Table 1 - uploaded by Miqdam Tariq Chaichan
Content may be subject to copyright.
Source publication
Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), Natural gas (NG) and hydrogen were used to operate spark ignition internal combustion engine Ricardo E6, to compare NOx emissions emitted from the engine, with that emitted from engine fueled with gasoline as a fuel.The study was done when engine operated at HUCR for gasoline, compared with its operation at HUCR for e...
Context in source publication
Similar publications
The article presents the results of tests on lean mixtures of high methane natural gas GZ-50 – air composition λ=1.4 carried out in a test stand cylindrical combustion chamber. The bases of the chamber were made in form of quartz glass windows. It permitted observation and recording of there occurring combustion process. The combustion process was...
A simulation study on the effect of hydrogen addition as supplementary fuel to gasoline at lean mixture (equivalence ratio () = 0.8) was carried out in order to reduce the gasoline fuel consumption and harmful emissions. The effect on the first law, emissions, and second law parameters were investigated. This was done by changing the mixture ratio...
In model-based combustion simulations, laminar flame speed (LFS) is a vital parameter for predicting spark-ignited (SI) turbulent combustion, which is unstable under ultra-lean mixtures. Accurate predictions of ultra-lean combustion require a proper LFS correlation. This work proposes a novel LFS equation for a 5-component gasoline surrogate to ref...
![Fig. 2-Schematic diagram of the EGR control system [10].](profile/Wasiu-Olalekan/publication/327237254/figure/fig2/AS:664099948077057@1535345174667/Schematic-diagram-of-the-EGR-control-system-10_Q320.jpg)
An experimental study has been conducted to study the performance and emission characteristics of the direct injection hydrogen enriched compressed natural gas engine employing exhaust gas recirculation (i.e. DI-HCNG-EGR) at various excess air ratios (λ = 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3 and 1.4) which represent rich, stoichiometric, slightly lean, moderate...
The creation of a more stable flame along with the extension of flammability limits under lean mixture combustion was the main motivation to develop a new burner design, which has been investigated in this research. The current burner configuration was utilized to create a wide range of higher turbulent intensities and to produce different degrees...
Citations
... Relatively high levels of NOx and NH₃ emissions are observed. For conventional gasoline and LPG engines, the NOx emission is normally in the range of 500 to 2500 ppm [10]. NOx and NH₃ emissions show a trade-off relationship, similar to the relationship between NOx and CO/THC in conventional gasoline engines. ...
A s the carbon neutrality to reduce greenhouse gas emissions has become a global movement, the development of power sources using carbon-free fuels is an essential task for the industry. Accordingly, many companies in various fields that need carbon reduction are striving to develop power sources and build energy value chains using carbon-free or carbon-neutral fuels such as hydrogen and E-fuel. Ammonia, which is also a carbon-free fuel, stands as an efficient energy vector delivering high energy density and flexibility in transportation and storage, capable of mitigating hydrogen's key drawbacks. However, difficulty of controlling combustion of ammonia due to its fuel characteristics limited the development of internal combustion engines using ammonia to the basic research stage in the limited operating conditions. Hyundai Motor Company presents the development of ammonia fueled 4-cylinder SI engine using direct injection strategy, designed based on 2.5L LPG T-DI engine. It is the first multi-cylinder engine using liquefied ammonia direct injection fuel system (DI), making it possible to meet the performance and efficiency targets by overcoming the low air-fuel ratio characteristic of ammonia. Many other improvements were also carried out by design changes, hydrogen addition, and control optimization to overcome the low flame propagation speed of ammonia. Basic performance evaluation was carried out in all operating ranges of the engine, showing the potential of ammonia fueled carbon-free internal combustion engine as an alternative energy source for vehicles and power generations.
... Lead is one of the oldest known and most widely studied environmental (Chaichan & Abass, 2010). Although the USA and the European Union have banned lead as an additive to fuel for vehicles on the road, it is still used in gasoline in many countries in the Middle East including Iraq. ...
... The normal range of electrical conductivity in the aqueous extract of ordinary soils ranges between (2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20) mmol/cm (Kirkby, 1984). When comparing the results of the study with normal ranges, we note that the soils in filling stations are located within the soils with very little salinity, i.e. in the range of (0-2) mmoz / cm. ...
