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GTF-mediated biofilm inhibition in Streptococcus mutans following raffinose treatment. GTFs secreted by S. mutans are adsorbed on the pellicle and bacterial surfaces. The adsorbed GTFs bind to sucrose-derived glucan. Glucan provides binding sites on the surfaces for S. mutans, mediating adherence to the tooth enamel and tight bacterial clustering and eventually promoting biofilm formation. However, if the S. mutans biofilm is treated with raffinose, then the raffinose is expected to prevent sucrose-derived glucan from binding to GTFs. Therefore, the activity of glucan production in S. mutans is reduced, which may retard biofilm formation.
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Streptococcus mutans is a representative biofilm-forming bacterium that causes dental caries through glucosyltransferase (GTF) activity. Glucans are synthesized from sucrose by GTFs and provide binding sites for S. mutans to adhere tightly to the tooth enamel. Therefore, if a novel compound that interferes with GTF function is developed, biofilm fo...
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... 69%, 74%, and 38%, respectively, compared to that in the control (S. mutans biofilm cells without raffinose treatment). Galactose also evenly decreased GTF-related gene expression by 40 to 43%, whereas sucrose increased the expression levels of GTF-related genes, especially gtfC and gtfD, by 1.9-to 5.5-fold, compared to those in the control (see Fig. S5A and B). Furthermore, when raffinose and sucrose were used together, most GTF-related gene levels were not significantly different from those in the control (see Fig. S5C). The expression of the 16S rRNA reference gene was not significantly affected by any of the treatments. Error bars indicate the standard deviations of five measurements. **, ...
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... expression by 40 to 43%, whereas sucrose increased the expression levels of GTF-related genes, especially gtfC and gtfD, by 1.9-to 5.5-fold, compared to those in the control (see Fig. S5A and B). Furthermore, when raffinose and sucrose were used together, most GTF-related gene levels were not significantly different from those in the control (see Fig. S5C). The expression of the 16S rRNA reference gene was not significantly affected by any of the treatments. Error bars indicate the standard deviations of five measurements. **, P , 0.005; *, P , 0.05, versus the control. Raf, raffinose. (B) Relative glucan production of S. mutans following raffinose treatment. Extracted insoluble glucan ...
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... in S. mutans at concentrations below 10 mM raffinose (Fig. 4B). However, glucan production was reduced by 18 to 39% after raffinose treatment at 100 to 1,000 mM, in a concentration-dependent manner. These results implied that raffinose affected the downregulation of GTF-related gene expression and decreased glucan production in S. mutans (Fig. ...
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... to produce glucans (11). Glucans provide binding sites on the surface of S. mutans to easily adhere to tooth enamel, facilitating biofilm formation. In our study, raffinose treatment degraded glucan production, and S. mutans had difficulty adhering to saliva-coated HA discs, eventually resulting in inhibition of biofilm formation on HA discs (Fig. ...
Similar publications
Streptococcus mutans is a common pathogen present in oral cavity and it cause dental caries for all aged group of people, in particular, children’s. S. mutans have several virulence factors such as acidogenecity, aciduricity, adhesion and biofilm formation. These virulence factors are working together and lead to initiate development of caries in t...
Citations
... In addition, benzoic acid is associated with vigorous antibacterial activity by inhibiting the proliferation of bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis [93]. In contrast, raffinose-related metabolites inhibit Streptococcus [94], and these metabolites were found to be upregulated in our metabolome analysis. ...
