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![GDP/capita annual growth, 1990-2020. Source: [27].](publication/365379941/figure/fig1/AS:11431281097372010@1668543440591/GDP-capita-annual-growth-1990-2020-Source-27.png)
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![Figure 1. GDP/capita annual growth, 1990-2020. Source: [27].](publication/365379941/figure/fig1/AS:11431281097372010@1668543440591/GDP-capita-annual-growth-1990-2020-Source-27_Q320.jpg)
One of the most pressing global concerns is ensuring high levels of human well-being without overburdening natural resources. The impact of natural resource abundance on the economy’s monetary dimensions has long been controversial, with researchers debating whether it is a blessing or a curse. Recently, focus has shifted to its impact on non-monet...
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... GDP/capita, the UAE ranks second in the Middle East, behind Qatar, and 28th worldwide. However, owing to oil prices, the UAE GDP per capita growth rate has oscillated from negative to positive [25] from 1975 to 2019, as shown in Figure 1. For instance, the per capita growth rate declined by −6.135% in 2020 compared to 2019 due to a 6% drop in oil revenue [26], and a double jolt buffeted the economy: a drop in fuel prices in 2020 and declines in the services sector due to COVID-19 lockdown measures. ...
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... is considered the primary catalyst of exports and foreign currencies and the critical driver behind state revenues used to maintain infrastructure and other public amenities. The UAE is also a leading ally of the Organization 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 GDP per capita growth (annual %) Figure 1. GDP/capita annual growth, 1990-2020. ...
Citations
... Studies that suggest a positive impact of human capital on environmental quality allude that educated and more environmentally concerned consumers tend to buy more green products as human capital rises. Higher environmental quality can be supported by human capital that is aware of how to use limited resources in an environmentally responsible and efficient manner during the production process (Pata et al. 2023;Çakar et al. 2021;Elmassah and Hassanein 2022;Hondroyiannis, 2022;Ibrahim 2023;Sibanda, et al. 2023;Zhu 2023;Chondrogianni, and Tsalaporta 2023;Dai et al. 2023;Sharma et al. 2023). On the other hand, a few studies show that human capital exerts negative influence on the environment through unsustainable consumption patterns and technological advancements with negative externalities (Gulaliyev et al. 2019;Abdouli and Omri 2021;Ünal and Aktuğ, 2022;Du et al. 2022;Kim and Go 2020). ...
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the United Nations include environmental quality as one of the compelling cardinal goals. However, the process of achieving environmental quality requires accessibility to low-cost financial resources, high level of knowledge economy and energy efficiency which previous studies have failed to capture. Therefore, this study provides a fresh insight by capturing the role of financialization, human capital and energy efficiency in addressing the environmental question in the Mediterranean region. The study employs Cross-Sectional Autoregressive Distributed Lag (C-S ARDL) model and panel Dumitrescu-Hurlin causality. The results showed that financial development and economic exacerbate ecological footprint thereby dampening environmental quality in the Mediterranean region, while human capital and energy efficiency enhance environmental quality through a reduction in eological footprint. The study recommends promoting financial instruments that direct capital toward green initiatives, as well as encouraging training and educational initiatives that focused on environmental sciences and sustainable development in order to improve human capital. The study recommends promoting financial instruments that direct capital to green initiatives and discourage capital investment in polluting companies. Enacting laws and incentives that encourage investment in sustainable practices and renewable energy, as well as education and training initiatives focusing on environmental sciences and sustainable development to improve human capital.
... This process could lead to oil spills. Furthermore, reliance on oil rents has significant negative environmental and biodiversity consequences (Elmassah and Hassanein, 2022;Fathurrahman and Bakimli, 2021). Though financial innovation improves environmental quality, as discussed in literature, it is critical to consider the specific context and potential trade-offs for OBOR countries. ...