This study was completed in the city of Kirkuk. Environmental pollution with lead was studied in a number of government gas stations in Kirkuk Governorate, causing an increase in the rates of pollutants coming out of car exhaust, including the lead element in five sites, namely: Andalusia gas station, Al-Mutawra gas station, Baba Gurgur gas station, and Uqba bin Nafi gas station. The fifth site is the control site in the Domiz area in the south of the province. The research sampled the soil of these stations for a period of six months, a sample every month, starting from November 2022 until April 2023, and blood samples were taken for some smoking workers in those stations, as the concentration of the lead element in those samples was determined. Also, its effect on some blood parameters (C-RP, Pb) and pollution was studied by calculating the concentration of lead and some tests for the blood of people working in gas stations and those not working in them. The results of the study were determined by three main parts: First: Quantitative results related to the amount of lead present in the soil for filling stations and control area. Second: Quantitative results of some physical factors of the soil of filling stations. Third: Physiological results of some blood tests for some workers in the stations of smokers and control group. The quantitative results showed significant differences between the stations and the control area, as the results recorded the highest average concentration of lead in the soil (20.85 ± 0.35) ppm in the fourth station (Uqba bin Nafi) and the lowest average concentration (15.75 ± 0.34) ppm in the first station (Andalusia) and the average concentration in the control area was (11.51 ± 0.28) ppm. The physiological results, included tests such as C-RP, Pb are concerned with the blood of smoking workers in those stations of smokers and indicate the concentration of lead in it to know the extent of the impact of the amount of lead in the gas stations on the health and safety of people. The extent of the impact of smoking as a contributing factor in increasing the percentage of pollution and its impact on human health. The highest concentration of lead in smoking station workers was (31.9 ± 0.99) ppm and the lowest concentration was (27.6 ± 1.26) ppm .
... Hydrogen IC engines emit very low CH except the CH emission caused by the engine lubrication oil and the diesel used in the C.I. engine. But it has one drawback of high rate of NOX emission compared to the gasoline [9]. ...
... Fig. 2 provides a graphical representation of the amount of NOx emission [66]. Chaichan, Abass [9] have studied the NOx emission for different fuels like CNG, gasoline, hydrogen at a given compression ratio (CR). ...
... With an increase in temperatures, the shift in dissociation equilibrium is the reason for low NOx concentrations, also in the expansion stroke, the dissociation reactions freeze. In rich burn engines, lowering the air/fuel ratio limits the availability of O2 inside the cylinder [27]. Figure 11. ...
This study focused on the computational and parametric research on a single cylinder spark ignition engine using dual-fuel, 100 % gasoline and (10 %, 20 %, 30 %) propane in gasoline on volume basis as an alternative fuel for investigating the performance and emission characteristics of spark ignition engine. The performance parameters Brake power, Torque, Bsfc, and Bmep were examined using Avl Boost software. In addition, the exhaust emissions like nitrogen oxide, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons were also measured. The (10 %, 20 %, &30 %) of propane in gasoline decreases in power compared to 100 % gasoline, however engine fuelled with 10 %, 20 %, and 30 % propane in gasoline shows reduction in specific fuel consumption. The study investigates the effect of dual-fuel propane and gasoline on a four-stroke single cylinder spark ignition engine. The study was carried out at varying percentage load and varying compression ratio for constant engine speed. The focus of this parametric study tries to investigate the effects of replacing individual gasoline and propane with the optimum mixture of 10 %, 20 %, and 30 % propane in gasoline on volume basis in spark ignition engine in order to improve its performance and emission characteristics.
... Gaseous fuels have low levels of exhaust pollutants compared to gasoline or diesel fuel because they are a low carb or carbonless compound, as in the case of hydrogen [27][28][29]. So most researchers have found that pollutants emitted from a gas-fired engine are very little hydrocarbon exhaust pollutants (CO, CO2 and HC) compared to diesel and gasoline or none as in the case of hydrogen [30][31][32]. ...
Gaseous fuels are widely accepted as an alternative to gasoline because it reduces emissions from the engine after burning. Iraq today is considered one of the most countries with a large stock of natural gas and has begun to produce and export to the world. So, using this gas as a vehicle fuel has become a matter of time. In this study, we investigated the NOx exhaust pollutants emitted by a single-cylinder spark ignition engine. The results showed that natural gas can act as a fuel in spark ignition engines with no change in engine design with low NOx levels. If the compression ratio of the engine is increased to the higher useful compression ratio of natural gas, the NOx concentrations increase. These concentrations are also increased by advancing the spark timing away from the optimal timing. The results showed that the most significant parameter that affects the increase of NOx is the equivalent ratio. NOx levels rise at an equivalence ratio of 0.95 and reduce in the lean and rich sides.
... This difference in the flame speed has prompted researchers to mix natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, and even gasoline with hydrogen to take advantage of this characteristic [29][30][31]. These studies have shown that the work of the engine with gaseous fuels reduced the emitted exhaust pollutants [32][33][34]. Adding hydrogen to gaseous fuels or gasoline reduces hydrocarbon contaminants and increases NOx pollutants due to increased flame velocity because of hydrogen addition [35][36][37]. Also, the researchers found that increasing the cetane number of diesel fuel reduces pollutants and improves the engine's efficiency [38]. ...