Curcumin, a polyphenol derived from Curcuma longa, used as a dietary spice, has garnered attention for its therapeutic potential, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. Despite its known benefits, the precise mechanisms underlying curcumin’s effects on consumers remain unclear. To address this gap, we employed the genetic model Drosophila melanogaster and leveraged two omics tools—transcriptomics and metabolomics. Our investigation revealed alterations in 1043 genes and 73 metabolites upon supplementing curcumin into the diet. Notably, we observed genetic modulation in pathways related to antioxidants, carbohydrates, and lipids, as well as genes associated with gustatory perception and reproductive processes. Metabolites implicated in carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid biosynthesis, and biomarkers linked to the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases such as schizophrenia, Alzheimer’s, and aging were also identified. The study highlighted a strong correlation between the curcumin diet, antioxidant mechanisms, and amino acid metabolism. Conversely, a lower correlation was observed between carbohydrate metabolism and cholesterol biosynthesis. This research highlights the impact of curcumin on the diet, influencing perception, fertility, and molecular wellness. Furthermore, it directs future studies toward a more focused exploration of the specific effects of curcumin consumption.
... Although non-nutritive sweeteners cannot be digested to generate energy, they can be potentially toxic to cells following cellular absorption [25]. Nevertheless, non-nutritive sweeteners have also been shown recently to be beneficial in managing microbial infections [26][27][28][29][30]. Bulk sweeteners also exhibit antibacterial efficacy against a variety of drug-resistant pathogens [31][32][33]. ...
... However, the mechanisms underlying the inhibition of oral biofilm formation and plaque reduction due to the use of sugar substitutes have not been fully elucidated. Bulk and non-nutritive sweeteners have been shown to reduce oral biofilm formation and activity by suppressing the expression of biofilm-and virulence-related genes (Fig. 3) [26][27][28]87]. In addition, unlike sucrose, bulk and non-nutritive sweeteners cannot be utilized by S. mutans as a substrate for biofilm matrix synthesis, resulting in reduced biofilm formation [32]. ...
... In particular, raffinose at 1 μM or higher was also shown to inhibit the formation of mixed biofilms of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. In particular, raffinose was found to inhibit S. mutans biofilm (formed in a medium supplemented with 10 μM sucrose) formation and Gtf-related gene expression [28]. In addition, 10 % acesulfame-K and 7.5 % sucralose inhibited the biofilm formation of Porphyromonas gingivalis, an anaerobic periodontal pathogen, and showed bactericidal activity against bacteria within the biofilm [88]. ...
There is a growing interest in using sweeteners for taste improvement in the food and drink industry. Sweeteners were found to regulate the formation or dispersal of structural components of microbial biofilms. Dietary sugars may enhance biofilm formation and facilitate the development of antimicrobial resistance, which has become a major health issue worldwide. In contrast, bulk and non-nutritive sweeteners are also beneficial for managing microbial infections. This review discusses the clinical significance of oral biofilms formed upon the administration of nutritive and non-nutritive sweeteners. The underlying mechanism of action of sweeteners in the regulation of mono- or poly-microbial biofilm formation and destruction is comprehensively discussed. Bulk and non-nutritive sweeteners have also been used in conjunction with antimicrobial substances to reduce microbial biofilm formation. Formulations with bulk and non-nutritive sweeteners have been demonstrated to be particularly efficient in this regard. Finally, future perspectives with respect to advancing our understanding of mechanisms underlying biofilm regulation activities of sweeteners are presented as well. Several alternative strategies for the application of bulk sweeteners and non-nutritive sweeteners have been employed to control the biofilm-forming microbial pathogens. Gaining insight into the underlying mechanisms responsible for enhancing or inhibiting biofilm formation and virulence properties by both mono- and poly-microbial species in the presence of the sweetener is crucial for developing a therapeutic agent to manage microbial infections.
... The raffinose contents in Samples A, B, and C were 2.14 g/100g, 2.75 g/100g, and 1.49 g/100g, respectively, indicating that Samples A and B contained approximately 1.5 times more raffinose than Sample C. Allose is generally known for its antioxidant [24], anti-inflammatory [25], and antitumor effects [26]. Raffinose has been reported to balance the intestinal microflora in humans [12,13] and inhibit biofilm formation by the Streptococcus species in the human oral cavity [27]. Thus, allose and raffinose have health benefits. ...
