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Future photovoltaic (PV) energy delivery and management infrastructure; (a) typical topology, (b) proposed topology.
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This paper presents a highly efficient three-port converter to integrate energy storage (ES) and wireless power transfer (WPT) systems. The proposed converter consists of a bidirectional DC-DC converter and an AC-DC converter with a resonant capacitor. By sharing an inductor and four switches in the bidirectional DC-DC converter, the bidirectional...
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... in the near future, the wireless power transfer (WPT) systems will be widely used to wirelessly charge laptops as well as cell phones in many households [8][9][10][11]. Therefore, future PV energy delivery and management infrastructure for residential applications will consist of PV systems, ES systems, and WPT systems ( Figure 1a). ...
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... 3 presents experimental results, and Section 4 concludes the paper. Load for wireless charging Figure 1. Future photovoltaic (PV) energy delivery and management infrastructure; (a) typical topology, (b) proposed topology. ...
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... theoretical V wpt obtained from Equation (13) was compared with the experimental V wpt measured at V bus = 400 V, V bat = 400 V, and P wpt = 20 W~100 W ( Figure 10). The theoretical V wpt was higher than experimental V wpt at all P wpt , but the difference was <3%. ...
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... addition, V wpt was almost constant regardless of P wpt . Energies 2020, 13, x 12 of 16 The theoretical Vwpt obtained from Equation (13) was compared with the experimental Vwpt measured at Vbus = 400 V, Vbat = 400 V, and Pwpt = 20 W~100 W ( Figure 10). The theoretical Vwpt was higher than experimental Vwpt at all Pwpt, but the difference was <3%. ...
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... addition, Vwpt was almost constant regardless of Pwpt. The power-conversion efficiencies (ηe,wpt for the wireless charging load and ηe,bat for the battery load) were measured at Vbus = 400 V, Vbat = 400 V, fS = 400 kHz, and Pwpt (or Pbat) = 20 W~100 W ( Figure 11). The proposed converter had the highest ηe,wpt = 93.8% at Pwpt = 100 W (Figure 11a) and had the highest ηe,bat = 95.9% at Pbat = 100 W (Figure 11b). ...
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... power-conversion efficiencies (ηe,wpt for the wireless charging load and ηe,bat for the battery load) were measured at Vbus = 400 V, Vbat = 400 V, fS = 400 kHz, and Pwpt (or Pbat) = 20 W~100 W ( Figure 11). The proposed converter had the highest ηe,wpt = 93.8% at Pwpt = 100 W (Figure 11a) and had the highest ηe,bat = 95.9% at Pbat = 100 W (Figure 11b). At low Pwpt = 20 W, the measured ηe,wpt was 82.5% (Figure 11a), and the measured ηe,bat was 83.5% at low Pbat = 20 W (Figure 11b). ...
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... power-conversion efficiencies (ηe,wpt for the wireless charging load and ηe,bat for the battery load) were measured at Vbus = 400 V, Vbat = 400 V, fS = 400 kHz, and Pwpt (or Pbat) = 20 W~100 W ( Figure 11). The proposed converter had the highest ηe,wpt = 93.8% at Pwpt = 100 W (Figure 11a) and had the highest ηe,bat = 95.9% at Pbat = 100 W (Figure 11b). At low Pwpt = 20 W, the measured ηe,wpt was 82.5% (Figure 11a), and the measured ηe,bat was 83.5% at low Pbat = 20 W (Figure 11b). ...
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... proposed converter had the highest ηe,wpt = 93.8% at Pwpt = 100 W (Figure 11a) and had the highest ηe,bat = 95.9% at Pbat = 100 W (Figure 11b). At low Pwpt = 20 W, the measured ηe,wpt was 82.5% (Figure 11a), and the measured ηe,bat was 83.5% at low Pbat = 20 W (Figure 11b). In addition, the measured ηe,bat was higher than the measured ηe,wpt because the wireless power loss during transfer The theoretical Vwpt obtained from Equation (13) was compared with the experimental Vwpt measured at Vbus = 400 V, Vbat = 400 V, and Pwpt = 20 W~100 W ( Figure 10). ...
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... proposed converter had the highest ηe,wpt = 93.8% at Pwpt = 100 W (Figure 11a) and had the highest ηe,bat = 95.9% at Pbat = 100 W (Figure 11b). At low Pwpt = 20 W, the measured ηe,wpt was 82.5% (Figure 11a), and the measured ηe,bat was 83.5% at low Pbat = 20 W (Figure 11b). In addition, the measured ηe,bat was higher than the measured ηe,wpt because the wireless power loss during transfer The theoretical Vwpt obtained from Equation (13) was compared with the experimental Vwpt measured at Vbus = 400 V, Vbat = 400 V, and Pwpt = 20 W~100 W ( Figure 10). ...
