Fig 3 - uploaded by Mohammed H Abass
Content may be subject to copyright.
Fungal isolates from roots and soils from different wheat fields: A. F. verticillioides B.C: a F. verticillioides, b C. oxysporum, c Phoma sp., d. A. alternata, e Bipolaris sp., f F. oxysporum, g A. flavus, h A. terreus, i Mucor sp., j A.niger, k A. fumigatus, l Monilia sp., m R. stolonifer, n A. oryzae, o A. sojae, p A. parasiticus, q Penicillium sp., r F. monilifome, s F. avenaceum, t Pacilomyces sp., u F. roseum, v F. chlamydosporum
Source publication
Background
Wheat is the most consumed cereal crops in the world infected by several pathogens and pests causing significant losses. The most threatening pathogens are fungi which cause serious diseases on roots, leaves and heads as one of the most threatening pathogens in specific wheat-growing countries. This study aimed to identify and evaluate t...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... Mucor sp. from Roots, R. solani (Rs13), A.niger and R. stolonifer were from the soil, and from the Ali-Al Gharbi fields of R. solani (Rs14), F. solani (Fs5) M. phaseolina (Mph3), A. alternata, Mucor sp., Penicillium sp., A.flavus from the roots, R. solani (Rs15) and A. flavus A. niger, R. stolonifer, and Penicillium sp. as shown in Table 2 and Figs. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and ...
Context 2
... Mucor sp. from Roots, R. solani (Rs13), A.niger and R. stolonifer were from the soil, and from the Ali-Al Gharbi fields of R. solani (Rs14), F. solani (Fs5) M. phaseolina (Mph3), A. alternata, Mucor sp., Penicillium sp., A.flavus from the roots, R. solani (Rs15) and A. flavus A. niger, R. stolonifer, and Penicillium sp. as shown in Table 2 and Figs. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and ...
Context 3
... Mucor sp. from Roots, R. solani (Rs13), A.niger and R. stolonifer were from the soil, and from the Ali-Al Gharbi fields of R. solani (Rs14), F. solani (Fs5) M. phaseolina (Mph3), A. alternata, Mucor sp., Penicillium sp., A.flavus from the roots, R. solani (Rs15) and A. flavus A. niger, R. stolonifer, and Penicillium sp. as shown in Table 2 and Figs. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and ...
Similar publications
Plants are able to produce various chemical substances in order to protect their body from several abiotic and biotic stresses. These phyto-chemicals are secondary metabolites that can inhibit pathogenic growth by terminating their cellular body. In present studies, it is evaluated that plant products like aerial part of Alfalfa, Rice husk and whea...
Citations
... Wheat grains supply more than 18% of calories and 50% of carbohydrates consumed in the world. It also contains a high amount of various phytochemicals, including tannins, alkali, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, terpenoids, and glycosides, that support the conventional system of healthcare for humans [2]. In Iraq, this crop is considered a main staple of nutrition for most if not all population. ...
In the present study, two fungal species, Didymella glomerata and Penicillium polonicum, were isolated from seeds of four wheat cultivars, named Mahmoodia (MHD), Adena (ADN), Eba 99 (EBA), and Wefia (WAF), and determined by using phenotypic characteristics and molecular sequencing. Molecular diagnosis for both fungi was applied based on internal transcribed spacer primers (ITS1 and ITS4). This is the first record of D. glomerata and P. polonicum as wheat seed-borne fungi in Iraq.
... Globally, it is considered the first crop in terms of its nutritional values, agricultural sustainability, economic importance, agrarian area, and income for millions of growers [2]. In Iraq, wheat is the chief crop producing grains for domestic consumption [3,4]. Furthermore, it is cultivated in winter growing season in most regions of the country. ...
The objective of the present study is to determine fungal species Stemphylium vesicarium and Ulocladium alternariae associated with seeds of five wheat cultivars called Wefia (WAF), Eba 99 (EBA), Adena (ADN), Bohooth (BTH) and Mahmoudia (MHD). Those fungi were identified by using morphological and microscopic features as well as molecular sequencing. Molecular identification was carried out relying on internal transcribed spacer primers (ITS1 and ITS4). This is a new report recording S. vesicarium and U. alternariae as seed-borne fungi of wheat seeds in Iraq.
... Isolate F1 (Alamara 1) recorded the lowest germination percentage of 42.2%, followed by isolate F2 (Alamara 2), which recorded 53.3%. [22] stated that the fungus F. oxysporum produces toxic compounds, causing a decrease in the germination of tomato seeds. It was also noted that the response of tomato seedlings to infection with pathogenic fungus isolates varied, as isolate F1 showed wilting, stunting, clear yellowing, and poor growth compared to the rest of the isolates, and it ranged from isolates with high pathogenicity medium pathogenicity, and weak pathogenicity to non-pathogenic isolates. ...