We investigated the physicochemical properties of Japanese rice wines, including their functional properties and carbohydrate and amino acid content in solution and solid state. Three samples were tested. The glucose, allose, and raffinose contents in samples (A, B, C) in g/100 g were (3.47, 3.45, 7.05), (1.60, 1.63, 1.61), and (2.14, 2.75, 1.49), respectively. The total amino acid in µmol/mL was (3.1, 3.5, 4.4). Glutamic acid, alanine, and arginine varied in content across the samples. The viscosity (10 °C) and activation energy (ΔE) calculated using the Andrade equation were (2.81 ± 0.03, 2.74 ± 0.06, 2.69 ± 0.03) mPa-s and (22.3 ± 1.1, 22.0 ± 0.2, 21.3 ± 0.5) kJ/mol, respectively. Principal component analysis using FT-IR spectra confirmed the separation of the samples into principal components 2 and 3. The IC50 values from the DPPH radical scavenging test were (2364.7 ± 185.3, 3041.9 ± 355.1, 3842.7 ± 228.1) µg/mL. Thus, the three rice wines had different carbohydrate and amino acid contents, viscosities, and antioxidant capacities.
... To study the effect of CA@CS NC on the expression of genes of S. mutans, we contrasted the effects of CA@CS NC and blank groups on the genes of S. mutans at equal concentrations. Among the genes studied (Table 1), there are 5 genes involved in QS regulation (comB, comE, comS, comA and comR), 1 gene involved in biosynthesis and adhesion (gbpB), 1 gene involved in two-component signal transduction system and bacterial virulence (vicR), 3 genes involved in extracellular polysaccharide synthesis (gtfB, gtfC, gtfD) [26,[30][31][32][33]. The organism was treated with CA@CS NC and cultured in medium for 12 h. ...
Background
Dental caries is a multifactorial disease, and the bacteria such as Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) is one of the risk factors. The poor effect of existing anti-bacterial is mainly related to drug resistance, the short time of drug action, and biofilm formation.
Methods
To address this concern, we report here on the cinnamaldehyde (CA) loaded chitosan (CS) nanocapsules (CA@CS NC) sustained release CA for antibacterial treatment. The size, ζ-potential, and morphology were characterized. The antibacterial activities in vitro were studied by growth curve assay, pH drop assay, biofilm assay, and qRT-PCR In addition, cytotoxicity assay, organ index, body weight, and histopathology results were analyzed to evaluate the safety and biocompatibility in a rat model.
Results
CA@CS NC can adsorb the bacterial membrane due to electronic interaction, releasing CA slowly for a long time. At the same time, it has reliable antibacterial activity against S. mutans and downregulated the expression levels of QS, virulence, biofilm, and adhesion genes. In addition, it greatly reduced the cytotoxicity of CA and significantly inhibited dental caries in rats without obvious toxicity.
Conclusion
Our results showed that CA@CS NC had antibacterial and antibiofilm effects on S. mutans and inhibit dental caries. Besides, it showed stronger efficacy and less toxicity, and was able to adsorb bacteria releasing CA slowly, providing a new nanomaterial solution for the treatment of dental caries.
... Sucrose stimulates the expression of gtfBC as does interaction with other oral microbiota members (e.g., C. albicans). However, evidence recently reported suggests that treatment with the trisaccharide raffinose negatively affects Gtf activity and gtf gene expression and biofilm development (Ham et al., 2022), although the mechanisms operating in raffinose-dependent S. mutans biofilm inhibition are not known. ...
