Table 5 - uploaded by Sanjib Das
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Objectives: The objective of the study was to establish normative fetal kidney length (FKL) ranges in third- trimester pregnancy and comparing its accuracy with conventionally used biometric parameters.
Introduction: FKL was compared with conventional parameters such as biparietal diameter, head circumference, abdominal circumference (AC), and femu...
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Breech presentation, characterized by the fetus being positioned bottom-down instead of head-down, poses various risks to both the fetus and the mother. This study aims to investigate the frequency of birth asphyxia in undiagnosed singleton term breech presentations delivered vaginally. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at Ayub Teac...
Citations
... In 1958, Sir Ian Donald took the landmark step in implementing ultrasound (USG) for obstetric scan. (1) . Biparietal diameter (BPD) was rst used to determine the GA in third trimester. ...
Assessment of gestation age by fetal kidney
... Kiran L et al [11] in their study determined that FKL correlated well with GA estimated from standard fetal biometry and can be used as an independent parameter in estimation of fetal GA. Das SK et al [12] concluded that FKL showed a strong correlation with GA compared to other conventional parameters and can easily be included in routine obstetric scan to enhance the accuracy of GA measurement and in cases where conventional parameters are difficult to obtain. ...
Accurate assessment of gestational age (GA) is pivotal to provide good quality maternity care. Reliability of routinely used ultrasonographic biometric parameters like Biparietal diameter (BPD), Head circumference (HC) and Femur length (FL) decrease with increasing GA.Fetal kidney length (FKL) and transverse cerebellar diameter (TCD) have been shown to strongly correlate with GA in 2nd and 3rd trimester.The present study was conducted on 150 pregnant women at 20 weeks of gestation to evaluate the role of FKL and TCD in estimation of GA and compare their accuracy with other established biometric indices. The GA of the included women was confirmed by early dating scan and exact Last Menstrual Period (LMP).BPD,HC,FL,FKL and TCD were calculated in millimetres (mm) and GA was calculated by using these parameters individually. Standard deviation and standard error of the GA calculated at 20 weeks was lesser for TCD and FKL than BPD, HC and FL with p values of 0.01636 and 0.0129 respectively. It was also observed that values of TCD and FKL in mm correspond to GA in weeks. So it was concluded that FKL and TCD can be used as an individual parameter in estimating GA in mid trimester in patients presenting for the first time with uncertain dates, lack of early dating scan or with IUGR.
... Das et al. in their study in India observed that the correlation coefficient (r) between EGA and FKL was higher (0.907) than that with the HC (0.836) and FL (0.853) with a P < 0.00001. [18] Furthermore, Gayam et al. in India noted that the correlation coefficient (r) between fetal EGA and FKL (0.991) was higher than the values of its correlation coefficient with HC (0.836) and FL (0.853) with P = 0.000 for all the parameters. [6] Ghaleb et al. in Egypt also observed a higher correlation coefficient (r) of 0.932 between EGA and the right FKL than that of HC (0.810) and FL (0.884) with a P = 0.000 for all the biometric parameters. ...
Background: The Obstetric management of a pregnancy relies on the knowledge of an accurate gestational age especially in unregistered cases. Aims: The aim of this study was to sonographically evaluate the fetal kidney length as a potentially dependable direct measurement parameter, to estimate gestational age in the second and third trimesters. Patients, Materials and Methods: The study involved 236 participants with 20 to 34 weeks pregnancies, referred to the Radiology department of the University of Calabar teaching hospital for obstetric ultrasound scan, within a three-month period. The fetal kidney lengths were measured, in addition to the routine parameters, which included head circumference and femur length. The estimated gestational ages derived from the routine parameters, were correlated with the kidney and femur lengths and head circumference. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 22.0. Results: Fetal kidney length increased in direct proportion to gestational age. It had a significant positive correlation coefficient (0.982) with the estimated gestational age, similar to the head circumference and femur length. Fetal kidney lengths in millimeters were nearly equal to the estimated gestational ages in weeks, especially from the thirtieth week. Conclusion: Fetal kidney length is a viable, simple and direct method for determination of gestational age of pregnancies in the second and third trimesters. Since fetal kidney length assessment is said to remain reliable after 34 weeks, unlike the head circumference and femur length, it can serve as the sole index of gestational age assessment late in pregnancy, especially in fetal structural abnormalities.
... FKL can easily be included in routine obstetric scan to enhance the accuracy of gestational age measurement and in cases where conventional parameters are difficult to obtain, especially in third trimester due to head engagement, asynclitism and in breech presentation. [13][14][15] Country specific baseline reference values of FKLs for the estimation of FGA should be adopted rather than relying on the Caucasians values as universal patterns. 16 ...
Introduction: Various organs are measured to estimate the gestational age of fetus. Sonographically derived parameters used to date pregnancy include crown rump length, biparietal diameter, head circumference, femoral length and abdominal circumference. Fetal kidney length, transcerebellar diameter and placental thickness are emerging as new parameters and are claiming to be more accurate in certain situations. In Nepalese context fetal kidney length has not been studied yet so this study was done to fill this need. Methods: Obstetric sonography was performed in 108 pregnant women with uncomplicated pregnancy to evaluate the efficacy of FKL as a measure to calculate the predicted gestational age. Gestational age ranged from 20 weeks to term. Only patient with known LMP and previous history of normal menstrual cycle were included in the study. Results: The study showed mean fetal kidney length at 20 - 24, 25 - 29, 30 - 34 and 35 - 37 weeks gestation as 22.5 ± 0.5, 26.9 ± 0.7, 32.32 ± 0.7 and 36.3 ± 0.6 respectively. Overall in combined second and third trimester, fetal kidney length showed strong linear correlation with gestation age with highest significant Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.989 as compared to other parameters (BPD = 0.986, HC = 0.976, AC = 0.971, FL = 0.984). Conclusions: Fetal kidney showed strongest linear correlation with clinical gestational age and it also demonstrated positive correlation with biparietal diameter, head circumference, abdominal circumference and femur length. Therefore fetal kidney length can be used as a reliable parameter for determination of gestational age.
Precise evaluation of gestational age is essential for quality maternity care. Ultrasonography is the most readily available and reliable method to establish gestational age. This study aims to use the length of the fetal kidney as a reliable parameter to measure gestational age in late second and third trimesters. Objective: To determine the relationship between fetal kidney length and gestational age in weeks during the late 2nd and 3rd trimester of normal pregnancy. Methods: It was a prospective cross-sectional study conducted on 105 singleton normal pregnant females between 24th and 40th weeks of gestation who came to the obstetrics and gynecology department at a private sector hospital in Kharian, Pakistan. The duration of the study was four months. Bi-parietal diameter, femur length, and fetal kidney lengths were measured. Statistical analyses were applied using SPSS version 22.0. Results: A moderately significant positive correlation was identified between different gestational age measuring parameters and fetal kidney length. The correlation was significant at the level of 0.01. The correlational values of GA according to LMP with FKLL and FKLR were (r= .85**) and (r= .87**) respectively. GA with BPD indicates a moderately significant positive correlation with FKLL and FKLR (r= .94**) and (r=.94**). GA with FL also shows a moderately significant positive correlation with FKLL and FKLR (r= .83**) and (r= .83**), respectively. Conclusion: In conclusion, fetal kidney length in millimeters correlates well with gestational age in weeks and shows linear growth with gestational age throughout pregnancy. Gestational age estimated from fetal kidney length gives improved dating of fetal age
Erratum on the 2nd author which should read Josephine Nonye Ubah