Fusarium wilt disease presents a significant menace to tomato plants, necessitating effective preventative measures. Five isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici from infected tomato plants from different regions in Missan province, each showing varying levels of pathogenicity. Differences in the ability of tomato seedlings to be infected by these isolates were also observed during a pot experiment, ranging from highly pathogenic to non-pathogenic. To address this issue, the efficacy of the bioagent Chaetomium globosum and humic acid in controlling the pathogenic fungus F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici and improving the growth indicators of tomato plants in the presence of the causative fungus. Two concentrations of humic acid (8 and 4 mL/l) were tested to determine their efficacy in reducing the growth of pathogenic fungi in vitro. We found that the growth of the pathogenic fungi decreased to 41.06% at a concentration of 8 ml/l, compared to the control, which showed no growth. Moreover, when used alone or in combination with humic acid, C. globosum significantly reduced the percentage and severity of infection. The treatment involving the interaction between the bioagent and humic acid at a concentration of 8 ml/l recorded an infection percentage of 14.4% and an infection severity of 11.87%, compared to the pathogenic fungus treatment that resulted in 53% infection and 43.80% severity, respectively. Moreover, the use of C. globosum and different concentrations of humic acid raised all growth indices in all treatments whether in the presence or absence of pathogenic funus. These improvements included increased fresh and dry weight of the shoot and root , enhanced plant height and leaf area, as well as a significant increase in the content of total phenols and total chlorophyll in the leaves. The findings of this study highlight the potential of C. globosum and humic acid as effective control measures against fusarium wilt disease in tomato plants. The results indicate their ability to suppress the pathogenic fungus and promote plant growth. These findings hold promise for the development of sustainable agricultural practices.
... In extreme environmental conditions (i.e., warm summers and severe droughts), it may cause losses of up to 100% (Jasnić et al., 2005;Stojšin et al., 2012;Budakov et al., 2015). Macrophomina phaseolina is a soil-borne, necrotrophic pathogen present all across the world, affecting more than 500 plant species (100 families) (Babu et al., 2007;Abass et al., 2021;Marquez et al., 2021). It is the causal agent of stem and root rot, seedling blight and charcoal rot. ...
... Considering the longevity of M. phaseolina sclerotia and an almost 60-year-long four-crop (sugar beet, sunflower, corn, and wheat) agricultural system in Rimski Šančevi, with all listed crops having been reported as hosts of this pathogen, it is likely that the experimental field is highly contaminated with the sclerotia of M. phaseolina (Jacobsen, 2006;Babu et al., 2007;Abass et al., 2021;Marquez et al., 2021). The crop rotation practice applied in the experimental field is similarly applied in the wider area of Serbia, producing an environment that contributes to the problem. ...
‘Candidatus Phytoplasma solani’ (stolbur phytoplasma) is associated with rubbery taproot disease (RTD) of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.), while Macrophomina phaseolina is considered the most important root rot pathogen of this plant in Serbia. The high prevalence of M. phaseolina root rot reported on sugar beet in Serbia, unmatched elsewhere in the world, coupled with the notorious tendency of RTD-affected sugar beet to rot, has prompted research into the relationship between the two diseases. This study investigates the correlation between the
occurrence of sugar beet RTD and the presence of root rot fungal pathogens in a semi-field ‘Ca. P. solani’ transmission experiment with the cixiid vector Reptalus quinquecostatus (Dufour), in addition to naturally infected sugar beet in the open field. Our results showed that: (i) Reptalus quinquecostatus transmitted ‘Ca. P. solani’ to sugar beet which induced typical RTD root symptoms; (ii) Macrophomina phaseolina root rot was exclusively present in ‘Ca. P. solani’-infected sugar beet in both the semi-field experiment and naturally infected sugar beet; and that (iii)
even under environmental conditions favorable to the pathogen, M. phaseolina did not infect sugar beet, unless the plants had been previously infected with phytoplasma.
... Depending on the variety, the severity of the disease and the favorable climate for disease growth, root diseases can result in losses of 3%−4%. In addition, numerous studies revealed that the fungus Rhizoctonia solani and the root disease both generate annual output losses of 25%−100% of the world's wheat supply (Abass et al., 2021). The population of plant pathogen has been significantly impacted by climate change, in which the germination and survival of pathogens are significantly influenced by temperature and water. ...
