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The proposed research article presents an optimum Fuzzy-PID controller with a derivative filter (Fuzzy-PIDF) to stabilize the frequency in an interconnected power system which includes renewable sources of energy like solar thermal power generating units. The scrutinized system consists of two area unified power system where each area is consisting...
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Hybrid solar photovoltaic (PV)/thermal power systems offer the possibility of dispatchable, affordable and efficient solar electricity production - the type of transformative innovation needed for solar to realize high grid penetration. The PV sub-system enjoys high efficiency, and the thermal sub-system can ensure uninterrupted power delivery via...
Citations
... Solar tower technology uses pipes that transport fluid containing molten salt from the top of the tower down to the turbine, generating power. Molten salt is an inexpensive material to use in large quantities, and it can store a significant amount of heat that can be preserved in thermal tanks for reuse during the night (Debnath et al., 2018;Qaisrani et al., 2022;Saldivia and Taylor, 2023). The invention of these salt-based thermal tanks was a response to the problem of power plants shutting down when the Sun was not shining. ...
Molten salts are commonly used in solar thermal power plants to store heat when sunlight is unavailable. However, solidifying the salts can lead to operational interruptions and prevent an optimal energy output. A self-adaptive heat extraction method has been proposed to regulate salt pipeline temperatures, enabling continuous operations that mitigate unplanned shut-downs. Such a method focuses on maintaining operational temperatures and preventing interferences caused by the freezing of the salts. The proposed Self-Adaptive Heat Extraction Controller (SAHEC) relies on fuzzy logic integrated into MATLAB Simulink to ensure optimal heat extraction control utilizing four distinct temperature variables. Modeling this approach through a created MATLAB-based simulation reveals that SAHEC offers an undeniable improvement over standard conventional methods for manipulating temperatures.
... However, they are commonly based on steam turbines [105]. Actually, in recent years, several studies focused on frequency control have included CSPP by using the non-reheat steam turbine shown in Figure 3(a) [176][177][178][179][180][181][182]. ...
Over the last decades, renewable energy sources have increased considerably their generation share in power systems. As a consequence, in terms of frequency deviations, both grid reliability and stability have raised interest. By considering the absence of a consensual set of models for frequency control analysis, both for the different generation units (conventional and renewables) and the power system itself, this paper provides extensive and significant information focused on the models and parameters for studies about frequency control and grid stability. An extensive analysis of supply-side and power system modeling for frequency stability studies over the last decade is presented and reviewed. Parameters commonly used and assumed in the specific literature for such simulations are also given and compared. Modeling of generation units are described as well, including both conventional and renewable power plants.
... 25 The controllers of similar nature such as sine cosine algorithms and FLC-PID though applied on PV/Hybrid system. [26][27][28] Recently advanced controllers are reported to have better control performance. 29,30 Keeping the influence of renewable source in a context in disrupting the frequency different control strategies have been applied for multi-area PV-thermal system. ...
Background: The unprecedented growth in human population and industrial-ization, the present-day energy demands have soared dramatically. Therefore, it is essential to integrate renewable energy resources with the conventional ones to keep the energy demand and supply at equilibrium. Aims: While integrating these two energy resources, it is important that the power generated through renewable energy resources should be able to sustain inherent variability and uncertainty of conventional resources. The interaction of renewable into thermal power system degrades the frequency and it is important to mitigate such a problem by introducing an optimal controller. Materials & Methods: In this paper, an optimized Adaptive Fuzzy Logic Controller based Proportional-Integral (AFLC-PI) is proposed for Load Frequency Control (LFC) for a multi-area system. The proposed controller has the capability to tune the Proportional-Integral (PI) controller on the basis of frequency error, frequency oscillations and minimize the LFC problem for Photo-voltaic (PV) connected thermal system. Moreover, the Adaptive Fuzzy Logic Controller (AFLC) response under different real-time load changing conditions is simulated and analyzed along with the uncertainty in governor and turbine time-constant. Finally, the comparison analysis with Fuzzy Logic Controller tuned PI (FLC-PI), Genetic Algorithm tuned PI (GA-PI) and Firefly tuned PI (FA-PI) based optimized controllers is carried out. Results: We have analyzed our proposed controller response at various load variations, under critical load variation and observed how fast our proposed technique mitigates the frequency oscillations. Discussion: The results clearly depict that the proposed controller is meeting the critical targets (undershoot, overshoot and settling time) under varying List of Symbols and Abbreviations: ΔP G (s), governor input power; ACE i , area control error; AFLC-PI, Adaptive Fuzzy Logic Controller based PI;
... 25 The controllers of similar nature such as sine cosine algorithms and FLC-PID though applied on PV/Hybrid system. [26][27][28] Recently advanced controllers are reported to have better control performance. 29,30 Keeping the influence of renewable source in a context in disrupting the frequency different control strategies have been applied for multi-area PV-thermal system. ...
Background
The unprecedented growth in human population and industrialization, the present‐day energy demands have soared dramatically. Therefore, it is essential to integrate renewable energy resources with the conventional ones to keep the energy demand and supply at equilibrium.
