2,[13][14][15][16]. Among diferent hole transporting materials, inorganic NiO is stable, of low cost, earth abundant, nontoxic, has high optical transmittance, sufcient conductivity, and excellent charge extraction ability [17][18][19][20][21][22][23]; and PEDOT: PSS ofers promising organic candidates for perovskite solar cells due to their high optical transmittance, low cost, outstanding stability, high mechanical fexibility, adjustable conductivity (10 −2 to 10 3 S/cm), suppression interfacial recombination, and accelerate hole transfer [2,24,25]. Tey have been attributed to back contact as an electron blocking layer, with higher conduction band energy in CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 versus vacuum [24,25]. ...
Interfacial carrier transfer kinetics is critical to the efficiency and stability of perovskite solar cells. Herein, we measure the regeneration rate constant, absorption cross-section, reduction rate constant, and conductivity of hole transport layered perovskites using scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). The SECM feedback revealed that the regeneration rate constant, absorption cross-section, and reduction rate constant of the nickel oxide (NiO) layer perovskite layer are higher than those of the poly (3,4-ethyenedioxythiophene)-poly (styrenesulfonate) layered perovskite. Also, at a specific flux density ( J h v ), the value of the regeneration rate constant (keff) in both blue and red illuminations for the NiO/CH3NH3PbI3 film is significantly higher than in both PEDOT: PSS/CH3NH3PbI3 and FTO/CH3NH3PbI3 films. The difference in keff between layered and nonlayered perovskite conforms to the impact of the hole conducting layer on the charge transfer kinetics. According to the findings, SECM is a powerful approach for screening an appropriate hole transport layer for stable perovskite solar cells.
... The readers are suggested to follow the literature for details of the fabrication process. 175 Among the all processes, the spin coating process is widely used and easy process to fabricate the perovskite layer in PSCs. To achieve the practical application of single crystal perovskite solar cells, large-area production methods, specically those satisfying industrial requirements, are more crucial. ...
... The Keno model imposed in Fig. 9 is a helpful tool to understand the prioritization of the features of PSCs for successfully commercialization. 175 The Kano model stands out in particular for its strict focus on customer perception; existing and/or prospective new product features are ranked according to the potential level of customer pleasure they may offer. The gure indicates such categorized PSCs properties that are necessary for commercialization in the current solar cell market. ...
Even though power conversion efficiency has already reached 25.8%, poor stability is one of the major challenges hindering the commercialization of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Several initiatives, such as structural modification and fabrication techniques by numerous ways, have been employed by researchers around the world to achieve the desired level of stability. The goal of this review is to address the recent improvements in PSCs in terms of structural modification and fabrication procedures. Perovskite films are used to provide a broad range of stability and to lose up to 20% of their initial performance. A thorough comprehension of the effect of the fabrication process on the device's stability is considered to be crucial in order to provide the foundation for future attempts. We summarize several commonly used fabrication techniques-spin coating, doctor blade, sequential deposition, hybrid chemical vapor, and alternating layer-by-layer. The evolution of device structure from regular to inverted, HTL free, and ETL including the changes in material utilization from organic to inorganic, as well as the perovskite material are presented in a systematic manner. We also aimed to gain insight into the functioning stability of PSCs, as well as practical information on how to increase their operational longevity through sensible device fabrication and materials processing, to promote PSC commercialization at the end.
While perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have exhibited an impressive power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 26.1%, their inherent instability poses a significant obstacle to their widespread commercialisation. Researchers worldwide have diligently employed diverse strategies to enhance their stability, ranging from configuration modifications to employing varied manufacturing techniques. This review meticulously explores the latest advancements in PSC devices, focusing primarily on the strategies employed to fortify stability, with an emphasis on configuration structures and fabrication methods. The study explores the critical stability parameters and considerations relevant to the long-term stability of PSC configurations. A comprehensive examination of the evolution of PSC configurations is presented, encompassing transitions from regular to inverted designs, the introduction of hole transport layer-free designs, the incorporation of electron transport layer-free configurations, and variations in the use of organic and inorganic materials. Moreover, the review compiles pertinent articles for additional reference, providing a consolidated resource for researchers and enthusiasts in the field. This review offers recommendations to improve the stability of hybrid PSCs and provides a perspective on supporting the commercialisation of PSC technology. Addressing the stability challenges outlined in this review is crucial for unlocking the full potential of PSCs and facilitating their seamless integration into the mainstream renewable energy landscape.