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... low Pwpt = 20 W, the measured ηe,wpt was 82.5% (Figure 11a), and the measured ηe,bat was 83.5% at low Pbat = 20 W (Figure 11b). In addition, the measured ηe,bat was higher than the measured ηe,wpt because the wireless power loss during transfer The theoretical Vwpt obtained from Equation (13) was compared with the experimental Vwpt measured at Vbus = 400 V, Vbat = 400 V, and Pwpt = 20 W~100 W ( Figure 10). The theoretical Vwpt was higher than experimental Vwpt at all Pwpt, but the difference was <3%. ...
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... addition, Vwpt was almost constant regardless of Pwpt. The power-conversion efficiencies (ηe,wpt for the wireless charging load and ηe,bat for the battery load) were measured at Vbus = 400 V, Vbat = 400 V, fS = 400 kHz, and Pwpt (or Pbat) = 20 W~100 W ( Figure 11). The proposed converter had the highest ηe,wpt = 93.8% at Pwpt = 100 W (Figure 11a) and had the highest ηe,bat = 95.9% at Pbat = 100 W (Figure 11b). ...
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... power-conversion efficiencies (ηe,wpt for the wireless charging load and ηe,bat for the battery load) were measured at Vbus = 400 V, Vbat = 400 V, fS = 400 kHz, and Pwpt (or Pbat) = 20 W~100 W ( Figure 11). The proposed converter had the highest ηe,wpt = 93.8% at Pwpt = 100 W (Figure 11a) and had the highest ηe,bat = 95.9% at Pbat = 100 W (Figure 11b). At low Pwpt = 20 W, the measured ηe,wpt was 82.5% (Figure 11a), and the measured ηe,bat was 83.5% at low Pbat = 20 W (Figure 11b). ...
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... power-conversion efficiencies (ηe,wpt for the wireless charging load and ηe,bat for the battery load) were measured at Vbus = 400 V, Vbat = 400 V, fS = 400 kHz, and Pwpt (or Pbat) = 20 W~100 W ( Figure 11). The proposed converter had the highest ηe,wpt = 93.8% at Pwpt = 100 W (Figure 11a) and had the highest ηe,bat = 95.9% at Pbat = 100 W (Figure 11b). At low Pwpt = 20 W, the measured ηe,wpt was 82.5% (Figure 11a), and the measured ηe,bat was 83.5% at low Pbat = 20 W (Figure 11b). ...
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... proposed converter had the highest ηe,wpt = 93.8% at Pwpt = 100 W (Figure 11a) and had the highest ηe,bat = 95.9% at Pbat = 100 W (Figure 11b). At low Pwpt = 20 W, the measured ηe,wpt was 82.5% (Figure 11a), and the measured ηe,bat was 83.5% at low Pbat = 20 W (Figure 11b). In addition, the measured ηe,bat was higher than the measured ηe,wpt because the wireless power loss during transfer The power-conversion efficiencies (η e,wpt for the wireless charging load and η e,bat for the battery load) were measured at V bus = 400 V, V bat = 400 V, f S = 400 kHz, and P wpt (or P bat ) = 20 W~100 W ( Figure 11). ...
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... proposed converter had the highest ηe,wpt = 93.8% at Pwpt = 100 W (Figure 11a) and had the highest ηe,bat = 95.9% at Pbat = 100 W (Figure 11b). At low Pwpt = 20 W, the measured ηe,wpt was 82.5% (Figure 11a), and the measured ηe,bat was 83.5% at low Pbat = 20 W (Figure 11b). In addition, the measured ηe,bat was higher than the measured ηe,wpt because the wireless power loss during transfer The power-conversion efficiencies (η e,wpt for the wireless charging load and η e,bat for the battery load) were measured at V bus = 400 V, V bat = 400 V, f S = 400 kHz, and P wpt (or P bat ) = 20 W~100 W ( Figure 11). ...
