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Fungal inoculation of balloon flower stems. (A) Inoculation schemes and disease evaluation procedures based on upward mycelial growth on the stem segments from the base. (B) Disease symptom development on the balloon flower stem rots caused by Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Pictures were taken 4 and 10 days after inoculation. Arrows indicate sclerotinia formed on the infected stem tissues by S. sclerotiorum.
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Stem rots caused by Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum have been known as devastating diseases in balloon flower plants. Antifungal activities of four fungicides, azoxystrobin, polyoxin B, trifloxystrobin and validamycin A were evaluated in vitro, showing effective suppression with mycelial growth of the fungal isolates on PDA media. E...
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Citations
... This bacteria was proved to be an e cient control agent for rose powdery mildew and to improve the yield and quality of rose-cut owers (Wang et al. 2018a). In addition, this biological agent can act as antagonistic bacteria for suppression of balloon ower stem diseases caused by R. solani (Lee et al. 2012). There is a lack of research on the effectiveness of adding this bene cial bacterium to the soil to protect sugar beet against damping-off caused by R. solani. ...
... The commercially available B. subtilis strain Y1336 showed great potential to control rose powdery mildew (Wang et al. 2018a), and to signi cantly reduce the incidence of re blight on apple and pear blossoms caused by Erwinia amylovora (Bahadou et al. 2017). B. subtilis Y1336, also, reduces signi cantly the incidence of Balloon ower stem rots caused by R. solani and Sclerotium rolfsii (Lee et al. 2012). ...
The fungus Rhizoctonia solani Kühn is an economically important pathogen involved in root rot and seedling damping-off disease of sugar beet ( Beta vulgaris L.). In Morocco, this is the first detailed report of R. solani as the causative agent of sugar beet damping-off. The identification of the pathogen was based on combining the morphological characteristics and molecular characterization using the ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (rDNA ITS) region. Antifungal activities of four commercial fungicides; azoxystrobin, difenoconazole, tebuconazole, and trifloxystrobin were assessed in vitro , displaying effective inhibition of the mycelial growth of the pathogen strains using PDA medium. A commercially available Bacillus subtilis Y1336 was evaluated as a potential biological control agent (BCA) against seedling damping-off caused by R. solani. The biological control activities of B. subtilis Y1336 was demonstrated by dual culture bioassays on PDA medium, in vitro seed inoculation with R. solani and B. subtilis , and by applying the BCA as seed coat under greenhouse conditions. This is the first time that the commercially available B. subtilis Y1336 has been proved as an effective BCA against the damping-off disease of sugar beet. This commercial antagonist should be incorporated into the integrated disease management startegy for sugar beet seedling mortality together with effective tested fungicides.
... Iminoctadine tris (albesilate) doses from 0.00625 to 0.1 µg/ml has no antibacterial effect on B. siamensis H30-3. Bacillus spp. as biological control agents were suggested to be integrated into disease management with chemical fungicides (Jacobsen et al., 2004;Korsten et al., 1997;Lee et al., 2012). B. siamensis H30-3 can be considered for strawberry disease control with the two fungicides. ...
Chemical and biological agents were evaluated to inhibit Colletotrichum fructicola, Phytophthora cactorum, and Lasiodiplodia theobromae causing strawberry diseases. Mycelial growths of C. fructicola were gradually arrested by increasing concentrations of fungicides pyraclostrobin and iminoctadine tris (albesilate). P. cactorum and L. theobromae were more sensitive to pyraclostrobin compared to C. fructicola, but iminoctadine tris (albesilate) was not or less effective to limit P. cactorum or L. theobromae, respectively. Bacillus siamensis H30-3 was antagonistic against the three pathogens by diffusible as well as volatile molecules, and evidently reduced aerial mycelial formation of P. cactorum. B. siamensis H30-3 growth was declined by at least 0.025 mg/ml of pyraclostrobin. The two fungicides additively inhibited mycelial growths of C. fructicola, but not of P. cactorum and L. theobromae. B. siamensis H30-3 volatiles led to less growth of C. fructicola than one reduced by the fungicides. Taken together, in vitro antimicrobial activities of the two fungicides together with or without B. siamensis H30-3 volatiles may be cautiously incorporated into integrated management of strawberry diseases dependent on causal pathogens.
