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Fruiting body of Ganoderma. (a) G. cochlear; (b) G. kunmingense J.D. Zhao.; (c) G. lingzhi; (d) G. tropicum (Jungh.) Bres
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In recent years, some natural products isolated from the fungi of the genus Ganoderma have been found to have anti-tumor, liver protection, anti-inflammatory, immune regulation, anti-oxidation, anti-viral, anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic effects. This review summarizes the research progress of some promising natural products and their ph...
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... Species belonging to the genus Ganoderma (P. Karst.) have been utilized as a natural resource in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) for over two hundred years [2,8]. Its utilization has primarily relied on observations and accounts of its efficacy in cancer prevention and treatment, combating infections, modulating the immune system, and regulating blood pressure, among other medicinal benefits [5,6]. ...
... Additionally, polysaccharides such as β-glucans and phenolic compounds play significant roles, exhibiting anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant and antiproliferative [5,6,[11][12][13][14][15][16][17], while ergosterol peroxide has been shown to induce tumor cell death [18]. Wang et al. [8] proposed that the bioactive compounds from G. pfeifferi and other Ganoderma species may exert a synergistic effect, indicating that their medicinal properties typically result from the combination of multiple ingredients. ...
... This implies that the potent antidiabetic activity observed in G. resinaceum extracts cannot be solely attributed to phenolics and carbohydrates, suggesting that other compounds may likely play a pivotal role. To corroborate this, findings from other authors illustrate hepatoprotective effect of terpenoid compounds isolated from Ganoderma fungi, such as ganomycin, fornicatin A, D, and F [8,63]. However, the role of phenolic compounds in antidiabetic activity should not be ignored, since correlation matrix revealed that detected phenolic compounds (Table S1) showed significant positive correlation with measured parameters regarding lipid-lowering properties of examined extracts. ...
Medicinal mushrooms, especially Ganoderma species hold immense promise for production of a wide range of bioactive compounds with various effects. The biochemical potential of indigenous fungal strains, specific to a region, could play a critical role in the continuous search for novel strains with superior activities on a global scale. This research focused on the ethanolic (EtOH) and hot-water (H2O) extracts of fruiting bodies of two wild-growing Ganoderma species: G. pfeifferi and G. resinaceum with an aim to assess its nutritional (total carbohydrate content-TCC), and mineral composition in relation to bioactive properties: antioxidant, antiproliferative and lipid-lowering. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) revealed that G. pfeifferi is a promising source of minerals that are essential for numerous physiological functions in the human body like bone health and muscle and nerve function, with calcium (Ca 4.55 ± 0.41 mg/g d.w.) and magnesium (Mg 1.33 ± 0.09 mg/g d.w.), being the most abundant macro element present. Zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and chromium (Cr) were particularly notable, with concentrations ranging from 21.49 to 41.70 mg/kg d.w. The EtOH extract of G. pfeifferi demonstrated significantly elevated levels of TCC, essential macromolecules for energy and structural functions in the body, with higher quantities of all three standard carbohydrates detected in this type of extract. Similar to revealed composition the same species, G. pfeifferi stood out as the most prominent antioxidant agent, with H2O extract being stronger than EtOH in ABTS assay (86.85 ± 0.67 mg TE/g d.w.), while EtOH extract displayed the highest anti OH• radical scavenging ability (IC50 = 0.18 ± 0.05 μg/mL) as well as the most notable reducing potential among all. The highest antiproliferative effect against the breast cancer cell line (MCF-7), demonstrated the H2O extracts from G. resinaceum with the most pronounced activity after 24 hours (IC50 = 4.88 ± 0.50 μg/mL) which surpasses that of the standard compound, ellagic acid (IC50 = 33.94 ± 3.69 μg/mL). Administration of both Ganoderma extracts mitigated diabetic lipid disturbances and exhibited potential renal and hepatic protection in vivo on white Wistar rats by preservation of kidney function parameters in G. resinaceum H2O pre-treatment (urea: 6.27 ± 0.64 mmol/L, creatinine: 50.00 ± 6.45 mmol/L) and the reduction of ALT levels (17.83 ± 3.25 U/L) com-pared to diabetic control groups treated with saline (urea: 46.98 ± 6.01 mmol/L, creatinine: 289.25 ± 73.87 mmol/L, and ALT: 60.17 ± 9.64 U/L). These results suggest that pre-treatment with G. resinaceum H2O extracts may have potential antidiabetic properties. In summary, detected microelements are vital for maintaining overall health, supporting metabolic processes, and protecting against various chronic diseases. Further research and dietary assessments could help determine the full potential and applications of two underexplored Ganoderma species native to Serbia in nutrition and health supplements.
