Figure 6 - uploaded by Hyun Son
Content may be subject to copyright.
Source publication
From a methodological point of view, this paper makes two contributions to the literature. One contribution is the proposal of a new measure of pro-poor growth. This new measure provides the linkage between growth rates in mean income and in income inequality. In this context, growth is defined as pro-poor (or anti-poor) if there is a gain (or loss...
Similar publications
Based on apos theory (Actions, Processes, Objects and Schemes) as a theoretical and methodological framework, we investigate the mental constructions and mechanisms required to construct the associated matrix of a Linear Transformation (MATL). We design a genetic decomposition (DG) of the theorem matl to discuss how college students learn it We rep...
The aim of the article is to present time series decomposition as a method of measuring capital markets convergence. As an example, convergence of two different sets of markets are measured using this methodology. On the basis of this research, it has been established that time series decomposition of the market indices can prove or reject a hypoth...
The main purpose of this paper is to design the Model of Generalized Technical Sys-tem (MGTS) which derives from spread analysis of presently existing models of technical systems. Undertaken considerations are aimed to indicate a suitable general model based on observed homology between currently existing technical systems in e.g. different transpo...
This article is in terms of product environmental performance demand and proposes four structure evolutionary operation modes which include combined evolutionary method, decomposition evolutionary method, replacement evolutionary method, and material-changing evolutionary method to express the structure evolutionary process of products. Through the...
We propose an agent-oriente d methodology for modelling business processes between enterprises that consists of the steps of analysis and design. The analysis starts by modelling intentional dependencies between the actors of the problem domain at hand, and continues by modelling intentional relationships that are internal to the actors, such as ta...
Citations
... Some recent attempts show expressed concern on how globalization affects poverty and inequality; we have World Bank (2002), Watkins (2002) and Heshmati (2004). The conceptual definition of pro-poorness displays marked concern on the impact of growth on absolute poverty or on relative inequality; see for instance Kakwani and Pernia (2000), Ravallion and Datt (2002), Kakwani, Khandker, and Son (2003), Ravallion and Chen (2003), Klasen (2003), Son (2004), Essama-Nssah (2005), and Kakwani et al. (2006). The reverse of this link (impact of inequality on poverty or growth) should equally be of concern to policy analysts and policy makers (Araar & Duclos, 2010). ...
This paper assesses the impacts on private sector poverty of changes in the within inequalities of expenditure and income sources. This paper employs the most recent Cameroon Household Consumption Survey which provides the necessary data for our analyses. Our results showed that the largest impact on poverty is registered with increasing food inequalities and the smallest with increasing health inequalities. Concerning regressed income sources, we found that the highest increase in poverty incidence is recorded by increasing inequalities in human capital. Our results also underlined that if we only have a small proportion of private sector workers who are vulnerable in employment, poverty depth will reduce appreciably. Importantly, we observed that the marginal poverty impacts and elasticities of within-component inequalities are sensitive in magnitude to the choice of poverty aversion measures and poverty lines. The government of Cameroon should invest in a system of education that reduces the number of dropouts at primary and secondary levels; this should be probably a system of education that meets the demands of the labour market. If policy provisions allow for only a small proportion of private sector workers to be vulnerable in employment, poverty depth will reduce considerably.
... De maneira complementar aos trabalhos anteriormente referidos, Kakwani et al. (2006) observaram empiricamente o impacto do crescimento econômico sobre a pobreza (crescimento pró-pobre) no Brasil no período de 1995 a 2004, utilizando dados da PNAD. Em relação ao mercado de trabalho, os autores concluíram que o tamanho da força de trabalho é mais sensível ao ciclo econômico para os mais pobres, ao passo que é estável para a média de renda da população. ...
... Como exemplo desses mecanismos, é citado o caso dos programas de transferências monetárias vinculadas, como o mexicano Progresa. A importância das transferências diretas de recursos públicos também é destacada por Kakwani et al. (2006). ...
According to recent studies, shocks over aggregated variables imply in differentiated impacts over economic system, affecting more some agents and sectors than others according to their characteristics. Theoretically, the mechanisms that differentiate shocks effects over economic agents are the variations in relative prices of inputs and output, the variation of labor demand, the workers characteristics and the design of actual policy. Thus, the purpose of this article is, through a both theoretical and empirical literature review about the relationship of macroeconomic performance and social welfare, to find answers to three questions. First: which are the agents that most suffer the effects of economic recessions? Second: which are the agents that most benefit by economic growth? Third: which are the alternatives of policy related to macroeconomic managing of social welfare?