... Various In-vitro and In-vivo researches has been conducted across the globe to overcome the adverse effect of fungal plant diseases, i.e., Botrytis rots (Jijakli and Lepoivre, 1993), Downy mildews (Hindumathy, 2012), Fusarium rots (Schisler et al., 1995), Powdery mildews (Ng et al., 1997), Rusts, Rhizoctonia rots, Sclerotinia rots, Gray mold etc. (Lee et al., 2012;Jedryczka et al., 2002) by using yeast as biocontrol agent. It has been found that yeast having multiple bio-controlling mechanisms or produce various natural antagonistic compounds, i.e., mycoparasitism and induction of resistance in plants, diffusible metabolites, secretion of hydrolytic enzymes, toxin production, releasing volatile compounds, those have antifungal activity for the molds (Jijakli and Lepoivre, 1993;Lee et al., 2012;Jedryczka et al., 2002). ...
... Various In-vitro and In-vivo researches has been conducted across the globe to overcome the adverse effect of fungal plant diseases, i.e., Botrytis rots (Jijakli and Lepoivre, 1993), Downy mildews (Hindumathy, 2012), Fusarium rots (Schisler et al., 1995), Powdery mildews (Ng et al., 1997), Rusts, Rhizoctonia rots, Sclerotinia rots, Gray mold etc. (Lee et al., 2012;Jedryczka et al., 2002) by using yeast as biocontrol agent. It has been found that yeast having multiple bio-controlling mechanisms or produce various natural antagonistic compounds, i.e., mycoparasitism and induction of resistance in plants, diffusible metabolites, secretion of hydrolytic enzymes, toxin production, releasing volatile compounds, those have antifungal activity for the molds (Jijakli and Lepoivre, 1993;Lee et al., 2012;Jedryczka et al., 2002). These metabolic compounds and hydrolytic enzymes, such as β-glucanases and chitinases, destroy the cell walls of phytopathogenic fungi and eventually leads to the death of the diseases causing fungal spp. ...
Yeast is considered an illustrious eukaryotic living organism due to its incredible biodiversity and widespread agricultural uses. Yeast is applied majorly for industrial purposes. Apart from the production of various industrial products, yeast can also be used in agricultural applications like plant growth promotion and biocontrol of phytopathogens. Yeast contributes to plant growth promotion by using various mechanisms. Yeast is the general resident flora of all types of plants and plant products. Availability of different yeast species on plant surface decrease host tissue colonization by plant pathogenic bacteria, and reduce pathogen survival and sporulation with varying degrees of efficiency. This also includes the competition for nutrition between yeast and pathogen, which made it quite difficult for other organisms to survive.
... However, the disease has yet been difficult to control because of the limited resource of the resistant genes. Therefore, fungicides have been used as the auxiliary method for controlling SSR in practice [5]. The benzimidazole and dicarboximide fungicides were the most efficient fungicides in controlling ...
The present study was conducted to examine the influence of a pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary on the actinobacterial community associated with the soybean roots. A total of 70 endophytic actinobacteria were isolated from the surface-sterilized roots of either healthy or diseased soybeans, and they were distributed under 14 genera. Some rare genera, including Rhodococcus, Kribbella, Glycomyces, Saccharothrix, Streptosporangium and Cellulosimicrobium, were endemic to the diseased samples, and the actinobacterial community was more diverse in the diseased samples compared with that in the heathy samples. Culture-independent analysis of root-associated actinobacterial community using the high-throughput sequencing approach also showed similar results. Four Streptomyces strains that were significantly abundant in the diseased samples exhibited strong antagonistic activity with the inhibition percentage of 54.1–87.6%. A bioactivity-guided approach was then employed to isolate and determine the chemical identity of antifungal constituents derived from the four strains. One new maremycin analogue, together with eight known compounds, were detected. All compounds showed significantly antifungal activity against S. sclerotiorum with the 50% inhibition (EC50) values of 49.14–0.21 mg/L. The higher actinobacterial diversity and more antifungal strains associated with roots of diseased plants indicate a possible role of the root-associated actinobacteria in natural defense against phytopathogens. Furthermore, these results also suggest that the root of diseased plant may be a potential reservoir of actinobacteria producing new agroactive compounds.
... Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, a devastating phytopathogenic fungus, can attack more than 400 cultivated plant species, such as many vegetable and economic crops, causing serious losses of yield and quality in many countries (Abawi and Grogan 1979;Bardin and Huang 2001;Boland and Hall 1994;Bolton et al. 2006;Letham et al. 1976;Purdy 1979). Due to the limit of host resistance gene resources (Bardin and Huang 2001;Boland 1997), application of fungicides is always a primary tool for controlling Sclerotinia disease on most crops (Lee et al. 2012). Unfortunately, due to the high selective pressures of extensively used fungicides, the development of fungicide resistance in S. sclerotiorum has increased in many countries, leading to control failure (Li et al. 2003;Ma et al. 2009a;Wang et al. 2014b). ...
Pydiflumetofen is a novel succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor fungicide. In the current research, we determined the sensitivity of 166 Sclerotinia sclerotiorum strains to pydiflumetofen using mycelial growth inhibition method. The results suggest that pydiflumetofen exhibited a strong inhibitory activity against S. sclerotiorum and the EC50 values ranged from 0.0058 to 0.0953 μg ml-1, with a mean EC50 value of 0.0250 μg ml-1. However, the baseline sensitivity was not normally distributed because of a high variation factor. After treatment with pydiflumetofen, cell membrane permeability increases, but exopolysaccharide and oxalic acid production decreases, which contributes to reduced virulence of S. sclerotiorum and leads to failure of disease infection. In addition, protective and curative activity was performed on detached oilseed rape leaves by artificial inoculation. Pydiflumetofen exhibited excellent protective and curative effects against S. sclerotiorum on oilseed rape, and the protective effect was better than the curative effect. Further, field trials were conducted to evaluate the potential of pydiflumetofen in controlling Sclerotinia stem rot (SSR) caused by S. sclerotiorum on oilseed rape. Compared with the currently used fungicides, pydiflumetofen not only exhibited excellent control efficacy against SSR, but also dramatically reduced the dosage of fungicides in the field. Thus, this study provides important references for revealing pharmacological mechanism of pydiflumetofen against S. sclerotiorum and managing SSR on oilseed rape caused by benzimidazole- and dicarboximide-resistant populations.
... Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, a devastating phytopathogenic fungus, can attack more than 400 cultivated plant species, such as many vegetable and economic crops, causing serious losses of yield and quality in many countries (Abawi and Grogan 1979;Bardin and Huang 2001;Boland and Hall 1994;Bolton et al. 2006;Letham et al. 1976;Purdy 1979). Due to the limit of host resistance gene resources (Bardin and Huang 2001;Boland 1997), application of fungicides is always a primary tool for controlling Sclerotinia disease on most crops (Lee et al. 2012). Unfortunately, due to the high selective pressures of extensively used fungicides, the development of fungicide resistance in S. sclerotiorum has increased in many countries, leading to control failure (Li et al. 2003;Ma et al. 2009a;Wang et al. 2014b). ...
Pyraziflumid is a novel member of succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor fungicides (SDHI). In this study, baseline sensitivity of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary to pyraziflumid was determined using 105 strains collected during 2015 and 2017 from different geographical regions in Jiangsu Province of China, and the average EC50 value was 0.0561 (±0.0263)μg/ml for mycelial growth. There was no cross-resistance between pyraziflumid and the widely used fungicides carbendazim, dimethachlon and the phenylpyrrole fungicide fludioxonil. After pyraziflumid treated, hyphae were contorted with offshoot of top increasing, cell membrane permeability increased markedly, oxalic acid content significantly decreased and mycelial respiration was strongly inhibited. But the number and dry weight of sclerotia did not change significantly. The protective and curative activity test of pyraziflumid suggested that pyraziflumid had great control efficiency against S. sclerotiorum on detached rapeseed leaves, and protective activity was better than curative activity. These results will contribute to us on evaluating the potential of the new SDHI fungicide pyraziflumid for management of diseases caused by S. sclerotiorum and understanding the mode of action of pyraziflumid against S. sclerotiorum.
