Figure 1 - uploaded by Yuesong Pan
Content may be subject to copyright.
Functional outcome at one year after ICH according to the ICH-FOS score and risk category. Showing the proportion of poor functional outcome (mRS ≥ 3) at one year after ICH according to the ICH-FOS score (A) and risk category (B) in the derivation and validation cohorts, respectively. The risk of poor functional outcome increased steadily with higher ICH-FOS score. Error bars indicated 95% confidence interval of the proportion of poor functional outcome at one year after ICH for each ICH-FOS score or risk category. ICH-FOS, Intracerebral Hemorrhage Functional Outcome Score; mRS, modified Rankin Scale.
Source publication
Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is one of leading causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Several predictive models have been developed for ICH; however, none of them have been consistently used in routine clinical practice or clinical research. In the study, we aimed to develop and validate a risk score for predicting 1-year functi...
Similar publications
Background
Stroke is one of the leading causes of functional disability throughout the globe. A large number of risk factors are measured in stroke disease studies, but it is often unclear whether all of them are relevant variables and whether the impact of these variables changes over time or remains constant with the rate of transition between va...
We present the case of a 74-year-old woman, functionally independent in her daily activities, with a medical history notable for hypertension and dyslipidemia. She presented to the emergency room with an altered level of consciousness, opening her eyes only to pain, no verbal response, and flexion withdrawal from pain coupled with a Glasgow Coma Sc...
Background:
Blood culture is critical in treating infectious diseases. This leads to unnecessary intervention, inappropriate antibiotic use, and excess cost. Few studies have tackled patient factors that could possibly affect contamination rates. This study aimed to explore the association between patients' nursing care levels and blood culture co...
Background
The location of the cortical incision and maximum evacuations of parenchymal intracerebral hematoma are crucial points. Intraoperative ultrasonography is a real-time tool with great benefit at these points
Methods
A retrospective study of patients with parenchymal intracerebral hemorrhage that underwent evacuation using intraoperative u...
Background—Hematoma expansion is a predictor of mortality and functional outcomes in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage. The effect of cigarette smoking on hematoma expansion and functional outcomes has not been established.
Methods—Retrospective analysis of patients with intracerebral hemorrhage, recruited in multicenter clini‐ cal trials, was...
Citations
... In addition to the 30-day mRS score, covariates chosen for the predictive model were taken from prior scoring tools used to predict death or disability in patients experiencing ICH [25][26][27][28]. The ICH score utilized age (<80 or �80 years), GCS score, ICH volume and location, and presence of IVH, but was developed to predict 30-day mortality [26]. ...
... Using a split-sample method, the FUNC score had good calibration in the development cohort (c-index = 0.88) that somewhat decreased in the validation cohort (c-index = 0.82). The ICH Functional Outcome Score (ICH-FOS) utilized age (continuous), admission NIHSS score, GCS score, admission blood glucose level, ICH volume and location, and intraventricular extension to predict poor functional outcome at 1 year (defined as mRS score of �3), although 90-day outcomes were also reported [28]. The ICH-FOS score had a c-index of 0.842 for predicting functional independence 90 days after ICH. ...
Whether 30-day modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scores can predict 90-day scores is unclear. This study derived and validated a model to predict ordinal 90-day mRS score in an intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) population using 30-day mRS values and routinely available baseline variables. Adults enrolled in the Antihypertensive Treatment of Acute Cerebral Hemorrhage-2 (ATACH-2) trial between May 2011 and September 2015 with acute ICH, who were alive at 30 days and had mRS scores reported at both 30 and 90 days were included in this post-hoc analysis. A proportional odds regression model for predicting ordinal 90-day mRS scores was developed and internally validated using bootstrapping. Variables in the model included: mRS score at 30 days, age (years), hematoma volume (cm³), hematoma location (deep [basal ganglia, thalamus], lobar, or infratentorial), presence of intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), baseline Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score, and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score at randomization. We assessed model fit, calibration, discrimination, and agreement (ordinal, dichotomized functional independence), and EuroQol-5D ([EQ-5D] utility weighted) between predicted and observed 90-day mRS. A total of 898/1000 participants were included. Following bootstrap internal validation, our model (calibration slope = 0.967) had an optimism-corrected c-index of 0.884 (95% CI = 0.873–0.896) and R² = 0.712 for 90-day mRS score. The weighted ĸ for agreement between observed and predicted ordinal 90-day mRS score was 0.811 (95% CI = 0.787–0.834). Agreement between observed and predicted functional independence (mRS score of 0–2) at 90 days was 74.3% (95% CI = 69.9–78.7%). The mean ± SD absolute difference between predicted and observed EQ-5D–weighted mRS score was negligible (0.005 ± 0.145). This tool allows practitioners and researchers to utilize clinically available information along with the mRS score 30 days after ICH to reliably predict the mRS score at 90 days.