... They are commonly named as "Lingzhi" or "Rui-zhi" in China, "Youngzhi" in Korea, "Reishi" in Japan and "Ganoderma" in the USA (Liu et al. 2015). These natural bioactive compounds are used to treat and remedy many pathological diseases, including traditional medicine for treating neurasthenia, debility of prolonged illness, insomnia, arthritis, asthma, anorexia, dizziness, chronic hepatitis, hypercholesterolemia, mushroom poisoning, coronary heart disease, hypertension, prevention of acute mountain sickness, deficiency fatigue', carcinoma, and bronchial cough in the elderly (Wang et al. 2020). In addition, Ganoderma products come in the form of various commercial products of Ganoderma such as powders, dietary supplements, coffee, tea, spore products, drinks, syrup, toothpaste, soap, lotion, and capsules, and have been commercialized as effective food and drug supplements for health benefits (Lai et al. 2004). ...
Ganoderma is a large and diverse genus containing fungi that cause white rot to infect a number of plant families. This study describes G. phyllanthicola and G. suae as new species from Southwest China, based on morphological and molecular evidence. Ganoderma phyllanthicola is characterized by dark brown to purplish black pileus surface with dense concentric furrows, pale yellow margin, irregular pileipellis cells, small pores (5–7 per mm) and ellipsoid to sub-globose basidiospores (8.5–10.0 × 6.0–7.5 µm). Ganoderma suae is characterized by reddish brown to oxblood red pileus surface and lead gray to greyish-white pore surface, heterogeneous context, wavy margin and almond-shaped to narrow ellipsoid basidiospores (8.0–10.5 × 5.0–7.0 μm). The phylogeny of Ganoderma is reconstructed with multi-gene sequences: the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), the large subunit (nrLSU), translation elongation factor 1-α gene (TEF-1α) and the second subunit of RNA polymerase II (RPB2). The results show that G. suae and G. phyllanthicola formed two distinct line-ages within Ganoderma . Descriptions, illustrations and phylogenetic analyses results of the two new species are presented.
... Of the around 500 Ganoderma records in Index Fungorum (2023) and Mycobank (2023), almost 185 are considered taxonomically valid (He et al., 2022). Thirty-six species of Ganoderma have been reported for the Mexican mycobiota (Cappello-García et al., 2023) Ganoderma contains about 400 bioactive compounds and more than 150 types of triterpenoids isolated from the fruiting bodies, mycelia, and spores, which vary depending on the species (Wang et al., 2020). Ganoderma lucidum s.l. is the most distinctive species of the genus, used in oriental culture for more than six millennia (Wang et al., 2020). ...
... Thirty-six species of Ganoderma have been reported for the Mexican mycobiota (Cappello-García et al., 2023) Ganoderma contains about 400 bioactive compounds and more than 150 types of triterpenoids isolated from the fruiting bodies, mycelia, and spores, which vary depending on the species (Wang et al., 2020). Ganoderma lucidum s.l. is the most distinctive species of the genus, used in oriental culture for more than six millennia (Wang et al., 2020). A wide range of Ganoderma commodities derived from its fruiting bodies generate about 5 to 6 billion U.S. dollars in commercialization annually (Hapuarachchi et al., 2018), mainly due to the pharmacological attributes of diverse bioactive compounds. ...