... Validamycins 35-42 and salbostatin (54) have been reported to be mechanistically unique fungicide agents [363][364][365][366][367]. Validamycin A (35), the most active compound of the complex, is a fungicide that inhibits trehalases, enzymes that carry out the degradation of the nonreducing disaccharide trehalose [368][369][370] in plants, insects, and fungi as well as enhancing trehalose accumulation in transgenic plants. It is widely used in rice-producing countries in Asia to control sheath blight disease of the rice plants caused by the fungus Rhizoctonia solani [371][372][373][374][375][376][377][378][379][380][381][382][383][384][385]. ...
The first synthesis of carbasugars, compounds in which the ring oxygen of a monosaccharide had been replaced by a methylene moiety, was described in 1966 by Professor G. E. McCasland’s group. Seven years later, the first true natural carbasugar (5a-carba-R-D-galactopyranose) was isolated from a fermentation broth of Streptomyces sp. MA-4145. In the following decades, the chemistry and biology of carbasugars have been extensively studied. Most of these compounds show interesting biological properties, especially enzymatic inhibitory activities, and, in consequence, an important number of analogues have also been prepared in the search for improved biological activities. The aim of this review is to give coverage on the progress made in two important aspects of these compounds: the elucidation of their biosynthesis and the consideration of their biological properties, including the extensively studied carbapyranoses as well as the much less studied carbafuranoses.
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a devastating plant pathogen with a broad host range and worldwide distribution. The application of chemical fungicides is a primary strategy for controlling this pathogen. However, under the high selective pressure of chemical fungicides, fungicide resistance has emerged and gradually increased, resulting in the failure to control S. sclerotiorum in the field. Quinofumelin is a novel quinoline fungicide, but its antifungal activities against plant pathogens have been rarely reported. Here, we determined the antifungal activity of quinofumelin against S. sclerotiorum in vitro and in planta. The EC50 values ranged from 0.0004 to 0.0059 μg mL-1 with a mean EC50 of 0.0017 ± 0.0009 μg mL-1 and were normally distributed (P=0.402). In addition, no cross-resistance was observed between quinofumelin and other fungicides, dimethachlone, boscalid, or carbendazim, which are commonly used to manage S. sclerotiorum. Quinofumelin did not affect glycerol and oxalic acid production of either carbendazim-sensitive or -resistant isolates. Moreover, quinofumelin exhibited excellent protective, curative, and translaminar activity against S. sclerotiorum on oilseed rape leaves. Protective activity was higher than curative activity. Interestingly, quinofumelin inhibited the formation of the infection cushion in S. sclerotiorum, which may contribute to the control efficacy of quinofumelin against S. sclerotiorum in the field. Our findings indicate that quinofumelin has excellent control efficacy against S. sclerotiorum in vitro and in planta as compared with the currently extensively used fungicides and could be used to manage carbendazim- and dimethachlone-resistance in S. sclerotiorum in the field.
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a filamentous fungal pathogen that can infect many economically important crops and vegetables. Alternative oxidase is the terminal oxidase of the alternative respiratory pathway in fungal mitochondria. The function of alternative oxidase was investigated in the regulation of sensitivity of S. sclerotiorum to two commercial fungicides, azoxystrobin and procymidone which have different fungitoxic mechanisms. Two isolates of S. sclerotiorum were sensitive to both fungicides. Application of salicylhydroxamic acid, a specific inhibitor of alternative oxidase, significantly increased the values of effective concentration causing 50% mycelial growth inhibition (EC50) of azoxystrobin to both S. sclerotiorum isolates, whereas notably decreased the EC50 values of procymidone. In mycelial respiration assay azoxystrobin displayed immediate inhibitory effect on cytochrome pathway capacity, but had no immediate effect on alternative pathway capacity. In contrast, procymidone showed no immediate impact on capacities of both cytochrome and alternative pathways in the mycelia. However, alternative oxidase encoding gene (aox) transcript and protein levels, alternative respiration pathway capacity of the mycelia were obviously increased by pre-treatment for 24 h with both azoxystrobin and procymidone. These results indicate that alternative oxidase was involved in the regulation of sensitivity of S. sclerotiorum to the fungicides azoxystrobin and procymidone, and that both fungicides could affect aox gene expression and the alternative respiration pathway capacity development in mycelia of this fungal pathogen.