It is widely acknowledged that the human‐associated microbial community influences host physiology, systemic health, disease progression, and even behavior. There is currently an increased interest in the oral microbiome, which occupies the entryway to much of what the human initially encounters from the environment. In addition to the dental pathology that results from a dysbiotic microbiome, microbial activity within the oral cavity exerts significant systemic effects. The composition and activity of the oral microbiome is influenced by (1) host–microbial interactions, (2) the emergence of niche‐specific microbial “ecotypes,” and (3) numerous microbe–microbe interactions, shaping the underlying microbial metabolic landscape. The oral streptococci are central players in the microbial activity ongoing in the oral cavity, due to their abundance and prevalence in the oral environment and the many interspecies interactions in which they participate. Streptococci are major determinants of a healthy homeostatic oral environment. The metabolic activities of oral Streptococci, particularly the metabolism involved in energy generation and regeneration of oxidative resources vary among the species and are important factors in niche‐specific adaptations and intra‐microbiome interactions. Here we summarize key differences among streptococcal central metabolic networks and species‐specific differences in how the key glycolytic intermediates are utilized.
... In vitro culturing method [116] Raffinose P. aeruginosa, S. aureus It effectively reduces the biofilm formation of tested pathogens in a dose-dependent manner ...
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a significant public health concern worldwide. The continuous use and misuse of antimicrobial agents have led to the emergence and spread of resistant strains of bacteria, which can cause severe infections that are difficult to treat. One of the reasons for the constant development of new antimicrobial agents is the need to overcome the resistance that has developed against existing drugs. However, this approach is not sustainable in the long term, as bacteria can quickly develop resistance to new drugs as well. Additionally, the development of new drugs is costly and time-consuming, and there is no guarantee that new drugs will be effective or safe. An alternative approach to combat AMR is to focus on improving the body's natural defenses against infections by using probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics, which are helpful to restore and maintain a healthy balance of bacteria in the body. Probiotics are live microorganisms that can be consumed as food or supplements to promote gut health and improve the body's natural defenses against infections. Prebiotics are non-digestible fibers that stimulate the growth of beneficial bacteria in the gut, while synbiotics are a combination of probiotics and prebiotics that work together to improve gut health. By promoting a healthy balance of bacteria in the body, these can help to reduce the risk of infections and the need for antimicrobial agents. Additionally, these approaches are generally safe and well tolerated, and they do not contribute to the development of AMR. In conclusion, the continuous development of new antimicrobial agents is not a sustainable approach to combat AMR. Instead, alternative approaches such as probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics should be considered as they can help to promote a healthy balance of bacteria in the body and reduce the need for antibiotics.
... Dental caries is one of the three common oral diseases and an important global public health problem. The occurrence of dental caries affects the living quality of countless people around the world and brings a huge burden of healthcare costs (Ham et al. 2022). If dental caries is not treated in time, it can cause pulpitis, periodontitis, gingivitis, and eventual tooth loss (Durand et al. 2019). ...
... GtfC produces both water-insoluble glucan connected by α-1,3 glycosidic bonds and water-soluble glucan connected by α-1,6 glycosidic bonds, of which water-insoluble glucan is the main extracellular polysaccharide. GtfD uses sucrose to synthesize α-1,6-linked water-soluble glucan (Ham et al. 2022;. These glucosyltransferases work together to produce water-insoluble glucan, which facilitates bacterial adhesion and aggregation on tooth surfaces, while water-soluble glucan may provide a nutrient source for colonizing pathogens (Jakubovics et al., 2021;Kong et al. 2021; Traditional methods of removing dental plaque mainly include mechanical cleaning and the use of antibacterial agents. ...
Aims:
To solve the shortcomings of poor solubility, easy volatilization and decomposition, propolis essential oil microemulsion (PEOME) was prepared. The antibacterial, anti-biofilm activities and action mechanism of PEOME against Streptococcus mutans was analyzed.
Methods:
PEOME was prepared using anhydrous ethanol and Tween-80 as the cosurfactant and surfactant respectively. The antibacterial activity of PEOME against Streptococcus mutans was evaluated using the agar disk-diffusion method and broth microdilution method. The effects of PEOME on S. mutans biofilm was detected through the assays of crystal violet (CV), XTT reduction, lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) and calcium ions leaking, live/dead staining and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). And the anti-biofilm mechanism of PEOME was elaborated by the assays of extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) production and glucosyltransferase (GTF) activity.