... The 'ICH score' had slight better predictive power for mortality at discharge in our study, which aligns with previous studies conducted on non-age selective population that reached similar conclusions. 12,16 The FUNC score showed the lowest discrimination capability in our study. This is somehow expected because the FUNC score was originally designed to assess functional outcomes, not mortality. ...
... In addition, important variables such as admission NIHSS (national institutes of health stroke score) that would be useful to compare other scores, for instance the modified 'ICH score', ICH-FOS (Functional outcome score) and ICH-GS (grading score) that showed good outcome prediction in previous studies were not available. 12,16 ...
Background
Spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage (SICH) is the most severe form of all stroke types. Stratification of SICH severity is important for group comparisons and treatment decisions. The existing prognostic scores for clinical prediction in SICH have not been specifically validated in the very old (≥75 years). Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the accuracy of different SICH vital prognostic scores in the very old.
Purpose
To compare the short-term accuracy of three vital prognostic scores: Functional Outcome in Patients with Primary Intracerebral Haemorrhage (FUNC), Modified Emergency Department Intracerebral Haemorrhage (mEDICH) and the Intracerebral Haemorrhage Score (‘ICH score’) in patients aged 75 or older.
Methods
Comparison of the discriminative performance of three SICH prognostic scores in a consecutive case series of patients ≥75 years. The prognostic discrimination was assessed using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC). Additionally, a binary logistic regression was conducted to determine independent prognostic factors associated with mortality.
Results
The case-fatality was 40.6%. The AUROC and Younden index for the three scores was as it follows: ‘ICH score’ 0.882 and 0.648; mEDICH 0.867 and 0.571; FUNC 0.802 and 0.519. The main independent risk factors of death were presence of intraventricular extension (OR = 4.000,95% CI= 1.933–8.276), INR value (OR = 2.173, 95% CI = 1.146–4.117), haemorrhage volume (OR = 1.881, 95% CI = 1.029–3.440) and GCS (OR = 0.119, 95% CI = 0.060–0.236) for mEDICH. Haemorrhage volume (OR = 3.020, 95% CI = 1.806–5.050) and GCS (OR = 0.043, 95% CI = 0.013–0.151) for FUNC. Haemorrhage volume (OR = 4.950, 95% CI = 2.249–10.897) and intraventricular haemorrhage (OR = 3.811, 95% CI = 1.833–7.924) for ‘ICH score’.
Conclusion
The three scores (‘ICH score’, FUNC and mEDICH) showed an excellent capability of discriminating the group of elderly patients at risk of short-term death. Age per se may not be crucial for accurate discrimination of death in the group of elderly. Instead, the inclusion of available physiological markers of fragility would be more scientifically meaningful than age.
... Skalės turi ir trūkumų, nes ICH ir ICH-GS skalės parodo tik trumpalaikę (30 dienų po SISK) arba tarpinio laikotarpio (trijų mėnesių po SISK) prognozę [18]. Tyrimai parodė, jog didelės dalies pacientų po SISK būklė kito iki vienerių metų [19]. Buvo sukurtos kitos skalės, kurios įvertina ilgalaikę prognozę (6 mėnesių arba 1 metų) po SISK, tačiau gauti rezultatai nebuvo tikslūs, todėl klinikiniame darbe nėra kitų skalių poreikio, nes ICH ir ICH-GS pakankamai tiksliai prognozuoja pacientų ligos baigtį [19]. ...