The balance between economic activity, economic growth, and ecosystem is a need of the time. Belt and Road Initiative countries working on the One Belt and One Road project (OBOR), constituting 130 countries, are participating with China to achieve growth via trade. These countries, where trade and commerce have influence , are rich in natural minerals as well as natural habitat and biodiversity. Along with infrastructural efforts, the world is also experiencing a growth in technology 4.0, specifically its gains in terms of financial innovation. This study has explored 27 countries from the Asian OBOR group and assessed the potential moderating role of FinTech on resource extraction sustainability. The results from multi-dimensional, long-term, and robust estimates showed that resource rents harm environmental performance and FinTech positively moderates this relationship. This study is instrumental for the policymakers in quantifying the hampering spillover/spatial effects and diminishing time horizon policy effectiveness.
... In addition, the results reveal that use of renewal energy reduces the negative effect of environmental degradation on life satisfaction. In another study, Elmassah and Hassanein (2022) found that natural resources abundance have negative link with human development. these findings support the notion of "resource curse". ...
The study examines the conditional effect of environmental degradation and institutional environment on the conditional distribution of human development, using the Method of the Moment Quantile Regression (MM-QR) technique with fixed effect, Fully Modified OLS (FMOLS) and Dynamic OLS (DOLS) estimators. The study uses strongly balanced data from 20 developing countries with the full data from 1996 to 2021. The findings confirmed heterogenous effects of environmental degradation and institutional environment on human development. The results reveals that lower environmental degradation promote human development across all levels of human development, but the effect higher in countries with low human development. The study shows that institutional environment has positive effect across all levels of human development, with higher effect in countries with low human development. The findings for the control variables show that financial development, population growth and FDI promote human development across all levels of human development. However, the strength of the coefficients also increases with higher quantiles. The results also confirmed unidirectional causality running from environmental degradation and institutional environment to human development, while bidirectional causality between financial development and human development. To promote human development, policymakers at developing countries should focus on climate action policies and building strong institutions.
... Moreover, the study conducted by Elmassah and Hassanein (2022) found that HC and resources positively impacted EQ, employing a similar methodology. However, it was observed that growth exhibited a negative correlation with the ecological footprint. ...
Researchers examined the practicality of innovative Human Capital (IHC), urbanization, linear and nonlinear growth, and energy dynamics in pollution control. However, the claim cannot be sufficiently supported by the available studies. The current study examines the impacts of IHC, growth (with a non-linearity), renewable energy (RE), and Non-RE (NRE), as well as urbanization, on environmental quality (EQ) to fill the gap that exists in the field and provide support for both theoretical and empirical frameworks. Panel data for the seven developing economies from 1990 to 2020 are used in this analysis. The results of the CS-ARDL show that IHC, growth (with a non-linearity), RE, NRE, and EQ have long-run and short-run relationships. Short- and long-term results show that IHC, non-linear growth (EG-SQ), and RE can improve EQ since they help lower carbon emissions (CO2em). Conversely, linear EG, NRE, and urbanization make EQ worse. The AMG confirms the results of the CS-ARDL, while Dumitrescu and Hurlin's (D-H) method is used to examine the pairwise relationships between the variables. The findings suggest that IHC, EG, NRE, and urbanization policies can shed light on changes in EQ without having the opposite effect. Furthermore, the link between these variables and the influence of RE on EQ raises the possibility of the opposite effects. These results offer valuable insights for policymakers to develop a comprehensive set of measures to enhance EQ and align with emission reduction of CO2em.
In 1990, the United Nations (UN) presented the Human Development Index (HDI) as a measure of human development that considers three fundamental dimensions: a long and healthy life, being knowledgeable, and having a decent standard of living. This paper proposes some considerations about human well-being factors based on HDI analysis, also introducing some considerations on environmental pollution. As regards environmental issues, two different pollutants are considered together with their environmental costs: (i) greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, which have an impact on a global scale, and (ii) emissions from fine particulate matter, primarily having an impact on a local scale. Thus, a new index based on the external environmental costs is proposed, and two scenarios are discussed. On the other hand, as it concerns human well-being, the results of surveys among the population are used. Furthermore, other features regarding health services and demographic aspects are taken into account, too. Italy is analysed as a case study over the last three decades. Easterlin’s considerations are verified based on the variation of perceived well-being related to the changes in GDP. The Italian case study shows that despite having achieved a satisfactory HDI level, there is a wide margin for improvement from both the environmental and the well-being standpoints.
