Figure 4 - available via license: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported
Content may be subject to copyright.
Citations
... The existence of mangrove species in the polyculture system is influenced by environmental conditions and physical characteristics of the ecosystem, Physiologically, Rhizophora is a mangrove that has high adaptation to extreme environments, such as muddy soil [12] and unstable soil conditions due to tides [13]. In addition, Rhyzophora is also able to survive in a wide salinity range, so it can be found in areas with lower salinity, such as areas bordering the mainland, as well as in areas with high salinity [14]; [15]. ...
This study aimed to explore the integration of mangroves into a polyculture system involving various fish species, including milkfish (Chanos chanos), tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus), and tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) in Langensari, Subang, West Java and assess water quality and analyze heavy metal content in mangrove root sediments. Observations were conducted at two observation stations, namely: Station1, in a residential pond (ST-1) and Station-2 in the estuary area (ST-2). Water quality and heavy metal content taken from root sediments were measured using AA-7000, Shimadzu® atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). At Station-1 (ST-1), three dominant mangrove species were found, namely R. stylosa, A. marina, and B. gymnorhiza. While in ST-2, A. marina and S. caseolaris were found. Water quality parameters, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), pH, and heavy metals Cu, Cd, and Pb were conducted to assess the effectiveness of the roots’ ability to precipitate pollutants. Water quality test results showed that A. marina roots were more effective at precipitating heavy metals than R. stylosa roots in both locations. A. marina showed higher levels of Cu, Cd, and Pb than R. stylosa.
... The distribution of leaves in a mangrove stand may also affect the resulting FVC. In example, Ceriops tagal, usually in the middle and landward mangrove zone, has majority of its leaves clumped at the end of the twigs (Primavera, 1998;Costa et al., 2019), resulting to less vegetation canopy density when seen from above. The sparse/ damaged zone recorded the least values for the biophysical and vegetation indices. ...
Moderate to high resolution satellite imageries are commonly used in mapping mangrove cover from local to global scales. In addition to extent information, studies such as mangrove composition, ecology, and distribution analysis require further information on mangrove zonation. Mangrove zonation refers to unique sections within a mangrove forest being dominated by a similar family, genus, or species. This can be observed both in natural and planted mangrove forests. In this study, a mapping workflow was developed to detect zonation in test mangrove forest sites in Katunggan-It Ibajay (KII) Ecopark (Aklan), Bintuan (Coron), Bogtong, and Sagrada (Busuanga) in the Philippines and Fukido Mangrove Park (Ishigaki, Japan) using Sentinel-2 imagery. The methodology was then applied to generate a nationwide mangrove zonation map of the Philippines for year 2020. Combination of biophysical products, water, and vegetation indices were used as classification inputs including leaf area index (LAI), fractional vegetation cover (FVC), fraction of photosynthetically-active radiation (FAPAR), Canopy chlorophyll content (C ab ), canopy water content (C w ), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), modified normalized difference water index (MNDWI), modified chlorophyll absorption in reflectance index (MCARI), and red-edge inflection point (REIP). Mangrove extents were first mapped using either the Maximum Likelihood Classification (MLC) algorithm or the Mangrove Vegetation Index (MVI)-based methodology. The biophysical and vegetation indices within these areas were stacked and transformed through Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Regions of Interest (ROIs) were selected on the PCA bands as training input to the MLC. Results show that mangrove zonation maps can highlight the major mangrove zones in the study sites, commonly limited up to genera level only except for genera with only one known species thriving in the area. Four zones were detected in KII Ecopark: Avicennia zone, Nypa zone, Avicennia mixed with Nypa zone, and mixed mangroves zones. For Coron and Busuanga, the mapped mangrove zones are mixed mangroves, Rhizophora zone and sparse/damaged zones. Three zones were detected in Fukido site: Rhizophora stylosa -dominant zone, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza -dominant zone, and mixed mangrove zones. The zonation maps were validated using field plot data and orthophotos generated from Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) surveys, with accuracies ranging from 75 to 100%.
... The mangrove forest in Cengkrong Beach, East Java is dominated by Sonneratia alba, Rhizophora mucronata, Bruguiera gymnorhiza, and Ceriops tagal (Mughofar et al. 2018). Mangrove vegetation in Metinaro, Timor Leste is dominated by Rhizophora apiculata (Costa et al. 2019). The species of mangroves found in Tanjung Panjang Nature Reserve, Gorontalo are Ceriops tagal, Rhizophora mucronata, and Rhizophora stylosa (Baderan et al. 2018). ...