... Tyrimai parodė, jog didelės dalies pacientų po SISK būklė kito iki vienerių metų [19]. Buvo sukurtos kitos skalės, kurios įvertina ilgalaikę prognozę (6 mėnesių arba 1 metų) po SISK, tačiau gauti rezultatai nebuvo tikslūs, todėl klinikiniame darbe nėra kitų skalių poreikio, nes ICH ir ICH-GS pakankamai tiksliai prognozuoja pacientų ligos baigtį [19]. ...
Tikslas. Įvertinti spontaninių intrasmegeninių kraujosruvų vertinimui naudojamų ICH ir ICH-GS prognostinių skalių prognozuojamą pacientų mirštamumą ir palyginti su realiomis pacientų ligos baigtimis. Metodika. Buvo atliktas retrospektyvinis tyrimas, kurio metu buvo analizuotos 2021-08-01 – 2022-08-31 Lietuvos sveikatos mokslų universiteto ligoninės Kauno klinikų (LSMUL KK) Neurochirurgijos intensyviosios terapijos skyriuje (NITS) gydytų pacientų istorijos, kuriems atlikus galvos smegenų kompiuterinę tomografiją (GSKT) nustatyta spontaninė intrasmegeninė kraujosruva. Buvo vertinama pacientų 30 dienų mirštamumo prognozė pagal J. Hemphil ir kt. (2001) ir J. Ruiz-Sandoval ir kt. (2007) tyrimuose aprašytas ICH ir ICH-GS prognostines skales bei lyginama su realiomis pacientų ligos baigtimis. Rezultatai. Tyrime buvo išanalizuotos 137 ligos istorijos. Iš jų 74 (54,0%) vyrų ir 63 (46,0%) moterų. Vidutinis tiriamųjų amžius 67±12,5 metai. Pacientų 30 dienų mirštamumas po spontaninės intrasmegeninės kraujosruvos (SISK) buvo 35,8% (n=49). Buvo išanalizuotos ir palygintos pacientų po SISK baigtys su prognostinių skalių (ICH ir ICH-GS) prognozuojamomis baigtimis. Didžiausi skirtumai buvo tarp ICH skalės 1, 3 ir 5 balų prognozės ir mūsų tyrimo pacientų realios baigties, atitinkamai 3,8% (prognozė 13%), 43,5% (prognozė 72%) ir 66,7% (prognozė 100%). Mažiausi skirtumai buvo tarp ICH-GS 7 ir 9 balų prognozės ir mūsų tirtų pacientų realios baigties, atitinkamai 18,8% ir 64,7%. Tiriamųjų reali baigtis priklauso nuo ICH ir ICH-GS balų skaičiaus (p<0.01). ICH skalėje pacientų baigtis numatoma geriau, nei ICH-GS skalėje. Išvados. Pacientų, patyrusių SISK, reali baigtis buvo kiek geresnė, nei prognozuota ICH ir ICH-GS prognostinių skalių. ICH prognostinė skalė patikimiau prognozuoja 30 dienų mirštamumą pacientams, sergantiems SISK, nei ICH-GS.
... The original ICH score was the first commonly used and straightforward clinical grading system for ICH (Hemphill et al., 2001). New predictive ICH models and enhancements to the original ICH score (Gregório et al., 2018) have been implemented, such as the FUNC score (Rost et al., 2008), ICH-FOS score (Ji et al., 2013). However, none of these has achieved widespread acceptance and utilization in actual clinical practice (Schmidt et al., 2018). ...
Introduction
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is the most prevalent cause of death. We sought to explore whether serum Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is of substantial benefit in predicting poor prognosis in ICH patient.
Methods
A prospective, multicenter cohort analysis of serum FGF21 levels in 418 ICH patients was carried out. At three months following ICH start, the primary endpoint was death or major disability, whereas the secondary endpoint was death. We investigated the association between serum FGF21 and clinical outcomes. We added FGF21 to the existing rating scale to assess whether it enhanced the prediction ability of the original model. Effectiveness was determined by calculating the C-statistic, net reclassification index (NRI), absolute integrated discrimination improvement (IDI) index.