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... low Pwpt = 20 W, the measured ηe,wpt was 82.5% (Figure 11a), and the measured ηe,bat was 83.5% at low Pbat = 20 W (Figure 11b). In addition, the measured ηe,bat was higher than the measured ηe,wpt because the wireless power loss during transfer The power-conversion efficiencies (η e,wpt for the wireless charging load and η e,bat for the battery load) were measured at V bus = 400 V, V bat = 400 V, f S = 400 kHz, and P wpt (or P bat ) = 20 W~100 W ( Figure 11). The proposed converter had the highest η e,wpt = 93.8% at P wpt = 100 W (Figure 11a) and had the highest η e,bat = 95.9% at P bat = 100 W (Figure 11b). ...
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... addition, the measured ηe,bat was higher than the measured ηe,wpt because the wireless power loss during transfer The power-conversion efficiencies (η e,wpt for the wireless charging load and η e,bat for the battery load) were measured at V bus = 400 V, V bat = 400 V, f S = 400 kHz, and P wpt (or P bat ) = 20 W~100 W ( Figure 11). The proposed converter had the highest η e,wpt = 93.8% at P wpt = 100 W (Figure 11a) and had the highest η e,bat = 95.9% at P bat = 100 W (Figure 11b). At low P wpt = 20 W, the measured η e,wpt was 82.5% (Figure 11a), and the measured η e,bat was 83.5% at low P bat = 20 W (Figure 11b). ...
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... addition, the measured ηe,bat was higher than the measured ηe,wpt because the wireless power loss during transfer The power-conversion efficiencies (η e,wpt for the wireless charging load and η e,bat for the battery load) were measured at V bus = 400 V, V bat = 400 V, f S = 400 kHz, and P wpt (or P bat ) = 20 W~100 W ( Figure 11). The proposed converter had the highest η e,wpt = 93.8% at P wpt = 100 W (Figure 11a) and had the highest η e,bat = 95.9% at P bat = 100 W (Figure 11b). At low P wpt = 20 W, the measured η e,wpt was 82.5% (Figure 11a), and the measured η e,bat was 83.5% at low P bat = 20 W (Figure 11b). ...
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... proposed converter had the highest η e,wpt = 93.8% at P wpt = 100 W (Figure 11a) and had the highest η e,bat = 95.9% at P bat = 100 W (Figure 11b). At low P wpt = 20 W, the measured η e,wpt was 82.5% (Figure 11a), and the measured η e,bat was 83.5% at low P bat = 20 W (Figure 11b). In addition, the measured η e,bat was higher than the measured η e,wpt because the wireless power loss during transfer between two coils is included in η e,wpt . ...
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... proposed converter had the highest η e,wpt = 93.8% at P wpt = 100 W (Figure 11a) and had the highest η e,bat = 95.9% at P bat = 100 W (Figure 11b). At low P wpt = 20 W, the measured η e,wpt was 82.5% (Figure 11a), and the measured η e,bat was 83.5% at low P bat = 20 W (Figure 11b). In addition, the measured η e,bat was higher than the measured η e,wpt because the wireless power loss during transfer between two coils is included in η e,wpt . ...
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... results show that the proposed converter had high η e,wpt > 82% and high η e,bat > 83% for all operating ranges due to the ZVS turn-on of all switches. The transient response of Vwpt was measured at Vbus = 400 V, Vbat = 400 V, and fS = 400 kHz, while changing the wireless charging load from 20% to 100% and from 100% to 20% (Figure 12). At the load transition, the maximum voltage spike of Vwpt was measured as 14 Vp.p, and Vwpt returned to the steady-state within 81 ms. ...
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... the load transition, the maximum voltage spike of Vwpt was measured as 14 Vp.p, and Vwpt returned to the steady-state within 81 ms. In addition, the transient response of Vbat was measured while changing the battery load from 20% to 100% and from 100% to 20% under the same conditions as in Figure 12 (Figure 13). The maximum voltage spike of Vbat was measured as 61 Vp.p when the load changed, and Vbat returned to the steady state within 125 ms. ...
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... experiment results of the transient response show that the proposed converter can operate properly despite sudden load changes. The transient response of V wpt was measured at V bus = 400 V, V bat = 400 V, and f S = 400 kHz, while changing the wireless charging load from 20% to 100% and from 100% to 20% (Figure 12). At the load transition, the maximum voltage spike of V wpt was measured as 14 V p.p , and V wpt returned to the steady-state within 81 ms. ...
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... results show that the proposed converter had high ηe,wpt > 82% and high ηe,bat > 83% for all operating ranges due to the ZVS turn-on of all switches. WPT power (P wpt ) [W] η e,wpt The transient response of Vwpt was measured at Vbus = 400 V, Vbat = 400 V, and fS = 400 kHz, while changing the wireless charging load from 20% to 100% and from 100% to 20% (Figure 12). At the load transition, the maximum voltage spike of Vwpt was measured as 14 Vp.p, and Vwpt returned to the steady-state within 81 ms. ...