Aims
While integrating these two energy resources, it is important that the power generated through renewable energy resources should be able to sustain inherent variability and uncertainty of conventional resources. The interaction of renewable into thermal power system degrades the frequency and it is important to mitigate such a problem by introducing an optimal controller.
Materials & Methods
In this paper, an optimized Adaptive Fuzzy Logic Controller based Proportional‐Integral (AFLC‐PI) is proposed for Load Frequency Control (LFC) for a multi‐area system. The proposed controller has the capability to tune the Proportional‐Integral (PI) controller on the basis of frequency error, frequency oscillations and minimize the LFC problem for Photovoltaic (PV) connected thermal system. Moreover, the Adaptive Fuzzy Logic Controller (AFLC) response under different real‐time load changing conditions is simulated and analyzed along with the uncertainty in governor and turbine time‐constant. Finally, the comparison analysis with Fuzzy Logic Controller tuned PI (FLC‐PI), Genetic Algorithm tuned PI (GA‐PI) and Firefly tuned PI (FA‐PI) based optimized controllers is carried out.
Results
We have analyzed our proposed controller response at various load variations, under critical load variation and observed how fast our proposed technique mitigates the frequency oscillations.
Discussion
The results clearly depict that the proposed controller is meeting the critical targets (undershoot, overshoot and settling time) under varying load conditions, sudden variation in a turbine, and governor where AFLC‐PI has the ability to deal any ambiguity in a system effectively.
Conclusion
The proposed controller mitigate the frequency oscillation in a robust way as compared to other state of the art controllers.
... Intermittent nature demanded load in dual-area LFM schemes is presented in [28 29]. Integration of different renewable power generations such as solar PV, solar thermal, wind, wave energy in dual-area LFM models have also been deliberated in [34,41,42,[52][53][54]. Security game control approach for quantitative risk management of dual-area conventional LFM structure is depicted in [55]. ...
Load frequency management (LFM) has become more significant in modern power systems due to variation demand and generation profiles. Further, integration of renewable energy resources (RSs) into the power systems makes LFM job more challenging. To this end, the concept of secondary frequency control, or LFM, objective is introduced to single and multi-area power systems to manage the power mismatch of the particular power system. This helps regulate the system frequency for single/multi area systems and schedule tie-line power exchange for multi area systems. To control and reduce the system frequency deviation, load frequency controllers are introduced. However, to achieve optimal power management, intelligent soft computing techniques that take different controllers into account are utilized. This paper aims to provide a review of different controllers utilized in traditional as well as renewable energy based power system for LFM such as; classical controllers, fractional order controllers, cascaded controllers, sliding mode controller (SMC), tilt-integral-derivative controllers, H-infinity controller and other recently developed controllers. Some popular and recently adopted soft-computing tools for power management such as; genetic algorithm, particle swarm optimization, firefly, cuckoo search techniques, fuzzy tuning tool, model predictive technique and other newer once have been explored. Finally, the paper concludes by highlighting some future scope in the field of LFM.
... In this regard, Abd-Elazim et al. [6] analysed the stability of a two-area system integrating the PV unit by injecting variable solar power. Debnath et al. [7] innovated the integration of solar power with thermal unit to investigate the dynamic response offered by the system for AGC. Patel et al. [8] studied the influence of solar power to LFC in two-area interconnected system and demonstrated the improvement performance due to the PV unit A well designed sophisticated secondary controller is necessary for frequency, and tie-line power stabilisation in AGC of a power system. ...
The intent of this paper assimilates the issues of automatic generation control (AGC) of a two-area power system entailing five numbers of renewable as well as conventional sources such as thermal unit, hydro unit, wind unit, diesel unit, and photovoltaic (PV) unit. To make the proposed model more realistic, some non-linearities like boiler dynamics, governor dead band (GDB), and generation rate limit (GRC) are inducted into their concerned sources. The frequency stability of the system is enhanced by assuaging the transient indices like undershoot, overshoot, rise time, and settling time by employing two degrees of freedom (2-DOF) based fractional order (FO) cascaded controller incorporating with derivative filter (N) named 2-DOF-FOPIDN-FOPDN controller. The proposed controller along with 2-DOF-PIDN-PDN, and PID controllers are designed by endorsing selfish herd optimization technique (SHOT). The performance of the proposed controller is corroborated by comparing the performance exhibited by 2-DOF-PIDN-PDN, and PID controllers. Besides this, the know-how of the recommended controller is evaluated and investigated against solar power variation, load perturbation, and system's parameter deviation which confers the robustness of the controller is conceived.
... Mathematical modeling of the tie-line power with SSSC and damping control strategy with PID, FOPID and fuzzy controllers to find the adjustable parameters [8,9] is also raised for controller tuning. A multi-area and multi-source deregulated power system with an optimized controller like I, PI, PID, cascade combination of FO PI, FO PD integral double derivative (IDD) and proportional integral double derivative (PIDD) controller and other parameters using the SCA technique are compared in order to find the best solution [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17]. The gains of the PID, fuzzy-PID and fuzzy-PIDF controller are set with different processes of optimization with FACTs devices. ...