Background and Aims: Cultivation of Ganoderma on vineyard pruning wood chips improves the productivity and biochemical composition of their fruiting bodies. Consequently, it has gained traction as an alternative for recycling viticulture waste. The current trend is to increase the production of Ganoderma bioactive compounds in liquid culture. This work aims to evaluate the effect of vineyard pruning extracts on biomass in the liquid culture of Ganoderma native strains from the Sonoran desert, Mexico. Total triterpenoid and antioxidant capacity were prospected in the most competitive native strain vs. control strain. Methods: Vineyard pruning extracts of different polarity and concentrations were evaluated in a cornmeal-glucose-peptone liquid culture to grow Ganoderma spp. for seven days at 25 °C. The antioxidant capacity was determined with ORAC, FRAP, and TEAC assays. The total triterpenoid content was estimated using the spectrophotometric method. The structural analysis was determined by FTIR. Results: The highest overall biomass production was observed in Ganoderma oerstedii, followed by G. subincrustatum, G. weberianum, and G. lucidum (control strain). The highest biomass production was obtained with the polar extract at 500 µg/l. The culture conditions produced a variable response in the antioxidant capacity. The highest total triterpenoid content (686±21 µg/ml) was observed in G. oerstedii at nine days of culture. FTIR analysis showed the presence of hydroxyl and enol groups, and benzene rings characteristic of triterpenoids. Conclusions: Response surface analysis revealed that vineyard pruning extracts enhanced biomass production of Ganoderma spp. in liquid culture. The enhancement varied based on the species, polarity, and concentration of the extract. The antioxidant capacity and total triterpenoid content exhibit variations according to time and culture conditions.
... Oriental medicine has long used the genus Ganoderma, which contains more than 400 species worldwide (Richter et al. 2015). Numerous pharmacological activities of Ganoderma, including anticancer, antihyperglycaemia, anti-inflammation, antioxidant, and antivirus, have been extensively evaluated (Wang et al. 2020). Despite its profound medicinal values, the traditional use of Ganoderma is relatively sparse in Malaysia, as indigenous communities commonly prefer other genera like Amauroderma, Lignosus, Microporus, and Xylaria Foo et al. 2018). ...
Ganoderma, a traditional medicine in Asian countries, has been used to prevent and treat various ailments for centuries. Ganoderma neo-japonicum (synonym Ganoderma bambusicola), also known as purple Lingzhi, is a species that is currently underutilised when compared to Ganoderma lucidum (Lingzhi). However, in recent decades, this mushroom has garnered significant attention due to its ethnomedicinal uses, especially in Southeast Asia regions like Malaysia. The taxonomy and nomenclature of this mushroom have been extensively studied. Numerous publications have reported that G. neo-japonicum displays a variety of medicinal properties, including antioxidation,
anticancer, anti-hyperglycaemic, genoprotective, hepatoprotective, neuritogenic, and antidiabetic effects, both in vitro and in vivo. With the surge of research findings on this mushroom, this review aims to provide a systematic bibliometric analysis of G. neo-japonicum, published between 1991 to 2021. Additionally, the taxonomic description of this mushroom is discussed in detail. Our review reveals that G. neo-japonicum contains polysaccharides (α/β-D-glucans), triterpenoids, and sterols/ ergosterol. However, the existing literature suggests that these active compounds have not yet been explored to their full potential as drug candidates. Moreover, most of the studies are
preclinical and have several drawbacks. In conclusion, G. neo-japonicum possesses valuable pharmacological activities that merit further exploration.
... The genus was first reported and named by Finnish mycologist Petter Adolf Karsten in 1881 [3]. The name arises from the Greek words "ganos" and "derma" that signify the shiny skin caused by the morphological characteristics of the fungus [4]. The classification of the genus has been characterized as chaotic due to the difficulty in precisely identifying the miscellaneous features of the species, while some botanists focus on the basidiocarp color for the classification of the mushroom [5][6][7]. ...
... Researchers' interest in Ganoderma extracts' antitumor properties has grown over time. The antitumor action is associated with increasing the host cell's immunological regulatory function and encouraging tumor cell death [4]. In the present study, we examined the cytotoxic effects of G. adspersum extracts. ...