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... the load transition, the maximum voltage spike of Vwpt was measured as 14 Vp.p, and Vwpt returned to the steady-state within 81 ms. In addition, the transient response of Vbat was measured while changing the battery load from 20% to 100% and from 100% to 20% under the same conditions as in Figure 12 (Figure 13). The maximum voltage spike of Vbat was measured as 61 Vp.p when the load changed, and Vbat returned to the steady state within 125 ms. ...
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... experiment results of the transient response show that the proposed converter can operate properly despite sudden load changes. In addition, the transient response of V bat was measured while changing the battery load from 20% to 100% and from 100% to 20% under the same conditions as in Figure 12 (Figure 13). The maximum voltage spike of V bat was measured as 61 V p.p when the load changed, and V bat returned to the steady state within 125 ms. ...
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... results show that the proposed converter had high ηe,wpt > 82% and high ηe,bat > 83% for all operating ranges due to the ZVS turn-on of all switches. WPT power (P wpt ) [W] η e,wpt The transient response of Vwpt was measured at Vbus = 400 V, Vbat = 400 V, and fS = 400 kHz, while changing the wireless charging load from 20% to 100% and from 100% to 20% (Figure 12). At the load transition, the maximum voltage spike of Vwpt was measured as 14 Vp.p, and Vwpt returned to the steady-state within 81 ms. ...
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... the load transition, the maximum voltage spike of Vwpt was measured as 14 Vp.p, and Vwpt returned to the steady-state within 81 ms. In addition, the transient response of Vbat was measured while changing the battery load from 20% to 100% and from 100% to 20% under the same conditions as in Figure 12 (Figure 13). The maximum voltage spike of Vbat was measured as 61 Vp.p when the load changed, and Vbat returned to the steady state within 125 ms. ...
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... experiment results of the transient response show that the proposed converter can operate properly despite sudden load changes. 2020, 13, 272 14 of 16 To show that the proposed converter can operate both when charging the battery and when charging wirelessly, V wpt and V bat of the proposed converter were measured under the following four conditions (Figure 14): (1) P wpt = 20 W and P bat = 20 W, (2) P wpt = 20 W and P bat = 100 W, (3) P wpt = 100 W and P bat = 20 W, and (4) P wpt = 100 W and P bat = 100 W. Figure 14 shows that V wpt decreases and V bat increases when the power (P wpt , P bat ) increases. However, both V wpt and V bat maintained a near fixed value; V wpt changed from 183.8 to 180.9 V, which is just a 1.58% change, and V bat changed from 399.8 to 401 V, which is just a 0.3% change. ...
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... experiment results of the transient response show that the proposed converter can operate properly despite sudden load changes. 2020, 13, 272 14 of 16 To show that the proposed converter can operate both when charging the battery and when charging wirelessly, V wpt and V bat of the proposed converter were measured under the following four conditions (Figure 14): (1) P wpt = 20 W and P bat = 20 W, (2) P wpt = 20 W and P bat = 100 W, (3) P wpt = 100 W and P bat = 20 W, and (4) P wpt = 100 W and P bat = 100 W. Figure 14 shows that V wpt decreases and V bat increases when the power (P wpt , P bat ) increases. However, both V wpt and V bat maintained a near fixed value; V wpt changed from 183.8 to 180.9 V, which is just a 1.58% change, and V bat changed from 399.8 to 401 V, which is just a 0.3% change. ...
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... measured V wpt and V bat are summarized in Table 2, and this experimental result shows that the proposed converter can operate in both charging the battery and charging wirelessly because both V wpt and V bat maintain a near fixed value regardless of P wpt and P bat . Energies 2020, 13, x 14 of 16 Figure 13. Transient responses of Vbat while changing the battery load (a) from 20% to 100% and (b) from 100% to 20%. ...
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... show that the proposed converter can operate both when charging the battery and when charging wirelessly, Vwpt and Vbat of the proposed converter were measured under the following four conditions (Figure 14): (1) Pwpt = 20 W and Pbat = 20 W, (2) Pwpt = 20 W and Pbat = 100 W, (3) Pwpt = 100 W and Pbat = 20 W, and (4) Pwpt = 100 W and Pbat = 100 W. Figure 14 shows that Vwpt decreases and Vbat increases when the power (Pwpt, Pbat) increases. However, both Vwpt and Vbat maintained a near fixed value; Vwpt changed from 183.8 to 180.9 V, which is just a 1.58% change, and Vbat changed from 399.8 to 401 V, which is just a 0.3% change. ...