Alcohols are added to gasoline fuel to improve octane and reduce hydrocarbon pollutants emitted from combustion. Methanol has high octane number and high oxygen content, so it is a suitable type of alcohols to be added to gasoline. Fuel from the addition of methanol to gasoline improves the resultant octane number and enables the blend to work at high compression ratios. In this study, a single-cylinder internal combustion engine was used to measure the effect of adding methanol alcohol in volume fractions of 10% and 20% to gasoline fuel on the noise of the engine. The results showed a significant reduction in the noise of the engine when adding methanol by 10% compared to the other two studied cases.
... This difference in the flame speed has prompted researchers to mix natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, and even gasoline with hydrogen to take advantage of this characteristic [29][30][31]. These studies have shown that the work of the engine with gaseous fuels reduced the emitted exhaust pollutants [32][33][34]. Adding hydrogen to gaseous fuels or gasoline reduces hydrocarbon contaminants and increases NOx pollutants due to increased flame velocity because of hydrogen addition [35][36][37]. Also, the researchers found that increasing the cetane number of diesel fuel reduces pollutants and improves the engine's efficiency [38]. ...
Alcohols are added to gasoline fuel to improve octane and reduce hydrocarbon pollutants emitted from combustion. Methanol has high octane number and high oxygen content, so it is a suitable type of alcohols to be added to gasoline. Fuel from the addition of methanol to gasoline improves the resultant octane number and enables the blend to work at high compression ratios. In this study, a single-cylinder internal combustion engine was used to measure the effect of adding methanol alcohol in volume fractions of 10% and 20% to gasoline fuel on the noise of the engine. The results showed a significant reduction in the noise of the engine when adding methanol by 10% compared to the other two studied cases.
... Also, hydrogen is a good fuel as it doesn't emits no air pollutants when combust except of tiny concentrations of NOx [16]. Hydrogen was used as fuel in spark ignition engines alone [17], or added to NG [18], LPG [19], and gasoline [20]. Also, it was used in diesel engine added to diesel fuel [21], or to biodiesels [22]. ...
Hydrogen today has become an acceptable fuel for many energy applications and systems. It is necessary to define basic safety specifications, and ways to deal with this fuel. It is important to be able to use hydrogen in the same proportion as other fuels, without any added risks. The identification of hydrogen safety should include understanding of its important combustion phenomena. Because hydrogen has low liquid state temperature (-212°C), it is sensitive to the vessels and containers' walls, and it could cause thermal decline and condensation to it.
The identification of safety hazards for any fuel is a very complex mission and requires analysis of high-quality technical information, compared with information similar to other types of fuel. The conditions of ignition, fire, and explosion should be carefully studied and evaluated to ensure that the fuel is actually safe to be used. From here, it can be said that hydrogen may be safer than conventional fuels when used in some applications, and may become more dangerous than most of them in other applications.Because of the depth and importance of this subject, it has been dealt with in great depth. Scientific literature is filled with very large numbers of papers that are taught and addresses several safety points and safety considerations when using hydrogen. In the following pages, efforts were made to summarize and explain what many researchers have studied in the field of hydrogen safety.
... For gasoline engines, researchers studied the use of ethanol [36,37], bioethanol [38,39], methanol and a mixture of these alcohols with gasoline [40, 41 and 42]. The results of studies have shown a decrease in many emitted pollutants with a partial increase in nitrogen oxides [43,44]. Some researchers have focused on the use of gaseous fuels such as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) [45,46], which is a byproduct of oil, and its combustion reduces the emissions of CO and unburnt hydrocarbons and it has a high octane number [47,48]. ...
This study focuses on the influence of main variables on engine performance; they are compression ratio, equivalence ratio, spark timing. The results show that the higher useful compression ratio for hydrogen was Ø=11:1. The brake power increases with compression ratio increase, and at (Ø=0.9-1) lies the highest brake power of the engine. In addition, when engine fueled with hydrogen it could run by very lean equivalence ratios. The exhaust gas temperature reduced. The spark timing is the major factor effecting engine operation; it is affected by compression ratio, equivalence ratio. Abnormal phenomenon was detected like pre-ignition and high-pressure rates before top dead center. Hydrogen engine emits NO x emissions only. NO x emissions increase with CR increase in the lean side, and reduced in the rich side. NOx concentrations are very low at equivalence ratio less than 0.7.
... Ref. [39] focused on the effect of the use of several gases, namely liquefied petroleum gas, natural gas, and hydrogen on the CO concentrations emitted from the engine and compared those levels with the engine run by gasoline. The study was done at the HUCR for gasoline 8:1 and then when the engine at the HUCR for each fuel separately. ...
The world suffers from air pollution from burning fossil fuels to produce energy. Cars consume a large proportion of fuel, especially spark ignition engines. The pollutants produced by these engines can be reduced using new types of alternative fuels, including hydrogen gas. Hydrogen is characterized by its high speed and high resistance to knock, making it an acceptable option for use in spark ignition engines. Among the disadvantages that prevent the use of hydrogen is its ease of ignition, safety requirements, lack of energy on the volume basis. In this study, we are trying to review a number of new researches which have tested practically and theoretically the use of hydrogen in ignition engines.