بدأ الاهتمام بتحسين الرفاه البشري مع الحفاظ على الحدود البيئية يتخذ زَخَمًا كبيرًا على الصعيد العالمي. فعلى مدار عشرات السنوات ركزت بلدان العالم قاطبةً في دفع عجلة التنمية المستدامة ورفاه الأفراد، إلا أن هذا جاء على حساب رأس المال الطبيعي المحيط؛ الأمرُ الذي أفضى إلى أضرار بيئية جسيمة. والآن، وبداعي السعي وراء تحقيق أهداف التنمية المستدامة للأمم المتحدة، انتقل التركيز إلى الموازنة بين التنمية الاقتصادية وانبعاثات الكربون ومتطلبات الرفاه البشرية بُغْيَةَ تحقيقِ الاستدامة الشاملة. ومع ذلك، فلا يزال قياس الاستدامة أمرًا تشوبه كثيرٌ من الصعوبات. وقد طرح الباحثون أخيرًا مؤشِّر كثافة الكربون للرفاهة البشرية (CIWB)، وهو مؤشر يقيس نسبة انبعاثات ثاني أكسيد الكربون مِن صنع البشر إلى قياسٍ موضوعيٍّ للرفاه البشري، كوسيلةٍ مُحتملة لقياس الاستدامة. ويقيس هذا المؤشِّر التنمية المستدامة بناءً على أداء البيئة فيما يتعلق بالرفاه البشري. لطالما كانت ثنائيةُ البيئة-التنمية موضوعَ كثيرٍ من النقاشات الشائكة، ومع هذا فقد انصبَّ التركيز الأساسي للعمل البحثي على العلاقة بين النتاج المحلي الإجمالي وانبعاثات ثاني أكسيد الكربون، دون اهتمامٍ كافٍ ببنية النتاج المحلي الإجمالي. تقع منطقة الشرق الأوسط وشمال إفريقيا تحت وطأة ضغطٍ كبيرٍ لتحقيق أهداف التنمية المستدامة، وبخاصة فيما يتعلق بالتوفيق بين متطلبات التنمية فيها وبين الرفاه البشري والبيئي. فبلدان منطقة الشرق الأوسط وشمال إفريقيا عُرضةٌ إلى حدٍّ كبيرٍ لتغير المناخ بتبِعاته واسعةِ النطاق التي تتجاوز مجرَّدَ زعزعةِ الاقتصاد، إذ تصل إلى الانقسامات الاجتماعية والاقتصادية التي من شأنها أن تُفْضِيَ إلى تآكل النسيج المجتمعي وتقويضِ الثقة بالكيانات الحكومية. علاوة على ذلك، تتسم البِنَى الإنتاجيةُ في هذه المنطقة بكثافة العمالة واعتمادها الكبير على الطاقة وإنتاجها الهائل للملوثات، الأمرُ الذي يؤدي بدوره إلى تفاقُم الآثار البيئية الكبيرة بالفعل. ولهذا فمن شأن المراجعة المتعمقة للتفاعلات بين عناصر الرفاه والتكامل البيئي والبنية الإنتاجية أن يقدِّمَ إلينا رؤًى وأفكارًا حول الموقف الإقليمي عامةً فيما يتعلق بالتنمية المستدامة. تجدر الإشارة هنا إلى أن ورقة السياسات التي بين أيدينا تسعى إلى النظر في مسار الاستدامة في منطقة الشرق الأوسط وشمال إفريقيا عبر استكشاف التفاعُل بين التنمية الاقتصادية وتطور البنية الإنتاجية والاستدامة البيئية والرفاه. ويشير البحثُ التجريبيُّ المستنِدُ إلى البيانات المجمعة من 14 بلدًا من بلدان منطقة الشرق الأوسط وشمال إفريقيا في الفترة ما بين 1998 و2019 إلى وجود ارتباطٍ عكسيٍّ بين مؤشِّر التعقيد الاقتصادي (ECI) -كوسيلةٍ لقياس تطور البنية الإنتاجية- ومؤشر كثافة الكربون للرفاه البشري -كوسيلةٍ لقياس الاستدامة- الأمر الذي يشير إلى أن ارتفاع مستويات التعقيد يمكنه المسارعةُ في تقدم بلدان منطقة الشرق الأوسط وشمال إفريقيا نحو التنمية المستدامة. يُمكننا أيضًا ملاحظة وجود ارتباطٍ عكسيٍّ بين الانفتاح التِّجاري والتمدد العمراني وكثافة السكان ومؤشر كثافة الكربون للرفاه البشري. على الناحية الأخرى، تشير الإحصاءات إلى وجود علاقة طردية بين استهلاك الطاقة والمكون الصناعي من النتاج المحلي الإجمالي وبين مؤشر كثافة الكربون للرفاه البشري، الأمر الذي يشير إلى الضرر البيئي الذي يسببه الاعتماد على المصادر غيرِ المتجددة، علاوة على هشاشة التقنيات الصناعية وقِدَمِها، ما يؤكد على الحاجة إلى إحداث تحوُّلٍ هيكلي. وبناءً على النتائج التي توصلت إليها هذه الورقةُ، فإن هناك عددًا من التوصيات الفعالة والمتماسكة، منها: 1- تحسين درجة تعقيد الاقتصاد وتطوُّره عن طريق إسراعِ تحوُّلِهِ الهيكلي من اقتصاد معتمِد على الطاقة إلى اقتصاد مدفوع بالتكنولوجيا.