Ganoderma is a genus of wood-degrading mushrooms with medicinal importance. Most Ganoderma species have been studied extensively for their secondary metabolites, biological activities, and ecological value. In this study, the biological activities of the extracts of G. adspersum growing wild on Morus alba trees in the region of Western Thrace (Greece) were evaluated, and the petroleum ether, dichloromethanolic, and methanolic extracts were studied further for their secondary metabolites. Six substances were isolated by chromatographic (Clumn Chromatography (C.C.), High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)) and spectroscopic methods (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)), which were classified in the following categories: (a) unsaturated fatty acids: cis-oleic acid (1); (b) sterols: ergosta-7,22-dien-3-one (2), ergosta-7,22-dien-3-ol (3), and ergosta-5,7,22-trien-3-ol (4); and (c) lanostane-type triterpenoids: applanoxidic acid G (5) and applanoxidic acid A (6). Finally, the biological activities of the extracts were estimated for their antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic potential. The methanolic extract of G. adspersum showed the highest total antioxidant activity. The results of the antimicrobial activities indicated that all of the extracts had a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranging between 39.1 and 312.5 μg/mL. The evaluation of the cytotoxic activity of the samples showed once again that the methanolic extract was the most potent among the examined extracts, with half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 19.22 μg/mL (Hep2c cells), 32.9 μg/mL (RD cells), and 8.94 μg/mL (L2OB cells). Moreover, the bioactivity scores of the isolated secondary metabolites were calculated using the online computer software program Molinspiration. The compounds showed promising bioactivity scores for drug targets.
... Many species of this genus are widely cultivated in the Far East region. Fungi of this genus contain proteins, polysaccharides, triterpenoids, polyphenols, and other substances with various biological effects [1][2][3], so they can be used in functional foods [4], pharmacy [5], or cosmetics [6]. The genus Ganoderma demonstrates a wide variety of species and strains, differing in genetics, morphology, and biochemical composition [7][8][9]. ...
Attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy was proposed for rapid, versatile, and non-invasive screening of Ganoderma basidiocarps to assess their potential for specific applications. Fifteen species and strains of this fungus were selected for analysis, and fine sections at different parts of young and mature basidiocarps were obtained. The spectra of fungal samples showed significant differences interpreted in terms of biochemical composition using characteristic bands of proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, and triterpenoids. Obviously, for the transverse sections in trama, especially in the basal part, the most intense bands at 950–1200 cm−1 corresponded to polysaccharide vibrations, while for the superficial sections, the bands of carbonyl and aliphatic groups of triterpenoids at 1310–1470, 1550–1740, and 2850–2980 cm−1 predominated. The pilei, especially hymenium tubes, apparently contained more proteins than the bases and stipes, as evidenced by the intense bands of amide vibrations at 1648 and 1545–1550 cm−1. The specificity of the Ganoderma basidiocarp is a densely pigmented surface layer rich in triterpenoids, as proved by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. The spectral differences corresponding to the specificity of the triterpenoid composition may indicate the prospects of individual strains and species of this genus for cultivation and further use in food, cosmetics, or medicine.
... Some species of Ganoderma, mainly Ganoderma lucidum, have been used in traditional Asian medicine for more than six millennia to modulate immunological activity and to treat hypertension, arthritis, asthma, anorexia, hepatitis, cancer, and other illnesses [1][2][3]. The study of natural products is the basis for the discovery of new molecules with different structures and bioactivities. ...
... Moreover, GA Mi was obtained from the mycelium of G. lucidum. The substituents can be at the C- 3,7,11,12,15,22,23,24, and 25 positions of the lanostane skeleton [13]. ...
The genus Ganoderma has been little studied in arid areas worldwide. Ganoderma subincrustatum and Ganoderma weberianum strains were obtained from the Sonoran Desert, Sonora, Mexico. Ganoderma spp. synthesize triterpenoids such as ganoderic acids with antiproliferative activity because they inhibit specific targets, induce apoptosis, and increase the activity of killer cells. Mycelium and fruiting body chloroform extracts from G. subincrustatum and G. weberianum were tested on HeLa, A549, L-929, and RAW 264.7 cell lines. Extracts from the fruiting body present higher antiproliferative activity than mycelium. All extracts induced vesicle and cellular debris formation in all cell lines, being non-selective for cancerous cells. Chloroform extract from G. subincrustatum fruiting bodies presented higher activity against all cell lines. Fractions F7 and F15 from this extract exhibited an IC50 of 37.9 and 41.9 µg/mL on the A549 cell line, respectively; however, chloroform crude extract showed higher activity (IC50 of <25 µg/mL) in all cell lines. Flow cytometry assays of F7 revealed cell death by apoptosis in A549 cells. NMR suggested the presence of ganoderic acids in F7. In future research, it will be interesting to characterize these fractions (metabolites, their bioactivities, and mechanism of action).
