TABLE 4 - uploaded by Nickolas J. Themelis
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... annual gaseous emissions of landfills in the US can be estimated by multiplying the above estimate of non-captured landfill gas flow (about 46 Nm 3 of methane plus CO 2 escaping per tonne of MSW) by the reported concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOC) in landfill gas. 19 Table 4 shows the estimated emissions from US landfills, expressed on the basis of kilograms per million tonnes of MSW landfilled. ...
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... The economy's major material handler in recent years has been the oil industry. Around six billion tons of CO 2 was emitted worldwide as the primary fuel or more than 1000 kg per person (Themelis 2003). In comparison, the global steel industry produces approximately 700 million tons of steel each year, equating to an average of approximately 120 pounds per person. ...
This chapter explores the concept of biorefineries as a sustainable and efficient alternative to traditional petroleum refineries. It delves into the increasing global demand for renewable energy resources and the urgent need to transition from fossil fuels to more sustainable options. The abstract begins by highlighting the key objective of the chapter, which is to present biorefineries as a viable solution for the production of various valuable products from biomass feedstocks. It emphasizes the importance of integrating multiple processes in biorefineries to maximize resource utilization and minimize waste generation. The chapter provides an overview of petroleum refineries as a basis for comparison. It highlights the similarities between the two refinery types, such as the conversion of raw materials into valuable products. Additionally, it discusses the significant advantages of biorefineries, including the utilization of renewable biomass resources, reduced greenhouse gas emissions, and the potential for bioproduct diversification. Furthermore the abstract delves into the different conversion technologies employed in biorefineries, such as biochemical, thermochemical, and hybrid processes. It explores various biomass feedstocks, including agricultural residues, energy crops, and algae, and their respective conversion pathways. Moreover, this chapter emphasizes the importance of biorefinery integration with existing industries and infrastructure, highlighting the potential synergies and economic benefits. It also addresses the challenges associated with biorefinery implementation, including feedstock availability, technological advancements, and market competitiveness. Finally, the abstract concludes by summarizing the chapter’s key findings and discussing the future prospects of biorefineries. It highlights the role of policy support and research and development in fostering the growth of biorefinery sector and facilitating a sustainable transition toward a biobased economy. Overall, this chapter serves as the comprehensive introduction to the concept of biorefineries, showcasing their potential as an analogue to petroleum refineries and as essential component of the renewable energy landscape.
... The WTE technology using MSW, compared to other renewable energy sources such as wind, geothermal, solar, etc. can be a sustainable, and alternative energy source [7]. In the US, around 7.4 % (26.3 million tons) of MSW is being used to generate 2700 MW of electric power [8] while 64 % is dumped in landfills [9]. As reported by Karlsson et al. [10], in the European Union (EU), 28 countries generated around 2.5 billion tons of MSW in 2012 and mostly solid waste from Europe are exported to Sweden for the operations of their WTE plants [11]. ...
... This method of treatment is applied through the utilization of saturated steam within a pressure vessel at a temperature sufficient to kill infectious agents present in the waste. Three factors namely; time, temperature and moisture are critically considered in the application of steam sterilization so as to ensure its effectiveness [88]. Microorganisms are not destroyed regardless of time and temperature, when saturated steam at the appropriate temperature is not present. ...
Medical waste management is of great concern due to its infectious and hazardous nature that can cause undesirable effects on humans and the environment. Waste treatment leads to a decrease in volume, weight, potential risk of infection and organic compounds in the waste. The removal of medical wastes from the point of generation to the point of final disposal can be achieved through several steps including collection at point of generation, packaging, initial storage, internal transport and movement, on-site storage, external transport, and final disposal. The link between these steps in medical waste management is known as handling. The process of medical waste management starts from the various departments where collection and segregation are usually carried out by health workers; plastic containers and bags are used in this stage for segregation and packaging. These procedures are based on the provision of adequate supply of appropriately marked or coded containers of suitable strength in safe and convenient locations close to generation areas. Medical wastes can create significant amount of environmental and health impact which may eventually lead to outbreak of infectious diseases. This review article will provide a waste handling manual to all waste handlers to guide on handling medical waste properly.
... The financial analysis of WTE technologies takes into account factors such as variable plant prices based on the technology, feedstock, location, the high cost of eliminating harmful emissions, and potential financial strains brought on by technical issues and large waste capacity [71]. A techno-economic study that takes factors like LCOE, NPV, and IRR into account can be used to assess the economic viability of a WTE plant, evaluating a technology's economic feasibility by weighing the project's costs and benefits, which include income streams, capital and operating expenses, and environmental and societal benefits [72]. ...
