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Organic photovoltaic devices have long been considered as an important alternative for coal-based energy technologies due to their low-cost, lightweight and flexible nature. However, the power conversion efficiencies of such cells are limited by thermalization and transmission losses, which can be overcome by stacking multiple cells in a tandem con...
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... to the favorable isotropy, PCBM-based systems (Fig. 5) have widely been studied in OPV as acceptor materials in combination with a wide range of donor polymers. Fullerenes offer many advantages such as high electron affinity, slight energy of reorganization, fast e -transfer from D materials and slow e -back transfer. Furthermore, the spherical shape of fullerenes and the 3D structure of ...
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The introduction of nonfullerene acceptors (NFA) facilitated the realization of high-efficiency organic solar cells (OSCs); however, OSCs suffer from relatively large losses in open-circuit voltage (VOC) as compared to inorganic or perovskite solar cells. Further enhancement in power conversion efficiency requires an increase in VOC. In this work,...
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... [8][9][10] The fabrication of such twoterminal tandem OSCs is also a demanding task due to the requirement of a suitable interconnection layer that combines high transparency with an effective charge recombination. [11,12] This and fabrication issues linked to tandem configurations make monolithic two-terminal tandem OSCs a challenging choice. To overcome the shortcomings associated with the two-terminal tandems, an alternative is the four-terminal approach that consists of piling up a transparent cell with an opaque cell, being both cells electrically disconnected. ...
To overcome transmission and thermalization losses from single‐junction solar cells, the two‐terminal tandem cell configuration is one of the most widely followed approaches. Unfortunately, the need to match the current from both cells, in addition to the fabrication of an interlayer with excellent optical and electronic performances, makes such two‐terminal configurations a challenging approach. Herein, the fabrication of a four‐terminal tandem incorporating a front transparent cell made using a 7 nm Ag back electrode and a PM6:L8‐BO blend which exhibits a bandgap close to the optimal according to the detailed balance theory is reported. For the opaque back cell in such tandem, a PTB7‐Th:O6T‐4F blend is used. A 16.94% power conversion efficiency is achieved when such two cells are configured in a four‐terminal device separated by a WO 3 /LiF/WO 3 multilayer providing an optimal light absorption distribution among the two cells.
... Research is being conducted into alternative energy sources in order to identify options that are both cost-effective and environmentally friendly. As part of this research, bulk and thin film materials are being investigated as potential photovoltaic absorbers [1][2][3][4][5] . There has been increasing interest in the photovoltaic applications of antimony chalcogenide binary compounds, including Sb 2 S 3 , Sb 2 Se 3 , and mixed antimony chalcogenide Sb 2 (S,Se) 3 [6][7][8][9][10] . ...
Thin-film antimony chalcogenide binary compounds are potential candidates for efficient and low-cost photovoltaic absorbers. This study investigates the performance of Sb2S3 and Sb2Se3 as photovoltaic absorbers, aiming to optimize their efficiency. The standalone Sb2S3 and Sb2Se3 sub-cells are analyzed using SCAPS-1D simulations, and then a tandem structure with Sb2S3 as the top-cell absorber and Sb2Se3 as the bottom-cell absorber is designed, using the filtered spectrum and the current matching technique. The optimal configuration for maximum efficiency is achieved by adjusting the thickness of the absorber layer. The results show that antimony chalcogenide binary compounds have great potential as photovoltaic absorbers, enabling the development of efficient and low-cost solar cells. A remarkable conversion efficiency of 22.2% is achieved for the optimized tandem cell structure, with absorber thicknesses of 420 nm and 1020 nm for the top and bottom sub-cells respectively. This study presents a promising approach towards high-performance tandem solar cells.
... These materials include gallium arsenide (GaAs), aluminum gallium indium phosphide (AlGaInP), aluminum indium phosphide (AlInP), indium gallium arsenide (InGaAs), gallium phosphide (GaP), and gallium indium phosphide (GaInP) [7,[11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. Stacking two or more of these materials monolithically in tandem has shown a promising efficiency of over 35 % [19][20][21][22]. However, this high efficiency is usually achieved at a high cost. ...
The study used magnetron sputtering to investigate the growth of cadmium telluride (CdTe) thin films on surface treated n-type silicon (n-Si) substrates. The n-Si substrates were textured using potassium hydroxide (KOH) before the sputter deposition of CdTe. This was followed by cadmium chloride treatment to reduce the strain at the interface of CdTe and Si, which is caused by the incompatible lattice and thermal expansion mismatch (CTE). X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that the lowest FWHM and dislocation densities were obtained for CdCl2/CdTe/txt-nSi, which aligns with the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results. In the SEM images, the interface bonding between the CdTe and Si surfaces was visible in the cross-sections, and the top-view images revealed sputtered CdTe thin films conforming to the patterns of pyramidal textured Si as an engineered surface to capture more light to maximize absorption in the CdTe/Si tandem design. The Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) results showed that all the CdTe deposited on textured n-Si exhibited more Te atoms than Cd atoms, irrespective of the CdCl2 treatment. The presented results suggest that the texturization and CdCl2 treatment improved the morphology and grain boundary passivation of the sputtered CdTe. The adhesiveness of CdTe on the n-Si substrate was also significantly enhanced. Our findings further demonstrate that proper surface treatment of the Si substrate can greatly improve the quality of CdTe grown on Si by reducing the strain that occurs during the growth process. This study demonstrates a valuable method for enhancing the integration of CdTe with Si for two-junction tandem solar cell applications.
... Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles were chosen to enhance the chemical and magnetic properties of PEDOT:PSS [21,22]. Fig. 4 presents the transmittance spectra of pure PEDOT:PSS, PEDOT:PSS/Fe1, and PEDOT:PSS/Fe5 layers coated on ITO glass substrates. ...
... Tandem organic solar cells connects two or more subcells by an interconnecting layer (ICL) forming a series or parallel device structure [9,14,15]. Compared with that of the single-junction solar cells, tandem solar cells can absorb the complementary wavelength of the sunlight, because they use the different energy band of the sub-cells [16][17][18][19]. Yamin Zhang et al. reported PTB7-T:F-M-blended film as active layer of the front sub-cell, the absorption range of the cells is only from 350 to 700 nm. ...
The tandem organic solar cell could absorb the complementarity sunlight spectra by the sub-cells based on the different energy gap of the active-layer materials. In this work, a wide-band gap of the organic material PTB7-Th: PC71BM is used as the front sub-cells active layer, and the narrow-band gap of PTB7-Th: IEICO-4F is used as the rear sub-cells active layer. The front and rear sub-cells present the complementary absorption spectra leading to the sufficiently improvement of the sunlight absorption. MoO3/Au/ZnO multilayer film is the interconnecting layer. ZnO film was prepared by the sputtering method is smaller root-mean-square than that of the film prepared by the solution synthesis, resulting in a good contact interfacial between the sub-cells. This is in favor of the JSC and FF of the tandem organic solar cell. Importantly, the short-circuit current density of the tandem solar cell is handily controlled by the active-layer concentration of the front sub-cell, the tandem cell exhibits an optimal PCE of 11.77% with a large VOC of 1.45 V.
... Study and characterization of linear optical absorption, dielectric, and dispersion and determination of their allied parameters, such as the extinction coefficient, refractive index, and energy gap which are optimizing for optical material properties and performance of optoelectronic devices an important goal. Furthermore, glassy organic compounds did not only demonstrate their high ability as linear element applications [5,6] but also are believed to be promising as non-linear optical (NLO) candidates because of their large refractive nonlinearity and high 3rd order non-linear optical susceptibility [7][8][9]. ...
Some novel thieno[2,3-b]thiophene-2,5-dicarbonitrile derivatives namely; 3,4-bis(2-hydroxynaphthalen-1-yl)diazenyl)thieno[2,3-b]thiophene-2,5-dicarbonitrile, 3,4-bis(4-aminonaphthalen-1-yl)diazenyl)thieno[2,3-b]thiophene-2,5-dicarbonitrile and 3,4-bis(4-(dimethylamino)phenyl) diazenyl)thieno[2,3-b]thiophene-2,5-dicarbonitrile have been synthesized and characterized by FT-IR and NMR spectroscopies.
Thin films of the synthesized thieno[2,3-b]thiophene-2,5-dicarbonitrile derivatives have been deposited by the thermal evaporation method and characterized by UV-VIS-NIR spectroscopy. Their spectral dependences of absorption, dielectric, dispersion and allied parameters have been investigated, discussed, and compared with published results. The high absorption coefficient (∼105cm−1) at a solar maximum wavelength (λ≅500nm) and the band and optical gap energies of 2.95 and 2.15 eV, respectively manifested by the present samples make them suitable to be applied in optoelectronic devices, especially as solar absorber material. The revealed high values of non-linear refractive index n2 and 3rd order non-linear susceptibility revealed by these organic compound films, which are significantly higher than those of chalcogenide and oxide materials recommend them as promising NLO-elements. These results have been insured by geometry optimization and NLO calculations using Density Functional Theory with B3LYP method in the level of 6–311 G (d,p).
... ICLs are typically formed by an n-type|p-type heterojunction, where electrons generated by the front cell are recombined with holes generated by the back cell, assuring balanced recombination and minimizing voltage losses by the ICL the formation of ohmic contacts towards both cells. Although significant development has been achieved for ICLs in tandem OPVs, some aspects must be further addressed, particularly their stability and proper energy band alignment with sub-cells [4]. An interesting nano-interlayer used in tandem organic lightemitting diode (OLED) devices is the 8-hydroxyquinolinato lithium (Liq). ...