Southeast Asia is a fertile land with a warm and humid climate which tends to accommodate various food crops. The development and advancement of the agricultural sector not only allows the countries in the region to feed the increasing population, but are also able to boost the nation's economy through exportation of the crops. Some of the well-known and economically-significant plant commodities found in the region include rice, oil palm, rubber, coconut, banana, sugarcane, pineapple, black pepper, maize, cocoa, durian, and jackfruit. Due to the high production of crops, Southeast Asia is able to stand among the top world producers of these commodities. Nevertheless, the widespread of pathogenic microorganisms has posed a serious threat to the industry over the years; with hundreds of millions of money wasted and total yield being lost due to the devastating diseases associated with each type of the plants. A lot of attention and effort have been continuously devoted to find effective plant management strategies to combat plant diseases, starting from traditional physical and chemical methods to the increasing discoveries on biological approaches made in recent decades. Due to the challenges and limitations faced by conventional approaches and the rising awareness toward the environment, more work has been focused on establishing the application of beneficial microorganisms to tackle plant diseases through direct mechanisms. Thus, by bringing the common plant commodities in Southeast Asia, their associated diseases and various physical, chemical and biological control measures together, this review aims to provide clearer insights and practical information to those who seek to limit the damages caused by plant diseases.
... Plant pathogenic fungi have the largest proportion of secreted proteins. M. phaseolina also infects wheat seeds (Abass et al., 2021). In order to isolate the secretome of M. phaseolina, the fungal spore suspension was inoculated in a wheat bran matrix maintaining optimum temperature and relative humidity. ...
... Moreover, downstream processing of the secretome requires less purification steps. It has also been reported that M. phaseolina also infects wheat seeds (Abass et al., 2021). Thus, the putative virulence factors that were identified in the present study may help to deduce the infection mechanisms involved in other susceptible host plants. ...
Macrophomina phaseolina is a global devastating necrotrophic fungal pathogen. It causes charcoal rot disease in more than 500 host plants including major food crops, pulse crops, fiber crops, and oil crops. Despite having the whole-genome sequence of M. phaseolina, understanding the M. phaseolina genome-based plant–pathogen interactions is limited in the absence of direct experimental proof of secretion. Thus, it is essential to understand the host–microbe interaction and the disease pathogenesis, which can ensure global agricultural crop production and security. An in silico–predicted secretome of M. phaseolina is unable to represent the actual secretome. We could identify 117 proteins present in the secretome of M. phaseolina using liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–tandem mass spectrometry. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD032749. An array of putative virulence factors of M. phaseolina were identified in the present study using solid-state culture. Similar virulence factors have been reported in other plant pathogenic fungi also. Among the secretory fungal proteins with positive economic impacts, lignocellulolytic enzymes are of prime importance. Further, we validated our results by detecting the cell wall–degrading enzymes xylanase, endoglucanase, and amylase in the secretome of M. phaseolina. The present study may provide a better understanding about the necrotrophic fungi M. phaseolina, which modulate the host plant defense barriers using secretory proteins.
... The experiments were carried out in the laboratories of the Plant Protection Department, College of Agriculture, University of Basra. Sources of fungal isolates: The isolates of the pathogenic fungi R. solani, F. solani and M. phaseolina were obtained from the roots and soil of the wheat plant according to Abass et al. (2021) and the two fungi T. koningii and C. globosum from the laboratories of the Plant Protection Department, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah. Effect of heavy metals (HMs) on pathogenic and biological fungi: The concentrations of the two HMs of Pb and Cd were determined according to Madhi et al. (2020). ...
Heavy metals are considered the most important environmental pollutants that negatively affect soils' microbial community, including fungal populations. The current study aimed to assess the effect of lead and cadmium on the physiological characteristics of pathogenic and biological fungi. The results revealed that Cd at a concentration of 10mg/kg and Pb at 600mg/kg had the highest inhibition effect on the radial growth of examined fungi, reaching 42.40 and 32.71%, respectively. The sensitivity results of fungi showed that T. koningii was less susceptible to Pb and Cd, followed by R. solani. It was also observed that the colour of T. koningii fungus changed from dark green to light green undergoing the effect of Pb and Cd and that the colour change may be due to the resistance characteristic of the fungus. The results also indicated that there was a significant effect of Pb and Cd on the spore germination of fungi, as the germination decreased to 8.49 and 8.19×10 4 , respectively, by the effect of high concentrations of the two heavy metals, compared to the control treatment, which was 15.99×10 4 , as well as the effect of Pb and Cd on the dry weight of fungi with an exception for T. koningii. All examined fungi showed a positive detection of protease, lipase and cellulase enzymes, and this enzymatic activity was affected by Pb and Cd concentrations. The antagonistic ability of the bioagent T. koningii against pathogenic fungi varied in the presence of Pb and Cd. Therefore, bioagent could control pathogenic fungi and biological treatment of heavy metals in polluted soils.
