Figure 2 - uploaded by Andrea Patriarca
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Fruits infected by Alternaria spp. (A) Black mould of tomato fruit, (B) moldy core-rot of apple, (C) black heart rot of mandarin.
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... rot") of oranges and lemons caused by an Alternaria species generally known as A. citri appears as internal blackening of the fruit. Two kinds of Alternaria heart rot are distinguished in mandarins based on the color of the affected tissues (grey or black). The grey color is associated with felty gray mycelium and the black color with sporulation (Fig. 2C). Investigations carried out on the natural occurrence of mycotoxins in infected fruits showed that the two kinds of mandarin heart rot contain different mycotoxin profiles: TA, AME and AOH were found in black rot samples, whereas TA was the only toxin detectable in grey rot samples. Besides the three main toxins, ALT and altenuic ...
Context 2
... is common for many soft-skinned fruits, tomatoes are especially susceptible to fungal decay. Alternaria is the most frequent fungus on moldy tomatoes and is responsible for the disease known as "black mould of tomato" (Fig. 2A). It appears as dark brown to black typical lesions, which are of firm texture and can become several centimeters in diameter, with abundant sporulation of the fungus. Fruits become increasingly susceptible to fungal invasion during ripening. The disease is favored by warm rainy weather. Infection can occur at the stem end of the fruit ...
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... rot of apples is a well-known post-harvest disease that mainly infects the Red Delicious varieties (Fig. 2B). Moldy core rot reduces apple fruit quality and is a worldwide problem occurring in most countries where apples are grown. The disease has been linked in the past to the single species A. alternata, whereas later studies concluded that representatives of several species groups, including A. arborescens, A. infectoria and A. tenuissima, ...
Context 4
... center rot (or "black heart rot") of oranges and lemons caused by an Alternaria species generally known as A. citri appears as internal blackening of the fruit. Two kinds of Alternaria heart rot are distinguished in mandarins based on the color of the affected tissues (grey or black). The grey color is associated with felty gray mycelium and the black color with sporulation (Fig. 2C). Investigations carried out on the natural occurrence of mycotoxins in infected fruits showed that the two kinds of mandarin heart rot contain different mycotoxin profiles: TA, AME and AOH were found in black rot samples, whereas TA was the only toxin detectable in grey rot samples. Besides the three main toxins, ALT and altenuic acid-III were detected in citrus fruit ...
Context 5
... is common for many soft-skinned fruits, tomatoes are especially susceptible to fungal decay. Alternaria is the most frequent fungus on moldy tomatoes and is responsible for the disease known as "black mould of tomato" (Fig. 2A). It appears as dark brown to black typical lesions, which are of firm texture and can become several centimeters in diameter, with abundant sporulation of the fungus. Fruits become increasingly susceptible to fungal invasion during ripening. The disease is favored by warm rainy weather. Infection can occur at the stem end of the fruit or through mechanical injury, cracking from excessive moisture during growth, or chilling. Some investigations have demonstrated that Alternaria rot can develop at all acceptable handling temperatures and can be avoided only by rapid marketing. Fungal decay of fresh tomatoes is very rapid at 25 ...
Context 6
... rot of apples is a well-known post-harvest disease that mainly infects the Red Delicious varieties (Fig. 2B). Moldy core rot reduces apple fruit quality and is a worldwide problem occurring in most countries where apples are grown. The disease has been linked in the past to the single species A. alternata, whereas later studies concluded that representatives of several species groups, including A. arborescens, A. infectoria and A. tenuissima, were ...
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... The genus Alternaria (Pleosporaceae, Pleosporales) contains 366 accepted and recognizable species. Some species cause pre-harvest and post-harvest damage to cereal grains, fruits, and vegetables (Patriarca and Pinto 2018;Wijayawardene et al. 2020). Alternaria spp. ...
Perylenequinones (PQs) are aromatic polyketides with an oxidized pentacyclic core that make up a family of natural compounds. Naturally occurring PQs mostly are produced by phytopathogenic fungi, with few aphides, crinoids, and plants. PQs, also known as photosensitizers, absorb light energy which empowers them to produce reactive oxygen species that damage host cells. Therefore, PQs gained a considerable interest in pharmaceutical application notably in photodynamic therapy. This review presents a comprehensive overview of fungal PQs. Their occurrence, categorization, biosynthesis, structures, and bioactivities are all discussed in detail. After that, an analysis outlines their distribution across the kingdom of fungi. A total of 66 fungal PQs have been described from 22 ascomycete genera (Alternaria, Aspergillus, Bulgaria, Cenococcum, Cercospora, Cladosporium, Curvularia, Daldinia, Elsinoë, Hypocrella, Hypomyces, Parastagonospora, Phaeosphaeria, Phylacia, Pyrenochaeta, Rhopalostroma, Rubroshiraia, Setophoma, Shiraia, Stemphylium, Stagonospora, and Thamnomyces). Dothideomycetes account for the majority of documented fungal PQs (82%), followed by Sordariomycetes (14%), Leotiomycetes (3%), and Eurotiomycetes (1%). Herein, five families Pleosporaceae, Phaeosphaeriaceae, Cladosporiaceae, Shiraiaceae, and Hypoxylaceae are highlighted as potential sources of novel PQs due to their diversity. The review intends to pique bioprospectors’ interest in fungal PQs. Indeed, the pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries might gain greatly by exploiting fungal perylenequinones.