The economic development and environmental sustainability nexus have long been a fiercely debated issue. Researchers have widely acknowledged the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis when evaluating this relationship. Recently, an emerging strand of research examined the EKC through the lens of the Economic Complexity Index (ECoI) as a broader measure of economic development. However, empirical evidence of the index’s environmental impact is still limited. Despite its growing prominence, no prior research has been conducted in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) using the ECoI, particularly in the EKC context. Furthermore, research comparing the ECoI differentiated impacts on Ecological Footprint and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) emissions is largely lacking. Extending on this line of research, our investigation intends to ascertain the influence of ECoI, income, globalization as well as non-renewable energy consumption on two dominant environmental pressure metrics: CO2 emissions and ecological footprint per capita (EFpc) within the EKC hypothesis context in six GCC countries during 1995–2018. To this end, Pedroni’s cointegration approach was conducted to examine the long-term association between variables; cointegration coefficients were analyzed using Dynamic and Fully modified OLS. Our investigation indicates the emergence of an inverted U-shaped link between ECoI and environmental sustainability in the GCC region for both CO2 emissions and EFpc. Furthermore, according to the individual country analysis, our findings demonstrate that the EKC hypothesis is sensitive to both the environmental degradation indicator used and the country analyzed; such that the quadratic link incorporating ECoI is confirmed for Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, United Arab Emirates, and Kuwait when EFpc is employed. In comparison, it holds for Kuwait, Oman, and Qatar when CO2 emissions are used. Moreover, the findings show that income per capita and non-renewables consumption significantly harm environmental sustainability, however, in terms of EFpc only. In contrast, through its three sub-dimensions, globalization contributes to the environmental burden by increasing both EFpc and CO2 emissions. These conclusions emphasize the economic complexity’s dominant role in mitigating environmental pollution in GCC beyond a certain threshold. Finally, the paper reaches a concise set of implications. Among the foremost, the GCC nations could enhance their environmental sustainability by diversifying their energy sources and increasing reliance on renewable sources, encouraging investment in carbon-reduction technologies, converting their economy from energy-intensive to technology-intensive, as well as imposing strict environmental laws to enable globalization to improve environmental quality.