Irawan A, Chikmawati T, Sulistijorini. 2021. Diversity and zonation of mangrove flora in Belitung Island, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 2981-2992. Mangrove is an important ecosystem located in the coastal tidal zone in tropical and subtropical regions. This ecosystem is characterized by the presence of plant species that can survive in brackish and inundated zone of seawater. There are many mangrove forests in Belitung Island, Indonesia, but the data of mangrove flora diversity and zonation in this island have not been described. This study aims to reveal the diversity and analyze the zonation of mangrove flora in Belitung Island. This research was conducted using a cruising method to explore the diversity of mangrove flora species and a line transect to analyze the zonation of mangrove flora. The exploration locations for diversity of mangrove flora were Kuale Tambak Beach, Asam Beach, Belitung Mangrove Park Area, Manggar River, Sentigi Beach, Sabong Beach, and Kembiri Beach. Mangrove flora zonation was observed in Asam Beach (north), Kembiri Beach (south) and Kuale Tambak Beach (east). The result showed that mangrove flora in Belitung Island consisted of 12 families, 16 genera, and 24 species. Species found were dominated by 8 species from the Rhizophoraceae family with the largest number of species were from the genera of Bruguiera and Rhizophora. The species of Bruguiera included Bruguiera gymnorhiza, Bruguiera sexangula, Bruguiera cylindrica, and Bruguiera parviflora. Meanwhile, the Rhizophora species that have been found were Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, and Rhizophora stylosa. The Kembiri beach had the highest number of species of the mangrove flora with 18 species. The zonation of mangrove flora at each research location showed a different zonation pattern. The mangrove vegetation on Kulae Tambak Beach was behind the Casuarina equisetifolia vegetation, while the mangrove vegetation on the Asam and Kembiri Beaches directly faced the sea. The difference in zonation patterns is likely caused by local topography on Belitung Island, substrate conditions and salinity factors on the mangroves of Belitung Island.
... Overall, S. alba was recorded the highest density (878 ind/ha) ( Table 3). According to previous studies, such as Mulla and Chavan (2017) in the Coast of Ratnagiri India, Widyastuti et al. (2018) in Segara Anakan Mangrove Forest Cilacap, Costa et al. (2019) in the Coast of Metinaro Timor Leste reported that S. alba had a high density. S. alba is one of the true mangrove species that is adaptive to environmental changes. ...
Imamsyah A, Arthana IW, Astarini IA. 2020. The influence of physicochemical environment on the distribution and abundance of mangrove gastropods in Ngurah Rai Forest Park Bali, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 3178-3188. Ngurah Rai Forest Park is the widest mangrove ecosystem in Bali that close to the business center and tourism area. The strategic location of the Ngurah Rai Forest Park is estimated to produce anthropogenic waste that can disrupt the gastropod population and stability of the mangrove ecosystems. This study aims to analyze the mangrove density, distribution, and abundance of gastropods based on the quality of the biophysical environment. Mangrove data collection was carried out using a plot transect of 10 m x 10 m, 5 m x 5 m, and 1 m x 1 m. Meanwhile, samples gastropods were collected on a plot transect of 0.5 m x 0.5 m in plot transect of 5 m x 5 m. A total of 11 gastropods species and 6 mangrove species were recorded in this study. The dominant gastropods species found were Assiminea brevicula (28 ind/m2). Species mangrove of Sonneratia alba and Rhizophora apiculata found were in all study sites with tree density values of 1000 ind/ha. Subsequently, the ecological index calculation results show that the diversity index (H’) (2.89-3.2), evenness index (E) (0.87-0.93), and dominance index (C) (0.12-0.17). Based on the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) found was Assiminea brevicula spread on sand and silt substrates and adaptive to the temperature condition, salinity, pH, and dissolved oxygen. Furthermore, other analysis results showed that Cerithidea cingulata, Cerithidea quadrata, Littoraria articulata, and Littoraria scabra were found on clay substrate with high C-organic content. In conclusion, gastropods are evenly distributed and no species dominate the ecosystems.