8-hydroxyquinolinato lithium (Liq) nano-interlayer was evaluated as part of the interconnection layer (ICL) system Liq|Al|MoO 3 to produce tandem organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices. First, the thickness dependence of Liq on the performance of single-stack OPV devices was studied, along with its stability by exposing the devices to different degradation conditions. The results confirmed the benefits of incorporating Liq, providing even further stability, particularly to devices exposed to air. Then, symmetrical tandem OPV devices were prepared by optimizing the thickness of the Al interlayer to obtain an efficient ICL. Although limited power conversion efficiencies were obtained due to the symmetry of the device architecture, electrical, optical, and lifetime measurements confirmed Liq|Al|MoO 3 as a suitable ICL to achieve tandem OPV devices.
... Zero-dimensional (0D), 1D and 2D carbon structures have the potential to become materials of the next generation to be used in a series of applications, ranging from neuroscience [1] to energy fields [2]. As for materials for energy applications the research has been very active in recent years [3] and the interest includes, among other fields, supercapacitors [4], energy harvesting/storage [3,5], conversion devices [6,7], flexible electronics [8], sensors [9,10] and other electrochemical applications [11,12]. The limited amount in nature, the increasing price and demand for conventional materials (in particular metals) suggest that low-cost, high-performance and new materials would be desirable [13]. ...
Functional materials are promising candidates for application in structural health monitoring/self-healing composites, wearable systems (smart textiles), robotics, and next-generation electronics. Any improvement in these topics would be of great relevance to industry, environment, and global needs for energy sustainability. Taking into consideration all these aspects, low-cost fabrication of electrical functionalities on the outer surface of carbon-nanotube/polypropylene composites is presented in this paper. Electrical-responsive regions and conductive tracks, made of an accumulation layer of carbon nanotubes without the use of metals, have been obtained by the laser irradiation process, leading to confined polymer melting/vaporization with consequent local increase of the nanotube concentration over the electrical percolation threshold. Interestingly, by combining different investigation methods, including thermogravimetric analyses (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements, scanning electron and atomic force microscopies (SEM, AFM), and Raman spectroscopy, the electrical properties of multi-walled carbon nanotube/polypropylene (MWCNT/PP) composites have been elucidated to unfold their potentials under static and dynamic conditions. More interestingly, prototypes made of simple components and electronic circuits (resistor, touch-sensitive devices), where conventional components have been substituted by the carbon nanotube networks, are shown. The results contribute to enabling the direct integration of carbon conductive paths in conventional electronics and next-generation platforms for low-power electronics, sensors, and devices.
... [1][2][3] The global energy shortage and environmental problems have promoted the development of efficient and clean energy. [4][5][6] Nuclear power plays a significant role in addressing the energy shortage [7][8][9][10] and mitigating environmental problems such as the climate change. [11,12] Uranium, as a critical radioactive element, has been widely used to produce nuclear power, which is increasing the necessity for uranium as an energy resource. ...
... For example, the adsorption capacity of GO-DM-AO enhanced with the contact time, and reaches adsorption equilibrium at 30 min. [75] HO-CB [6]/GO for U(VI) adsorption was very fast, and it can complete 90% of uranium adsorption within 5 min and reached the adsorption equilibrium within 20 min. [93] The adsorption of U(VI) onto Fe-Ni/GO was rapid because of many adsorption sites at the initial stage, and the adsorption equilibrium of U(VI) was reached after 80 min. ...
... By stacking two or more subcells with complementary absorption range, the tandem devices can harvest high-and low-energy photons in the separated cells, which is a potential way to diminish the thermalization loss of photonic energy and overcome the Shockley-Queisser (S-Q) limit observed in single-junction devices. [18][19][20] In particular, stacking two subcells with identical active layer affords the so-called homo-tandem cells, which are able to overcome the trade-off between the transmission loss and charge recombination in single-junction devices. Although the multiple-layer deposition is involved in tandem OSCs, it seems to be more convenient to realize high efficiency without the limitations of material choice and complexity of morphology control than ternary blend OSCs. ...
Organic solar cells (OSCs) have attracted considerable attentions and have witnessed rapid progress from the aspects of material design, device engineering, and device physics. Tandem OSCs stacking more than one single‐junction device in series or parallel connection are developed to diminish the thermalization and/or transmission losses for improving the device performances. The optical managements by developing new photoactive materials, using high‐conductive semitransparent interconnecting layers and smart device architectures are the key factors toward high‐performance tandem OSCs. Herein, the recent advances in tandem OSCs are summarized from the aspects of photosensitive materials, interconnecting layers, and specific device structures. Finally, challenges and perspectives in the future development of tandem OSCs are also presented. Herein, the development of tandem organic solar cells (OSCs) from the aspects of photosensitive materials, interconnecting layers and specific device structures is summarized. Challenges and perspectives of tandem OSCs in the future are also presented here.