... Overall, the issue of waste management in developing countries necessitates urgent attention and the exploration of alternative solutions to minimize environmental and health impacts while promoting sustainable development. Solid waste collection is a significant challenge in Pakistan, with only approximately 60% of waste being effectively gathered [6][7][8][9][10]. This leads to the accumulation of uncollected rubbish on the streets. ...
Pakistan, a developing nation, is facing a critical crisis regarding its fossil fuel resources and the production of electrical energy. The country's electricity demand has reached approximately 29,000 MW, while the generation capacity is only 22,000 MW. This significant gap between generation and demand has led to load-shedding. To address this issue, we are considering the development of waste-to-energy plants, which are waste management facilities that utilize combustion to generate electricity. Instead of relying on traditional fossil fuels like coal, oil, or natural gas, waste-to-energy plants use trash as a fuel source. By burning this fuel, heat is produced, which heats water to generate steam that drives a turbine, ultimately creating electricity. While waste-to-energy is often portrayed as a viable method for extracting energy from available resources, it does pose challenges to the circular economy. This approach generates toxic waste, contributes to air pollution, and exacerbates climate change. These plants emit chemicals such as mercury and dioxins, which pose risks to human and environmental health. To address these concerns, we aim to investigate the development of waste-to-energy as an alternative energy source while prioritizing creating a healthy environment. As part of this effort, we intend to implement a sensor network to detect the heat generated during incineration and monitor the emission of pollutants. Our overarching goal is to generate electricity while recycling waste materials as much as possible, thus promoting a sustainable and eco-friendly approach.
... Overall, the issue of waste management in developing countries necessitates urgent attention and the exploration of alternative solutions to minimize environmental and health impacts while promoting sustainable development. Solid waste collection is a significant challenge in Pakistan, with only approximately 60% of waste being effectively gathered [6][7][8][9][10]. This leads to the accumulation of uncollected rubbish on the streets. ...
Pakistan, a developing nation, is facing a critical crisis regarding its fossil fuel resources and the production of electrical energy. The country's electricity demand has reached approximately 29,000 MW, while the generation capacity is only 22,000 MW. This significant gap between generation and demand has led to load-shedding. To address this issue, we are considering the development of waste-to-energy plants, which are waste management facilities that utilize combustion to generate electricity. Instead of relying on traditional fossil fuels like coal, oil, or natural gas, waste-to-energy plants use trash as a fuel source. By burning this fuel, heat is produced, which heats water to generate steam that drives a turbine, ultimately creating electricity. While waste-to-energy is often portrayed as a viable method for extracting energy from available resources, it does pose challenges to the circular economy. This approach generates toxic waste, contributes to air pollution, and exacerbates climate change. These plants emit chemicals such as mercury and dioxins, which pose risks to human and environmental health. To address these concerns, we aim to investigate the development of waste-to-energy as an alternative energy source while prioritizing creating a healthy environment. As part of this effort, we intend to implement a sensor network to detect the heat generated during incineration and monitor the emission of pollutants. Our overarching goal is to generate electricity while recycling waste materials as much as possible, thus promoting a sustainable and eco-friendly approach.
... About 500 cogeneration power plants are already operating around the world [1][2][3][4][5]. Burning waste is a better solution, because 1 ton of waste produces 1 ton of CO 2 , contrary to landfill waste that produces methane after anaerobic decomposition of the biodegradable portion of the waste, which, as an equivalent, produces 1.38 tons of CO 2 [6,7]. Furthermore, after the cogeneration process of burning MSW, residual material is left behind-BS. ...
... Then, the test portion was oven dried at 110 ± 5 • C until it reached constant mass (M 3 ) [39]. The calculation was performed using Formula (6). ...
This study investigates the possibility of utilising bottom slag (BS) waste from landfills, and a carbonation process advantageous for the use of artificial aggregates (AAs) in printed three-dimensional (3D) concrete composites. In general, the main idea of granulated aggregates is to reduce the amount of CO2 emissions of printed 3D concrete objects (wall). AAs are made from construction materials, both granulated and carbonated. Granules are made from a combination of binder (ordinary Portland cement (OPC), hydrated lime, burnt shale ash (BSA)) and waste material (BS). BS is a waste material left over after the municipal waste burning process in cogeneration power plants. Whole printed 3D concrete composite manufacturing consists of: granulating artificial aggregate, aggregate hardening and sieving (adaptive granulometer), carbonation of AA, mixing 3D concrete, and 3D printing. The granulating and printing processes were analysed for hardening processes, strength results, workability parameters, and physical and mechanical properties. Printings with no granules (reference 3D printed concrete) were compared to 3D printed concretes with 25% and 50% of their natural aggregate replaced with carbonated AA. The results showed that, theoretically, the carbonation process could help to react approximately 126 kg/m3 CO2 from 1 m3 of granules.