Results
Among 418 enrolled patients, 217 (51.9%) of the all subjects had death or significant disability. Compared with patients in the lowest quartile group, those in the first quartile group had higher risk of the primary outcome (Odds ratio, 2.73 [95%CI,1.42–5.26, p < 0.05]) and second outcome (Hazard ratio, 4.28 [95%CI,1.61–11.42, p < 0.001]). The integration of FGF21 into many current ICH scales improved the discrimination and calibration quality for the integrated discrimination index’s prediction of main and secondary findings (all p < 0.05).
Conclusion
Elevated serum FGF21 is associated with increased risks of adverse clinical outcomes at 3 months in ICH patients, suggesting FGF21 may be a valuable prognostic factor.
... Risk factors, including the GCS score, hematoma volume, age, and intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), have been proven to be predictors of the prognosis for patients with sICH (5,6,18,(22)(23)(24)(25)(26). Based on these risk factors, many clinical scores have been developed such as the ICH score (27), the FUNC score (Functional Score) (23), and the ICH-FOS score (ICH Functional Outcome Score) (28). Nevertheless, these clinical scores only focused on the clinical aspects and basic hematoma features and they have relatively low accuracy. ...
Hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage (HICH) is the most common type of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage in China which is associated with high mortality and disability. We sought to develop and validate a noncontrast computed tomography (NCCT)-based nomogram model to achieve short-term prognostic prediction for patients with HICH. We retrospectively studied 292 patients with HICH from two medical centers, and they were divided into training (n = 151), validation (n = 66), and testing cohorts (n = 75). Based on radiomics, univariate and multivariate, and logistic regression analyses, four models (black hole sign, clinical, radiomics score, and combined models) were established to predict the prognosis of patients with HICH 30 days after the onset. The results suggested that the combined model had the best predictive performance with the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.821, 0.816, and 0.815 in the training, validation, and testing cohorts, respectively. In addition, a radiomics-clinical (R-C) nomogram was visualized. A calibration curve analysis showed that the R-C nomogram had satisfactory calibration in the three cohorts. A decision curve analysis demonstrated that the R-C nomogram was clinically valuable. Our results suggest that the R-C nomogram can accurately and reliably predict the short-term prognosis of patients with HICH and provide a useful evaluation for making individualized treatment plans.
... Patients with ICH exhibit greater improvement in the subacute phase up to 3 months postincident compared with patients who had ischemic stroke, indicating the importance of training and identi cation of the high-risk population (2). Several predictive models for ICH mortality and functional outcomes have been developed and widely used since 2001 (3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11). These tools are potentially useful for determining prognosis, selecting patients for potential interventions, and developing individualized treatment strategies (12). ...
Background
Primary intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) accounts for 85% of ICH and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Researchers have developed several predictive models for mortality and functional outcomes for ICH since 2001. However, models that predict long-term functional outcomes of activities of daily living (ADL) among ICH survivors remain scarce. This study developed a modified ICH scoring system that incorporates body temperature to predict ADL functional outcomes 1 year after ICH and compared it with the original model.
Methods
This prospective observational study examined the functional outcomes for patients who received rehabilitation 1 year after primary ICH in a tertiary medical center between 2019 and 2021. This study excluded patients who died before discharge and those with ICH related to aneurysm, arteriovenous malformation, or trauma. Body temperature and comorbidities were incorporated into the original ICH score. Functional outcome was based on the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score and the Barthel Index (BI). Severe dependency in ADL was defined by a BI of ≤60, and severe disability was defined by an mRS score of ≥4 at 1 year after ICH.
Results
A total of 100 patients were recruited. The modified ICH score was significantly associated with functional independence 1 year post-ICH, as measured by both the BI and mRS (p = 0.012 and 0.01, respectively). When predicting severe dependency at the 1 year follow-up, the modified ICH score had a higher area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) compared with the original ICH score, both in terms of BI (AUC = 0.8545 and 0.8417, respectively) and mRS (AUC = 0.8768 and 0.8466, respectively).
Conclusions
The present study developed a modified ICH score model that outperformed the original model in the prediction of ADL functional outcomes at 1 year. This is the first study to incorporate the effect of long-term rehabilitation into the development of the model.