Results:
The inhibition zone diameter (DIZ) of PEOME against S. mutans was 31 mm, while the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was 2.5 µL mL-1. CV and XTT assays showed that PEOME could prevent fresh biofilm formation and disrupt preformed biofilm through decreasing the activities and biomass of biofilm. The leaking assays for LDH and calcium ions, as well as the live/dead staining assay, indicated that PEOME was able to damage the integrity of bacterial cell membranes within the biofilm. SEM revealed that PEOME had a noticeable inhibitory effect on bacterial adhesion and aggregation through observing the overall structure of biofilm. The assays of EPS production and GTF activity suggested that PEOME could reduce EPS production by inhibiting the activity of GTFs, thus showing an anti-biofilm effect.
Conclusions:
The significant antibacterial and anti-biofilm activities against S. mutans of PEOME meant that PEOME has great potential to be developed as a drug to prevent and cure dental caries caused by S. mutans.
... Dental caries is one of the most common oral infectious diseases and is expensive to manage [1]. The occurrence of dental caries is closely related to microorganisms, diet such as the intake of sugary food and beverages, and the host's oral hygiene habits. ...
Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) is a common cariogenic bacterium that secretes glucosyltransferases (GTFs) to synthesize extracellular polysaccharides (EPSs) and plays an important role in plaque formation. Propolis essential oil (PEO) is one of the main components of propolis, and its antibacterial activity has been proven. However, little is known about the potential effects of PEO against S. mutans. We found that PEO has antibacterial effects against S. mutans by decreasing bacterial viability within the biofilm, as demonstrated by the XTT assay, live/dead staining assay, LDH activity assay, and leakage of calcium ions. Furthermore, PEO also suppresses the total of biofilm biomasses and damages the biofilm structure. The underlying mechanisms involved may be related to inhibiting bacterial adhesion and GTFs activity, resulting in decreased production of EPSs. In addition, a CCK8 assay suggests that PEO has no cytotoxicity on normal oral epithelial cells. Overall, PEO has great potential for preventing and treating oral bacterial infections caused by S. mutans.
Cassava is an ideal food security crop in marginal and drought environment. However, the post-harvest storage of cassava is urgent problem to be resolved. In this study, the storage tolerant and non-tolerant cassava were screened by measuring the change of Peroxidase (POD), Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT) and Malondialdehyde (MDA) in seven cultivars of cassava. Compared with other cultivars, the cultivar of SC14 showed the highest level of SOD, MDA and POD respectively at 0 day, 12 day and 9 day postharvest while exhibited lowest level of CAT at 0 day postharvest, indicating the strongest antioxidant capability and storage tolerance. In contrast, GR15231, termed as storage non-tolerance cultivars, showed lowest SOD and POD at 12 day and kept a relative high level of CAT at 12 day post-harvest. In addition, SC14 has higher level of starch and dry substance than GR15231. Mass spectrum was performed for SC14 and GR15231 to explore the key metabolites regulating the storage tolerance of cassava. The results showed that the expression of glutathione (reduced) and raffinose was significantly decreased at 12 day post-harvest both in tolerant SC14 and non-tolerant GR15231. Compared with GR15231, SC14 showed higher level of raffinose both at 0 and 12 day post-harvest, indicating that raffinose may be the potential metabolites protecting SC14 cultivar from deterioration post-harvest. Additionally, raffinose ratio of SC14a/SC14b was five times less than that of GR15231a/GR15231b, reflecting the slower degradation of raffinose in SC14 cultivar compared with GR15231 cultivar. In conclusion, the antioxidant microenvironment induced by reduced glutathione and higher level of raffinose in SC14 cultivar might be the promising metabolites to improve its antioxidant capacity and antibiosis and thus maintained the quality of Cassava root tubers.