... As recessões afetam mais intensamente a renda dos mais ricos, mesmo que eles tenham melhores meios de se proteger das crises, mas os mais ricos tendem a ganhar mais com os períodos de crescimento. Os momentos de crescimento pró-pobre foram os anos que imediatamente sucederam planos de estabilização macroeconômica, como o plano Cruzado (1987) De maneira complementar aos trabalhos anteriormente referidos, Kakwani et al. (2006) observaram empiricamente o impacto do crescimento econômico sobre a pobreza (crescimento própobre ) no Brasil no período de 1995 a 2004, utilizando dados da PNAD. Em relação ao mercado de trabalho, os autores concluíram que o tamanho da força de trabalho é mais sensível ao ciclo econômico para os mais pobres, ao passo que é estável para a média de renda da população. ...
... o de mecanismos de ajuste e de reformas estruturais nas economias, evitando possíveis conflitos distributivos e colapsos institucionais. Como exemplo desses mecanismos, é citado o caso dos programas de transferências monetárias vinculadas, como o mexicano Progresa. A importância das transferências diretas de recursos públicos também é destacada por Kakwani et. al (2006). A importância dos sistemas de seguridade social para as economias subdesenvolvidas também é destacada por Rodrik (2001). Contudo, o autor sugere que não há um padrão político ótimo para o desenho desses sistemas de seguridade social, isto é, cada país deve desenvolver seus mecanismos com base em suas possibilidades e suas instituições. ...
According to recent studies, shocks on aggregated variables are associated with unequal impacts on the economic system, affecting more some agents and sectors than others according, depending on their characteristics. Theoretically, the mechanisms that differentiate shocks’ effects on economic agents are the variations in relative prices of inputs and output, the variation of labor demand, the workers characteristics and the design of economic policies. The purpose of this article is, through a both theoretical and empirical literature review of the relationship between macroeconomic performance and social welfare, to find answers to three questions. First, which are the agents that most suffer the effects of economic recessions? Second, which are the agents that benefit the most from economic growth? Third, which are the policy alternatives related to macroeconomic management of social welfare?
... Utiliza-se num primeiro momento a metodologia desenvolvida por Kakwani, Khandker e Son (2004) para se mensurar a magnitude do crescimento a favor dos mais pobres nos diversos seg-mentos espaciais. Em seguida, baseia-se em Kakwani, Neri e Son (2006) para se construir a medida de bem-estar social para os diversos componentes. ...
... Following Kakwani, Khandker and Son (2004) we then obtain the Poverty Equivalent Growth Rate (PEGR), a measured of the pro-poor growth. The second is, using methodology of Kakwani, Neri and Son (2006), the quantification of the social welfare generated from the labor income and the corresponding decomposition in tax of job, number of hours worked for person, tax of participation of the labor force and productivity -the decomposition of the productivity in scholarship, return per year of study and redistribution of this return among the families. Using data of PNAD/IBGE, this study concentrates on the period after Real plan of stabilization and contemplates evaluation for geographic area. ...
... Esta seção segue Kakwani, Neri e Son (2006). A partir da PNAD, podemos calcular, para cada família, as seguintes variáveis bases: (i) número de pessoas empregadas per capita (e); (ii) número de trabalhadores (ocupados ou não) per capita (t), (iii) número de horas trabalhadas per capita (h) e (iv) renda real de todos os trabalhos per capita (γ l ). ...
O presente artigo se propõe a examinar a dinâmica migratória cearense, mediante a análise dos saldos migratórios obtidos a partir dos Censos Demográficos de 1991 e 2000, e das PNADs de 2001 a 2006. As migrações tem se manifestado no Nordeste desde o período colonial, consolidando-se com o processo de industrialização do país a partir da década de 1950. Desde então, certas regiões caracterizam-se como locais de origem, principalmente o Nordeste brasileiro e o estado de Minas Gerais, e de destinos de migrantes, em especial a região Sudeste, com destaque para o estado de São Paulo. Historicamente, o Ceará tipifica como um estado expulsor de migrantes, devido, sobretudo, à seca. Durante a década de 1980 o Ceará apresentou elevado saldo migratório negativo, tendência mantida ao longo da década seguinte. Porém, com as mudanças na dinâmica econômica cearense, que na década 1990 cresceu acima das médias nacional e regional, tem-se constatado alterações recentes no seu quadro migratório, que passou de negativo para positivo nas suas trocas líquidas (entradas – saídas), apontando para uma provável reversão nos padrões migratórios no estado do Ceará. Palavras-chave: Ceará; Dinâmica Econômica; Tendência Migratória.