This chapter explores the challenges associated with the preparation of ceramic
nanoparticles and their role in the energy sector. It begins by providing an overview
of the properties of ceramic nanoparticles that made them suitable for use in energy-
related applications. It then discusses the various methods available for synthesizing
ceramic nanoparticles, including sol-gel, hydrothermal, etc., and highlights the
advantages and disadvantages of each approach. The potential applications of ceramic
nanoparticles in the energy sector, including their use in fuel cells, batteries, and solar
cells, are also examined. The advantages and limitations of these applications, as well
as the future prospects for the use of ceramic nanoparticles in other energy-related
fields, are discussed. Overall, this chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the
challenges and opportunities associated with the synthesis of ceramic nanoparticles
and their applications in the energy sector. It can serve as a valuable resource for
researchers and engineers who working in this exciting and rapidly growing field.
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have achieved revolutionary progress during the past decades with a rapidly boosting rate in power conversion efficiencies from 3.8% to 26.1%. However, high‐efficiency PSCs with organic hole‐transporting materials (HTMs) suffer from inferior long‐term stability and high costs. The replacement of organic HTMs with inorganic counterparts such as metal oxides can solve the above‐mentioned problems to realize highly robust and cost‐effective PSCs. Nevertheless, the widely used simple metal oxide‐based HTMs are limited by the low conductivity and poor light transmittance due to the fixed atomic environment. As an emerging family of inorganic HTMs, complex metal oxides with superior structural/compositional flexibility have attracted rapidly increasing interest recently, showing superior carrier conductivity/mobility and superb light transmittance. Herein, the recent advancements in the design and development of complex metal oxide‐based HTMs for high‐performance PSCs are summarized by emphasizing the superiority of complex metal oxides as HTMs over simple metal oxide‐based counterparts. Consequently, several distinct strategies for the design of complex metal oxide‐based HTMs are proposed. Last, the future directions and remaining challenges of inorganic complex metal oxide‐based HTMs for PSCs are also presented. This review aims to provide valuable guidelines for the further advancements of robust, high‐efficiency, and low‐cost PSCs.
Organic–inorganic perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have delivered the highest power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 25.7% currently, but they are unfortunately limited by several key issues, such as inferior humid and thermal stability, significantly retarding their widespread application. To tackle the instability issue, all-inorganic PSCs have attracted increasing interest due to superior structural, humid and high-temperature stability to their organic–inorganic counterparts. Nevertheless, all-inorganic PSCs with typical CsPbIBr2 perovskite as light absorbers suffer from much inferior PCEs to those of organic–inorganic PSCs. Functional doping is regarded as a simple and useful strategy to improve the PCEs of CsPbIBr2-based all-inorganic PSCs. Herein, we report a monovalent copper cation (Cu+)-doping strategy to boost the performance of CsPbIBr2-based PSCs by increasing the grain sizes and improving the CsPbIBr2 film quality, reducing the defect density, inhibiting the carrier recombination and constructing proper energy level alignment. Consequently, the device with optimized Cu+-doping concentration generates a much better PCE of 9.11% than the pristine cell (7.24%). Moreover, the Cu+ doping also remarkably enhances the humid and thermal durability of CsPbIBr2-based PSCs with suppressed hysteresis. The current study provides a simple and useful strategy to enhance the PCE and the durability of CsPbIBr2-based PSCs, which can promote the practical application of perovskite photovoltaics.