... In fungi, coumarins have a good antioxidant capacity [83], and C. rutilus also contains these substances, so C. rutilus is likely to have this ability. Polysaccharide compounds have a variety of biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory activities [84]. Scopoletin can activate some key antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxide (GPX), and glutathione-Stransfer (GST), to enhance the antioxidant defense system of the cells [51]. ...
These authors contributed equally to this work. Abstract: Chroogomphus rutilus is an edible mushroom that has been an important food source since ancient times. It is increasingly sought after for its unique flavor and medicinal value. It is one of the most important wild mushrooms for its medicinal and economic value. C. rutilus contains a variety of active ingredients such as vitamins, proteins, minerals, polysaccharides, and phenolics. C. rutilus and its active compounds have significant anti-oxidant, anti-tumor, immunomodulatory, anti-fatigue, hypoglycemic, gastroprotective, hypolipemic, and neuronal protective properties. This paper summarizes the fungal chemical compositions and health-promoting effects of C. rutilus by collecting the literature on the role of C. rutilus through its active ingredients from websites such as Google Scholar, Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science. Current research on C. rutilus is limited to the cellular and animal levels, and further clinical trials are needed to conduct and provide theoretical support for further development.
... Although there are many reports on the mycochemical composition and biological potential of Ganoderma species, according to the latest edition of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition), the content of triterpenoids and polysaccharides is the main evaluation index (Wang et al. 2020). Gafforov) In general, Ganoderma species contain numerous classes of compounds such as: alkaloids, amino acids, vitamins (Paterson 2006;Cör et al. 2018;Yang et al. 2019a, b;Wang et al. 2020), phenolic acids (Karaman et al. 2010;Zengin et al. 2015;Rašeta et al. 2016Rašeta et al. , 2020aRašeta et al. , 2020bRašeta et al. , 2023Yalcin et al. 2020), ganomycins (Mothana et al. 2003), lignins and lectins, nucleosides, nucleotides, polysaccharides Kozarski et al. 2012;Villares et al. 2012;Ahmad 2018;Balamurugan Yang et al. 2019a, b), steroids (Shao et al. 2016;Shi et al. 2019), tannins (Muhsin et al. 2011;Nagaraj et al. 2014) and triterpenoids (Boh et al. 2000(Boh et al. , 2007Mothana et al. 2003;Zhao et al. 2015;Ahmad 2018;Chen et al. 2018a;Huang et al. 2020a;Biswal et al. 2022;Lin et al. 2022). ...
... Although there are many reports on the mycochemical composition and biological potential of Ganoderma species, according to the latest edition of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition), the content of triterpenoids and polysaccharides is the main evaluation index (Wang et al. 2020). Gafforov) In general, Ganoderma species contain numerous classes of compounds such as: alkaloids, amino acids, vitamins (Paterson 2006;Cör et al. 2018;Yang et al. 2019a, b;Wang et al. 2020), phenolic acids (Karaman et al. 2010;Zengin et al. 2015;Rašeta et al. 2016Rašeta et al. , 2020aRašeta et al. , 2020bRašeta et al. , 2023Yalcin et al. 2020), ganomycins (Mothana et al. 2003), lignins and lectins, nucleosides, nucleotides, polysaccharides Kozarski et al. 2012;Villares et al. 2012;Ahmad 2018;Balamurugan Yang et al. 2019a, b), steroids (Shao et al. 2016;Shi et al. 2019), tannins (Muhsin et al. 2011;Nagaraj et al. 2014) and triterpenoids (Boh et al. 2000(Boh et al. , 2007Mothana et al. 2003;Zhao et al. 2015;Ahmad 2018;Chen et al. 2018a;Huang et al. 2020a;Biswal et al. 2022;Lin et al. 2022). Triterpenoids and polysaccharides are usually considered as the main active compounds from Ganoderma basidiomes, therefore more than 140 biologically active triterpenoids (ganoderic, lucidenic and ganodermic acids, etc.) and more than 200 polysaccharides, lectins, proteins, sterols and other metabolites were isolated from fertile bodies, mycelium and spores from different species of the genus Ganoderma (Paterson 2006;Boh et al. 2007;Villares et al. 2012;Xie et al. 2012;Baby et al. 2015;Bishop et al. 2015;Taofiq et al. 2017;Fig. ...