... Thus, as one may see, a lot of attention is paid to detection of fungi of the genus Fusarium. Although the majority of current studies are devoted to PCR analysis, methods of microbiological detection of these pathogens are still important (for instance, see Abass et al., 2021). Not all PCR techniques listed in this review are perfect: some of the assays that had been developed as species-specific turned out not to be so specific. ...
... The isolates of pathogenic fungi Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium solani and Macrophomina phaseolina were isolated from the root and soil of wheat plant according to Abass et al. (2021). In addition, the two fungi Trichoderma koningii and Chaetomium globosum were obtained from the Laboratories of the Prevention Department/College of Agriculture/University of Basrah. ...
Madhi QH, Abass MH, Matrood AAA. 2021. The efficiency of some bioagent fungi in reduction of wheat seed decay and seedling damping-off disease with heavy metals interaction. Biodiversitas 22: 3984-3993. Biological control is an ecofriendly efficient measurement for disease control and heavy metals reduction in soils. The use of bioagent fungi such as Trichoderma koningii and Chaetomum globosum reduced the negative effect of pathogenic fungi that cause seed decay and the seedlings damping off wheat alone or by interaction with the concentrations of lead or cadmium, which increases the germination percentage of wheat seeds and reducing seedling damping off. It also reduced the severity index of wheat with pathogenic fungi and reduced the negative effect of interaction between heavy metals and pathogenic fungi on the severity index of the wheat. Results showed that T. koningii and C. globosum reduced the effect of the interaction of R. solani with 200 mg/kg lead to 57.7 and 55.4%, respectively and R. solani and cadmium 3 mg/kg with 60 and 61.6%, respectively. T. koningii and C. globosum also reduced the effect of the interaction F.solani with lead 200 mg/kg to 45.4 and 48.5%, respectively and F. solani and cadmium 3 mg/kg to 46.8 and 52.5% respectively. The bioagent fungi also increased the fresh and dry weight of shoot and root system, T. koningii significantly increased the fresh and dry weight of shoot in the presence of R. solani. The results also indicated that there was a high significant difference in the use of C. globosum in increasing the fresh and dry weight of shoot and root system. T. koningii and C. globosum significantly reduced the effect of interaction between the pathogenic fungi and low concentrations of lead and cadmium leading to an increase in the fresh and dry weight of shoot and root system. They also increased the plant height in the presence of pathogenic fungi as well as reducing the negative effect of the interaction between heavy metals and pathogenic fungi in the height of wheat plants. No significant interaction was observed between the low concentrations of lead and cadmium and pathogenic fungi in the presence of bioagent fungi. The results exhibited that bioagent fungi can reduce the negative effect of interaction of pathogenic fungi with lead and cadmium on the total phenols content of wheat leaves, and no significant difference was recorded in the treatment of low concentrations with the pathogenic fungi. Results showed that bioagent fungi can reduce the negative effect of the interaction of pathogenic fungi with lead and cadmium on the total phenols content of wheat plant leaves. No significant differences were recorded in the treatment of low concentrations with the pathogenic fungi in the presence of bioagent fungi. The two bioagent fungi increased the concentration of chlorophyll a and b, total chlorophyll and carotenoids reduced anthocyanin in leaves, and increased chlorophyll stability index compared to the control treatment.
Climate change is a long-term alteration in weather statistics, posing serious threats to global food safety besides environmental sustainability owing to the possibility of crop pathogen outbreaks. It can lead to a prime production and biodiversity decline, adversely impacting both the environment and farmers’ livelihoods. Aside from altering disease development and interactions between a host and a pathogen, it also facilitates the emergence of new pathogenic strains that could undermine host plant resistance. Furthermore, changing weather may alter the ranges of infections and hosts, thereby promoting the transmission of plant pathogens into fresh zones. Anticipating plant diseases in space and time is challenging without understanding the interactions and reactions of various pathogens with different disease drivers, as well as their collective adaptation to climate change. Soil and plant microorganisms influence every aspect of the pathogen pattern including the host, organisms, and surroundings. They can facilitate or suppress disease attacks, modify crop metabolism and immunological reaction, act as the first line of defense, and affect environment by enhancing or suppressing pathogen attacks. Crop diseases can be mitigated by adjusting the sowing time to avoid conditions conducive to the development of specific diseases or high pathogen levels. Agrochemicals are more effective due to their direct mechanisms that can prevent disease spread or eliminate its causes. Environmental changes especially when combined with the introduction of pathogens and hosts may have unprecedented impacts.