... For the reliable and effective interconnected power systems secondary controllers such as PID, PI-PD [8] and ADRC [13] are used for automatic generation control. There are many techniques for tuning these controllers such as Zeigler Nichols (ZN), Trial and error, Particle swarm optimization (PSO) [6], [10]- [11], [14], Fuzzy logic (FL) [4], Artificial neural network (ANN) [12] and Genetic algorithm (GA) [3] & [12], differential evolution [3] methods. ...
... The system parameters are given below [4] ...
Deregulated power system with multiple varieties of generations is the order of the day. In a power system, load varies continuously therefore frequency changes continuously. Automatic Generation Control (AGC) is used in the power system for balancing the generation and demand and control the changes in tie-line powers within the allowable limits by maintaining rated frequency. Solar power is nowadays very popular renewable energy in India and world. Many power deficit states in India have become power surplus states using it along with conventional thermal power. Benefits of deregulation such as improved efficiency, customer friendly services and lower prices for consumers are well known. Accordingly a two-area deregulated system is considered for investigation of AGC. Primary controllers like governors will not eliminate steady state errors which may not satisfy the constraints of power system. For better AGC responses, different secondary controllers like Integral, PID, PI-PD controllers are used for a two area deregulated power system consisting of reheat thermal, solar thermal and solar photovoltaic units. Here Integral, PID and PI-PD controllers are tuned by Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) approach. The resulting deregulated power system is simulated and analyzed using MATLAB Simulink software to propose a good secondary controller.
... For the reliable and effective interconnected power systems secondary controllers such as PID, PI-PD [8] and ADRC [13] are used for automatic generation control. There are many techniques for tuning these controllers such as Zeigler Nichols (ZN), Trial and error, Particle swarm optimization (PSO) [6], [10]- [11], [14], Fuzzy logic (FL) [4], Artificial neural network (ANN) [12] and Genetic algorithm (GA) [3] & [12], differential evolution [3] methods. ...
... The system parameters are given below [4] ...
... Currently, fuzzy logic controller (FLC) is employed in almost all sectors of industry and science such as robotics [18] , complex nonlinear Markov jump systems [19] , nonlinear singularly perturbed systems [20] and power system operation and control [21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38] . The literature survey indicates that FLC refines the closed loop potential of classical controller and can effectively tackle the variations in operating point or system parameters via online correc-tion of controller parameters. ...
... However, their inappropriate choice may influence the performance of a FLC substantially. In the recent times, several researchers have applied diverse new techniques and structures like hybrid particle swarm optimization-pattern search (hPSO-PS) [21] /ICA [22] /BFOA [23] to optimize fuzzy PI (FPI) and BFOA [23] /hybrid differential evolution-GWO (hDE-GWO) algorithm [24] /PSO [25] /sine cosine algorithm (SCA) [26] /GWO algorithm [27,28] to optimize fuzzy PID (FPID) controllers to upgrade the dynamic performance of FPI/FPID/FPID with filter (FPIDF) controllers. The optimized FLC offers superior performance compared to unoptimized fuzzy and optimized classical controllers. ...
... The literature survey acknowledges that various fuzzy control structures with different optimization techniques have been advised for AGC of power systems such as FPI/FPID/FPIDF/FPIDF-(1 + PI)/FPIDF-II [21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30] and FPIDF-FOI/FOFPID [31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38] . Next, optimized FOI with 2 degree of freedom-PID with filter (2DOF-PIDF-FOI) [39] , FOPI [40] and FOPD with PIDF (PIDF-FOPD) [41] controllers are also observed lately. ...
In the rapidly expanding size and complexity of the electricity network, automatic generation control (AGC) is contemplated to be the most remarkable option for offering good quality electric power supply to the end users. An AGC system entails highly vigorous, competent and intelligent control technique to deliver a healthy power under stochastic nature of consumers’ power demand. Hence, in this paper, a hybrid fuzzy fractional order proportional integral-fractional order proportional derivative (FFOPI-FOPD) controller is proposed as a new expert control technique to tackle AGC profitably in isolated and interconnected multi-area power systems. A recently developed imperialist competitive algorithm (ICA) is utilized for the optimization of the output gains (KP/KP1/KI/KD) and other parameters such as order of integrator (λ) and differentiator (μ) of FFOPI-FOPD controller exercising integral of squared error criterion. The proposed technique is firstly implemented on 1-area thermal system, then to express its potential and extensibility, the work is extended to 2-area hydro-thermal and 3-area thermal power systems widespread in the literature. The eminence of the method is betokened by comparing the results with the various newly published control methodologies and FPI/FFOPI controller designed in the study via ICA in terms of minimum values of various error criteria and undershoots/overshoots/settling times of frequency and tie-line power deviations following a sudden load demand in an area. The sensitivity analysis substantiates that the suggested controller is robust and performs staunchly under the wide variations in the system parameters, random load pattern and in the company of physical constraints to produce more clean electricity.