... 9 Ganoderma resinaceum (Ganodermataceae), Czech Republic. (Photo Michal Tomšovský) Cör et al. 2018;Bulam et al. 2019;Wang et al. 2020;Biswal et al. 2022;Lin et al. 2022). Biswal et al. (2022) concluded using principal component analysis (PCA) analysis on triterpenoids of the selected strains of Ganoderma spp., that the triterpenes, i.e., ganoderic acids A, D, F, J, M, and N, ganoderenic acid B, ganoderiol H, 3β,7β-dihydroxy-11,15,23-trioxo-lanost-8,16-dien-26-oic acid, 3β,7β,15βtrihydroxy-11,23-dioxo-lanost-8,16-dien-26-oic acid and 20-hydroxy-ganoderic acid AM1 were identified as the principal contributors for the discrimination of a particular strain of the Ganoderma mushroom. ...
Ganoderma adspersum (Schulzer) Donk; Ganoderma applanatum (Pers.) Pat.; Ganoderma lucidum (Curtis) P. Karst.; Ganoderma resinaceum Boud. - GANODERMATACEAE
Yusufjon Gafforov, Aisha Umar, Soumya Ghosh, Michal Tomšovský, Mustafa Yamaç, Milena Rašeta, Manzura Yarasheva, Wan Abd Al Qadr Imad Wan-Mohtar et Sylvie Rapior.
Ganoderma adspersum (Schulzer) Donk; Ganoderma applanatum (Pers.) Pat.; Ganoderma lucidum (Curtis) P. Karst.; Ganoderma resinaceum Boud. - GANODERMATACEAE. Pages 1135-1169. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-23031-8_111 ; hal-04373752v1 ; hal-04385086v1
... Currently, Ganoderma species that are both edible and medicinal and offer health advantages are now growing in popularity among consumers. Pharmacological and clinical studies have confirmed that polysaccharides extracted from the fruiting bodies, mycelia, spores, and fermentation broths of Ganoderma species have versatile biological activities such as immunomodulation, antitumor, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-aging properties [121][122][123], which are widely used in functional foods, multi-purpose drugs, and cosmetics. For example, several healthcare products and foods containing polysaccharides from the fruiting bodies, mycelia, spores, and fermentation broths of Ganoderma species have been developed and produced in markets across the globe, including drinks, healthy wine, jams, and cookies [124][125][126]. ...
Ganoderma has served as a valuable food supplement and medicinal ingredient with outstanding active compounds that are essential for human protection against chronic diseases. Modern pharmacology studies have proven that Ganoderma β-d-glucan exhibits versatile biological activities, such as immunomodulatory, antitumor, antioxidant, and antiviral properties, as well as gut microbiota regulation. As a promising polysaccharide, β-d-glucan is widely used in the prevention and treatment of various diseases. In recent years, the extraction, purification, structural characterization, and pharmacological activities of polysaccharides from the fruiting bodies, mycelia, spores, and fermentation broth of Ganoderma species have received wide attention from scholars globally. Unfortunately, comprehensive studies on the preparation, structure and bioactivity, toxicology, and utilization of β-d-glucans from Ganoderma species still need to be further explored, which may result in limitations in future sustainable industrial applications of β-d-glucans. Thus, this review summarizes the research progress in recent years on the physicochemical properties, structural characteristics, and bioactivity mechanisms of Ganoderma β-d-glucan, as well as its toxicological assessment and applications. This review is intended to provide a theoretical basis and reference for the development and application of β-d-glucan in the fields of pharmaceuticals, functional foods, and cosmetics.