... Worldwide, more than 2500 WTE incineration plants are working with a disposal capacity of 420 × 10 6 t/y. The majority of plants operate in Europe (472), China (300), the USA (86), and Australia (74) (Themelis, 2003;Islam, 2018). Globally, Japan has the highest number of incineration plants (more than 1900) which incinerate 80% waste of Japan and generate electricity (Tan et al., 2015). ...
World estimated municipal solid waste generating at an alarming rate and its disposal is a severe concern of today's world. It is equivalent to 0.79 kg/d per person footprint and causing climate change; health hazards and other environmental issues which need attention on an urgent basis. Waste to energy (WTE) considers as an alternative renewable energy potential to recover energy from waste and reduce the global waste problems. WTE reduced the burden on fossil fuels for energy generation, waste volumes, environmental, and greenhouse gases emissions. This critical review aims to evaluate the source of solid waste generation and the possible routes of waste management such as biological landfill and thermal treatment (Incineration, pyrolysis, and gasification). Moreover, a comparative evaluation of different technologies was reviewed in terms of economic and environmental aspects along with their limitations and advantages. Critical literature revealed that gasification seemed to be the efficient route and environmentally sustainable. In addition, a framework for the gasification process, gasifier types, and selection of gasifiers for MSW was presented. The country-wise solutions recommendation was proposed for solid waste management with the least impact on the environment. Furthermore, key issues and potential perspectives that require urgent attention to facilitate global penetration are highlighted. Finally, practical implications of membrane and comparison membrane-based separation technology with other conventional technologies to recover bioenergy and resources were discussed. It is expected that this study will lead towards practical solution for future advancement in terms of economic and environmental concerns, and also provide economic feasibility and practical implications for global penetration.
... A waste-to-energy combined heat and power plant is a desirable investment, as shown by the fact that both the base case and all of the changes evaluated have positive NPV. However, in order for a system that produces simply power to be economical, the entrance fees would need to increase by around 122%. [18] It is possible to make appropriate judgments for increasing the efficiency of a waste combustion process by evaluating several enhancement alternatives. Exergy analysis has shown to be a useful method for determining a system's overall effectiveness. ...
Waste disposal is a great concern for our Bangladesh currently. It became a significant
problem nowadays. The waste volume is getting doubled every fifteen years in the last
three decades. It’s causing health impact, damage in the ecosystem, air pollution,
marine pollution and a bunch of effect. It is not possible to overcome this situation in
overnight. On the other hand, it is having an effect on our economical side. After
analyzing these issues, we got the idea “Energy from Waste” which can be the
preventive to overcome these obstacles.
Waste to energy technology is keeping a huge contribution to prevent this situation.
This system has several processes to dispose the waste in the right way. The waste is
using as a fuel. So, the proper waste management and the significant use can turn this
situation 180 degree very soon. This system is generating the power by using the waste
as fuel. The anaerobic digestion, pyrolysis and plasma gasification are three alternatives
to running this system perfectly. In short, it is a process where energy converts
gradually. From waste burning it creates the heat energy and then the heat converts into
the electrical energy. The proper segregation of waste and the success waste recycling
process is needed to get the desired output from this. The solid waste disposal is the
main concern. So, this idea should have to start from every single house in an area. This
project will show how the waste using as a fuel and generating the power, also the waste
segregation, water recycling and environment friendly smoke removing process.
... 2) Električna i toplotna energija proizvedena u postrojenjima za spaljivanje može da zamijeni elektrane na druga goriva u mreži električne energije i daljinskog grijanja. 3) Spaljivanjem otpada se smanjuju emisije gasova sa efektom staklene bašte koji nastaju odlaganjem otpada na deponije, a ujedno se i štedi prostor za izgradnju deponija, te smanjuje njihov uticaj na životnu sredinu; Svaka tona spaljenog čvrstog komunalnog otpada sprečava ispuštanje oko jedne tone ekvivalenta ugljen-dioksida u atmosferu (Themelis, 2003). 4) Spaljivanje medicinskog otpada i mulja iz kanalizacije proizvodi pepeo krajnjeg proizvoda koji je, uz određeni predtretman, sterilan i neopasan. ...
The aim of this book is to acquaint the reader with the origin and characteristics of solid waste, with an emphasis on municipal waste, its impact on the environment and human health, as well as how to organize the waste management system in order to make it ecologically and economically sustainable. A comprehensive approach, or an integral waste management system, is emphasized as an important topic of this book. Integral approach of waste management deals with all types and of solid waste, using a number of options for treatment and utilization of material and energy values of waste, in accordance with local needs.