... Utiliza-se num primeiro momento a metodologia desenvolvida por Kakwani, Khandker e Son (2004) para se mensurar a magnitude do crescimento a favor dos mais pobres nos diversos seg-mentos espaciais. Em seguida, baseia-se em Kakwani, Neri e Son (2006) para se construir a medida de bem-estar social para os diversos componentes. ...
... Following Kakwani, Khandker and Son (2004) we then obtain the Poverty Equivalent Growth Rate (PEGR), a measured of the pro-poor growth. The second is, using methodology of Kakwani, Neri and Son (2006), the quantification of the social welfare generated from the labor income and the corresponding decomposition in tax of job, number of hours worked for person, tax of participation of the labor force and productivity -the decomposition of the productivity in scholarship, return per year of study and redistribution of this return among the families. Using data of PNAD/IBGE, this study concentrates on the period after Real plan of stabilization and contemplates evaluation for geographic area. ...
... Esta seção segue Kakwani, Neri e Son (2006). A partir da PNAD, podemos calcular, para cada família, as seguintes variáveis bases: (i) número de pessoas empregadas per capita (e); (ii) número de trabalhadores (ocupados ou não) per capita (t), (iii) número de horas trabalhadas per capita (h) e (iv) renda real de todos os trabalhos per capita (γ l ). ...
There is a large regional income concentration in the State of Ceará. This article studies the role of human capital for the economic growth and income convergence of municipalities of the Ceará State over from 1996 to 2003. For doing so, a fixed effect model is adopted, controlling for spatial dependence. In addition to finding out conditional convergence, the econometric model revealed the growth of the GDP per capita was affected negative by the variable crime and demographic density, and positively for the variable capital human, infrastructure, social capital, industrial environment and regional market potential. One estimates that is necessary 43 years for the initial level of income per capita to reach half of the level of stationary state, controlling both for the spatial heterogeneity in terms of fixed
... No Sudeste, é a participação da força de trabalho o responsável pelo ligeiro crescimento da renda do trabalho, tanto para o período como um todo, como também para as fases de expansão e contração da renda. Kakwani, Neri e Son (2006), podemos decompor a produtividade da forma como se segue. ...
... A renda utilizada porKakwani, Neri e Son (2006) é a renda real de todos os trabalhos, isto é, a renda nominal de todos os trabalhos ajustada pela linha de pobreza regionalizada. No presente trabalho, optamos por utilizar a renda nominal ao invés da renda real. ...
This paper contributes to the empirical literature about the Brazilian regional disequilibrium, once it examines, in the post-Real Plan period, the economic performance of each region of the country in terms of pro-poor growth - growth with reduced inequality - and of the social welfare. To this, it is used the methodology present in Kakwani, Neri and Son (2006) to evaluate the behavior of social welfare from the distributions of familiar income and wage income in each region. Furthermore, it is investigated the contribution of labor market indicators in the performance of regions. In general, the results indicate that the greatest impacts on employment income and on social welfare were due to the labour force participation rate, and mainly, to increased productivity of workers from 2003, which in turn, were mainly motivated by increases in the average returns from the education of employed persons. However, these gains were not sufficient to establish a pattern of growth more strongly pro-poor in the North and Northeast, which could have contributed to a closer in terms of income and welfare of these regions for other Brazilian regions.
This article aims to show the determinative ones of the inequality of income in the rural areas of the northeast of Brazil. For this, it is used the methodology of the decomposition in level and difference. The gotten results had shown that in the agricultural areas of the northeast states, a fall in the ratio of poor persons and the index of poverty in these states occurred. It was verified that it had discrimination of race in some states, however this discrimination comes in recent years following a fall rhythm. The education revealed to be the variable most important in the explanation of the inequality, showing extreme importance and relevance in the elaboration of the public policies.
The problem of Brazilian regional disequilibrium has usually been treated in the national literature from investigations using income and/or GDP percapita as a variable of analysis. For communities with low levels of inequality, this procedure is a good representation of the social welfare. However, for economies with high levels of poverty and inequality, the use of income or GDP cannot be appropriate. Accordingly, this article discusses if the approximation of per capita income between the Northeast and Southeast Brazil has also occurred in terms of social welfare. To this, two measures of social welfare are used: Sen (1977) and Kakwani e Son (2008). The results suggest as occurs with per capita income, there has also been assimilation of welfare, considering Sen's proposal. However, when it is considered the movement of the poorest income, present in the second index, there is a distance between the two regions. The analyses are made for the period 1995 to 2007. Finally, it was identified that the productivity gains of workers belonging to poor families in the Southeast were the main responsible for this gap.