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... show that the proposed converter can operate both when charging the battery and when charging wirelessly, Vwpt and Vbat of the proposed converter were measured under the following four conditions (Figure 14): (1) Pwpt = 20 W and Pbat = 20 W, (2) Pwpt = 20 W and Pbat = 100 W, (3) Pwpt = 100 W and Pbat = 20 W, and (4) Pwpt = 100 W and Pbat = 100 W. Figure 14 shows that Vwpt decreases and Vbat increases when the power (Pwpt, Pbat) increases. However, both Vwpt and Vbat maintained a near fixed value; Vwpt changed from 183.8 to 180.9 V, which is just a 1.58% change, and Vbat changed from 399.8 to 401 V, which is just a 0.3% change. ...
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Citations
... This type of circuit requires a current mode source to supply power. In addition, current sources also apply the conversion of Wireless Power Transmission (WPT) [9] and the charging of high-power energy storage systems of electric vehicles [1,[10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. ...
... If a small part or parasitic of the circuit structure is changed, the output current of the current source can be changed within a specific range and maintain a stable output, and the current source can be applied to more application scenarios. For example, in quick charging, the current of a high-power energy storage system needs to be large first and then reduced to small [9]; doubling the current of the wireless charging receiving end through a multi-stage circuit can reduce the current's requirement by the electromagnetic coil, thereby reducing energy loss. In addition, inductors can also be used as energy storage components. ...
This article proposes a new connection method of tapped inductors that works in the current source, which enables the current-mode power converter circuit to have a new topological relationship. Usually, in a switched-inductor circuit, a stable output multiple is obtained through the connection of the inductor and the switching devices. This is because the tapped point on the inductor varies, and the magnetomotive force (mmf) of inductance is adjusted. Thereby, the output current is controlled by the states of switching devices within a certain range. This optimized circuit structure can adjust the output current according to load changes in practical applications without changing the input power supply. The proposed method has been verified for its feasibility through detailed analysis and hardware work. The principal analysis based on the flux linkage and the PSIM simulation confirms that the theoretical circuit can be implemented. Finally, a hardware circuit is built to obtain real and feasible conclusions, and it is verified that the circuit can achieve a stable output and variable current within a specific range. The proposed work presents an alternative power conversion methodology using the active switching of mmf, and it is a stable and simple power conversion technique.
... The output voltage will be disturbed when the DC voltage in the converter is converted to AC voltage for domestic use, and when switching the domestic loads, the impact is on the battery discharge current, whereas our proposed system switches in such a way that it is stable and smooth under the same conditions [28]. ...
In recent years, Electric Vehicles are becoming more popular. The pollution level in the atmosphere can be effectively minimized by using Electric vehicles for large-scale transportation. A battery station is required for continuous operation; however, the Photovoltaic-based OFF grid charging station can only operate during the day. Therefore, the three-port converters have started to arise from a number of current EV charging station developments. In this study, a unique PWM and Phase Shift Controller are proposed to reduce switching losses and to improve reliability. In addition, for Maximum PowerPoint Tracking, a Fuzzy is added to the PV system. Furthermore, an appropriate interleaved boost converter topology is used to create the various charging voltages required for EV and battery stations. The proposed topology is simulated, and the hardware prototype has been created and tested. The result shows that the proposed topology has a better efficiency than the traditional converters.
Article Highlights.A dual composite charging station for electric vehicle charging in environment friendly manner.
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Maximum utilization of battery for cyclic charging from charger and discharging through Electric Vehicles.
Microgrid technology offers a new practical approach to harnessing the benefits of distributed energy resources in grid-connected and island environments. There are several significant advantages associated with this technology, including cost-effectiveness, reliability, safety, and improved energy efficiency. However, the adoption of renewable energy generation and electric vehicles in modern microgrids has led to issues related to stability, energy management, and protection. This paper aims to discuss and analyze the latest techniques developed to address these issues, with an emphasis on microgrid stability and energy management schemes based on both traditional and distinct approaches. A comprehensive analysis of various schemes, potential issues, and challenges is conducted, along with an identification of research gaps and suggestions for future microgrid development. This paper provides an overview of the current state of the field and proposes potential areas of future research.