... Treatment means conservative treatment and surgical treatment, including ventricular drainage, craniotomy or minimally invasive hematoma evacuation. On admission, four clinical assessment scales were used: the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), ICH score, GCS (Glasgow Coma Scale) and ICH-FOS score(ICH Functional Outcome Score) [16][17][18]. ...
Objective:
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is the second most common subtype of stroke, with high mortality and morbidity. At present, there are no effective 6-month prognostic markers, particularly for younger patients. The aim of this research was to construct a new valuable prognostic nomogram model incorporating haemoglobin levels for adult patients with ICH.
Methods:
Patients aged between 18 and 50 presenting with intracerebral haemorrhage at the Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology between January 1st 2012 and December 31st 2018 were included in this retrospective study. Independent factors of prognosis were identified by univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses, and a new nomogram model was constructed and validated. The clinical value of the nomogram model was subsequently explored utilizing decision curve analysis and clinical impact curves.
Results:
In total, 565 patients were enrolled in this study, 117 (20.7%) of whom developed an unfavourable prognosis. Infratentorial lesion (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 3.708, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.490-9.227; P = 0.005) was the most significant unfavourable outcome. Age ([aOR] = 1.054; 95% CI, 1.014-1.096; P = 0.008), hematoma volume (aOR = 1.014, 95% CI, 1.002-1.027; P = 0.024), haemoglobin (aOR = 0.981, 95% CI, 0.969-0.993; P = 0.002), blood glucose (aOR = 1.135, 95% CI, 1.037-1.241; P = 0.005) and NIHSS (aOR = 1.105, 95% CI, 1.069-1.141; P < 0.001) were independent risk factors. Based on these 6 factors, the nomogram can be employed to predict early functional prognosis with high accuracy (AUC 0.791). Decision curve analysis and clinical impact curves showed an increased net benefit for utilizing the nomogram.
Conclusion:
The haemoglobin level at admission may be an easily overlooked factor in clinical work. This new nomogram model could be a promising and convenient tool to predict the early functional prognosis of adults with ICH. More prospective multicentre studies are needed to validate these findings.
... In the present study, we extracted data about included patients from the MIMIC-III database (16,17): age, gender, . ...
Aim
This study aimed to investigate the association between systemic immune-inflammation (SII) and the risk of in-hospital death for patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in the intensive care units (ICU) and to further develop a prediction model related to SII in predicting the risk of in-hospital death for patients with ICH.
Methods
In this retrospective cohort study, we included 1,176 patients with ICH from the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care III (MIMIC-III) database. All patients were randomly assigned to the training group for the construction of the nomogram and the testing group for the validation of the nomogram based on a ratio of 8:2. Predictors were screened by the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression analysis. A multivariate Cox regression analysis was used to investigate the association between SII and in-hospital death for patients with ICH in the ICU and develop a model for predicting the in-hospital death risk for ICU patients with ICH. The receiver operator characteristic curve was used to assess the predicting performance of the constructed nomogram.
Results
In the training group, 232 patients with ICH died while 708 survived. LASSO regression showed some predictors, including white blood cell count, glucose, blood urea nitrogen, SII, the Glasgow Coma Scale, age, heart rate, mean artery pressure, red blood cell, bicarbonate, red blood cell distribution width, liver cirrhosis, respiratory failure, renal failure, malignant cancer, vasopressor, and mechanical ventilation. A prediction model integrating these predictors was established. The area under the curve (AUC) of the nomogram was 0.810 in the training group and 0.822 in the testing group, indicating that this nomogram might have a good performance.
Conclusion
Systemic immune-inflammation was associated with an increased in-hospital death risk for patients with ICH in the ICU. A nomogram for in-hospital death risk for patients with ICH in the ICU was developed and validated.
... However, contrary to our previous research finding of the independent role of non-HDLC on short-term functional outcomes, 7 the results of this study showed Open access that age, premorbid mRS score, baseline haematoma volume, admission GCS score, rather than non-HDLC level, were independent predictors for long-term functional outcomes in ICH patients. The validated predictors mentioned above kept high conformity with the items in ICH Functional Outcome Score, an effective prognostic model for 1-year poor functional outcomes after ICH, 12 whereas the absolute magnitude effect of low non-HDLC level on ICH prognosis was likely to be small and overshadowed with time. Beyond that, the amount of rehabilitation with functional gains might also be related. ...