Graphical abstract
... Alternaria species from section Infectoriae were detected as common species in food, the indoor environment and human cutaneous infections [23,51,[60][61][62]. Recent studies have reported the incidence of species belonging to this section on potato plants in the Pacific North-west [58], in Pakistan [63], in Iran [17], in Russia [64], and our inoculation assays have indeed confirmed that the species from this section could be pathogenic to this host as well as to tomatoes. ...
Although large-spored Alternaria species of the section Porri are considered to be the major agents responsible for leaf spot and blight of Solanaceae, small-spored Alternaria species are also frequently isolated from symptomatic tissues. A survey of the north-western regions of Algeria during the 2017–2018 growing seasons revealed that amongst the 623 Alternaria isolates from tomato, potato, pepper, eggplant and black nightshade, 8% could not be morphologically assigned to either section Porri or section Alternaria. In order to more precisely determine the taxonomic position of these isolates, detailed morphological characterizations and multi-locus phylogenetic analyses were performed. Based on these analyses, the isolates were grouped into four main clades: section Ulocladioides, section Infectoriae, including two new species, section Embellisioides, and section Eureka, including one new species. These isolates were also characterized for their virulence under green-house conditions. They were able to produce leaf spot symptoms on tomato plants but with variable levels.
... Alternaria alternata is one of the most important fungi causing postharvest decay (Patriarca and Fernández Pinto, 2018). This is a common necrotrophic fungal pathogen that can cause diseases in a wide range of plant varieties, such as black spot rot in tomato, jujube and pear fruit, moldy core-rot of apple, and black heart rot of mandarin (Pavicich et al., 2020). ...
ε-Poly-l-lysine (ε-PL) is a natural antimicrobial poly-cationic peptide widely applied as a natural preservative in the food industry, whereas its application in preventing postharvest loss of fruit was largely absent. This study investigated the antifungal activity of ε-PL and determined the possible mechanisms involved. The in vivo results indicated that 500 mg L⁻¹ exogenous ε-PL treatment significantly inhibited black spot rot in apple, jujube, and tomato. The lesion diameter inhibition rate was range from 20.11% to 29.09% by 500 mg L⁻¹ ε-PL treatment. ε-PL exerts antifungal activity against A. alternata in vitro, the half-inhibition concentration is 160.1 mg L⁻¹. ε-PL induced morphology and ultrastructure change on the pathogen, which resulted in the inhibition of A. alternata. This was accomplished by disturbing pathogen membrane integrity and functionality. The fluorometric assay confirmed that ε-PL induced endogenous reactive oxygen species formation and accumulation in A. alternata and the elicited severe lipid peroxidation that caused membrane lesions. Further, ε-PL treatment enhanced the expression of genes involved in antioxidant metabolism and pathogenesis-related responses in apple fruit. These findings illustrated that ε-PL exhibits multifaceted antifungal activity by the direct effect on the pathogen as well as induce host defense responses. ε-PL may be conducive as a promising alternative for Alternaria rot management.
... The specialists' interest of all over the world does not fade away in studies of the leaf spots etiology in agricultural crops caused by pathogenic species of the genus Alternaria Nees on cereals, oilseeds, many vegetable and fruit plantations [1]. For grapes, these fungi are new mycopathogens that are part of the necrotic leaf spot pathocomplex [2,3]. ...
Fungi from the genus Alternaria Nees are new harmful grapes mycopathogens; they are a part of the necrotic leaf spot pathocomplex. The disease intensive development leads to more than 50% necrotisation of the leaf surface, leaving no leaf on the plant by the end of the growing season. An alternative to chemical protection against the disease is the use of biocontrol agents. For this purpose, the screening of fungal antagonist strains from the collection of the laboratory of the biological method of the Federal scientific center «V.S. Pustovoit All-Russian Research Institute of Oil crops» (FSBSI «FSC «ARRIOC») was carried out in relation to the causative agent of necrotic leaf spot of grapes Alternaria sp. by the dual cultures method on two nutrient media – potato-sucrose agar and Rudakov’s agar. Of the 27 fungal strains that were screened for the antagonistic activity to 425-3 Alternaria sp. 17 strains showed the activity. Of these, 12 strains competed for feeding area and exhibited hyperparasitism. Strains A-1 and I-3 Basidiomycota , Tr-1 Trichothecium sp. and all strains of Trichoderma sp. showed the greatest antagonistic activity on both media.