Objectives
Previous studies suggested an inverse association between lipoprotein cholesterols and bleeding risk, while limited data were available about the predictive value of lipoproteins on intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH). Our recent research series showed that higher non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDLC) was an independent predictor of favourable 3-month outcome in ICH patients, we thus aimed to further investigate the association between non-HDLC levels and 1-year functional outcomes after ICH.
Design
Prospective multicentre cohort study.
Setting
13 hospitals in Beijing, China.
Participants
A total of 666 ICH patients were included between December 2014 and September 2016.
Methods
Non-HDLC was calculated by subtracting HDL-C from total cholesterol. Patients were then grouped by non-HDLC levels into three categories: <3.4 mmol/L, 3.4–4.2 mmol/L and ≥4.2 mmol/L. Both the univariate and multivariate logistic regressions were used to assess the association between non-HDLC levels and 1-year unfavourable functional outcomes (modified Rankin Scale ≥3) in ICH patients. Moreover, sensitivity analysis was performed in ICH patients without statin use after admission.
Results
There were 33.5% (223/666) ICH patients identified with unfavourable functional outcomes at 1-year follow-up. In the univariate analysis, patients who achieved non-HDLC levels above 4.2 mmol/L had a 49% decreased risk of 1-year poor prognosis (OR 0.51, 95% CI 0.33 to 0.81). However, non-HDLC did not retain its independent prognostic value in multivariate analysis, the fully adjusted OR values were 1.00 (reference), 1.06 (0.63, 1.79) and 0.83 (0.45, 1.54) from the lowest to the highest non-HDLC group. Moreover, statin use after ICH onset made no difference to the long-term prognosis.
Conclusions
Non-HDLC was not an independent predictor for 1-year functional outcome in ICH patients, irrespective of poststroke statin use. The predictive value of well-recognised confounding factors was more dominant than non-HDLC on long-term prognosis.
... The modified Rankin scale (mRS) was used to evaluate the therapeutic effect. The mRS score≥3 indicated a poor functional prognosis (15). During the follow-up evaluation, the interviewers were unaware of any prognostic factors and were trained on the interview protocol. ...
Background and aims
Cardiac enzymes are recognized as a valuable tool for predicting the prognosis of various cardiovascular diseases. The prognostic value of alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (α-HBDH) in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) was ambiguous and not evaluated.
Methods
Two hundred and thirteen Chinese patients with ICH participated in the study from December 2018 to December 2019. Laboratory routine tests and cardiac enzymes, including α-HBDH level, were examined and analyzed. All the patients were classified into two groups by the median value of α-HBDH: B1 <175.90 and B2 ≥175.90 U/L. The clinical outcomes included functional outcome (according to modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score ≥3), all-cause death, and recurrent cerebro-cardiovascular events 1 year after discharge. Associations between the α-HBDH and the outcomes were evaluated using logistic regression analysis. Univariate survival analysis was performed by the Kaplan–Meier method and log-rank test.
Results
Of the 213 patients, 117 had α-HBDH ≥175.90 U/L. Eighty-two patients had poor functional outcomes (mRS≥3). During the 1-year follow-up, a total of 20 patients died, and 15 of them had α-HBDH ≥175.90 U/L during the follow-up time. Moreover, 24 recurrent events were recorded. After adjusting confounding factors, α-HBDH (≥175.90) remained an indicator of poor outcome (mRS 3-6), all-cause death, and recurrent cerebro-cardiovascular events. The ORs for B2 vs. B1 were 4.78 (95% CI: 2.60 to 8.78, P = 0.001), 2.63 (95% CI: 0.80 to 8.59, P = 0.11), and 2.40 (95% CI: 0.82 to 7.02, P = 0.11) for poor functional outcomes with mRS ≥ 3, all-cause death, and recurrent cerebro-cardiovascular events, respectively.
Conclusion
Increased α-HBDH at admission was independently related to poor functional outcome and all-cause mortality in patients with ICH at 1-year follow-up.
