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Energy is an everlasting demand which sustains humanity and its activity throughout the world. The main problem energy for all country is still using fossil energy. Using fossil energy caused pollution and contaminate environment. Adopting Ocean wave energy we can convert the wave into eco-green energy. Wave energy in Indonesia very abundant, it’s...
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... the rolling speed is large, the frequency of the pontoon vibrates also will be faster so that the pendulum will more easily oscillate. Based on Figure 13 the variation of 15 is when the pontoon has an outrigger with a 495 mm sleeve length from end to end, whereas, in variation 12, the length of the outrigger arm from end to end is 413 mm. Based on the experiment, we can see if the length of the outrigger arm is greater, the average amplitude generated by the pendulum oscillation will be smaller. ...
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... is what happens to the pontoon tested by the author. Seen in Figure 13 that the pontoon variation 15 with the larger outrigger sleeve length has a smaller rolling motion, then as a consequence, the pendulum oscillation will have a smaller amplitude as well. In this experiment, changes in the outrigger level will affect the magnitude of the pontoons that are submerged in water. ...
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... larger-laden pontoon (variation 27, laden as high as 106.7 mm) has a larger rolling amplitude compared to the 82.5 mm loaded pontoon. Comparison of this rolling motion can be seen as figure 16. The larger rolling amplitude is why the variation 27 has a greater oscillation amplitude compared to the variation 6. ...
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... also happens to experiments that have been done by the author. It can be seen figure 17 that the pontoon with a variation of 18 having a pendulum mass of 40 grams has a mean deviation smaller than when the pontoon tested is a variation of 21 with a pendulum mass of 20 grams. The pendulum amplitude at variation 18 is 16.61 degrees, while variation 21 has an average pendulum oscillation amplitude of 19.32 degrees. ...
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... it can be concluded that the shorter the pendulum arm the larger the deviation. This is why the pendulum pendants with longer pendulum sleeves have smaller deviations compared to pendulums with shorter arms as shown in Figure 18. Variation 30 was pontoon with pendulum sleeve of 106.7 mm with mean pendulum value of 38.01 degrees, while variation 33 has pendulum arm length of 165 mm with average pendulum deviation value of 31.87 degrees. ...
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... can see that the root of the pendulum arm will be proportional to the period. The angular deviation from the pendulum will be inversely proportional to the period. So it can be concluded that the shorter the pendulum arm the larger the deviation. This is why the pendulum pendants with longer pendulum sleeves have smaller deviations compared to pendulums with shorter arms as shown in Figure 18. Variation 30 was pontoon with pendulum sleeve of 106.7 mm with mean pendulum value of 38.01 degrees, while variation 33 has pendulum arm length of 165 mm with average pendulum deviation value of 31.87 degrees. ...
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... 48 experiments, the effect of the related variables on the pendulum oscillation. Data obtained that the greater the given wave period, the amplitude of the pendulum oscillation will also be greater. The greater the wave period does cause the rolling angle to become smaller, but not so with the rolling speed that occurs. If the rolling speed is large, the frequency of the pontoon vibrates also will be faster so that the pendulum will more easily oscillate. Based on Figure 13 the variation of 15 is when the pontoon has an outrigger with a 495 mm sleeve length from end to end, whereas, in variation 12, the length of the outrigger arm from end to end is 413 mm. Based on the experiment, we can see if the length of the outrigger arm is greater, the average amplitude generated by the pendulum oscillation will be smaller. At the time of variation 12 (outrigger sleeve = 413 mm), the average amplitude of pendulum oscillation is 41.82 degrees with a vibration frequency of 1.23 Hz. Whereas when a variation of 15 that has a 495 mm outrigger sleeve, the pendulum will oscillate with a maximum amplitude of 21.44 degrees and a frequency of 1.355 Hz. According to D. R. Berrett and C. B. Barrass (1999) by increasing the width of the ship (the length of the vessel is considered fixed), the vessel will be more stable [11]. This is what happens to the pontoon tested by the author. Seen in Figure 13 that the pontoon variation 15 with the larger outrigger sleeve length has a smaller rolling motion, then as a consequence, the pendulum oscillation will have a smaller amplitude as well. In this experiment, changes in the outrigger level will affect the magnitude of the pontoons that are submerged in water. The bigger the outrigger, the value of the pontoon will be smaller. The larger-laden pontoon (variation 27, laden as high as 106.7 mm) has a larger rolling amplitude compared to the 82.5 mm loaded pontoon. Comparison of this rolling motion can be seen as figure 16. The larger rolling amplitude is why the variation 27 has a greater oscillation amplitude compared to the variation 6. If we see again equation 2.9 it can be seen that the mass will be inversely proportional to the size of the pendulum. This also happens to experiments that have been done by the author. It can be seen figure 17 that the pontoon with a variation of 18 having a pendulum mass of 40 grams has a mean deviation smaller than when the pontoon tested is a variation of 21 with a pendulum mass of 20 grams. The pendulum amplitude at variation 18 is 16.61 degrees, while variation 21 has an average pendulum oscillation amplitude of 19.32 degrees. The frequency of the pendulum oscillation itself does not have a significant difference value so that in the calculation of power will not be too much ...
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... 48 experiments, the effect of the related variables on the pendulum oscillation. Data obtained that the greater the given wave period, the amplitude of the pendulum oscillation will also be greater. The greater the wave period does cause the rolling angle to become smaller, but not so with the rolling speed that occurs. If the rolling speed is large, the frequency of the pontoon vibrates also will be faster so that the pendulum will more easily oscillate. Based on Figure 13 the variation of 15 is when the pontoon has an outrigger with a 495 mm sleeve length from end to end, whereas, in variation 12, the length of the outrigger arm from end to end is 413 mm. Based on the experiment, we can see if the length of the outrigger arm is greater, the average amplitude generated by the pendulum oscillation will be smaller. At the time of variation 12 (outrigger sleeve = 413 mm), the average amplitude of pendulum oscillation is 41.82 degrees with a vibration frequency of 1.23 Hz. Whereas when a variation of 15 that has a 495 mm outrigger sleeve, the pendulum will oscillate with a maximum amplitude of 21.44 degrees and a frequency of 1.355 Hz. According to D. R. Berrett and C. B. Barrass (1999) by increasing the width of the ship (the length of the vessel is considered fixed), the vessel will be more stable [11]. This is what happens to the pontoon tested by the author. Seen in Figure 13 that the pontoon variation 15 with the larger outrigger sleeve length has a smaller rolling motion, then as a consequence, the pendulum oscillation will have a smaller amplitude as well. In this experiment, changes in the outrigger level will affect the magnitude of the pontoons that are submerged in water. The bigger the outrigger, the value of the pontoon will be smaller. The larger-laden pontoon (variation 27, laden as high as 106.7 mm) has a larger rolling amplitude compared to the 82.5 mm loaded pontoon. Comparison of this rolling motion can be seen as figure 16. The larger rolling amplitude is why the variation 27 has a greater oscillation amplitude compared to the variation 6. If we see again equation 2.9 it can be seen that the mass will be inversely proportional to the size of the pendulum. This also happens to experiments that have been done by the author. It can be seen figure 17 that the pontoon with a variation of 18 having a pendulum mass of 40 grams has a mean deviation smaller than when the pontoon tested is a variation of 21 with a pendulum mass of 20 grams. The pendulum amplitude at variation 18 is 16.61 degrees, while variation 21 has an average pendulum oscillation amplitude of 19.32 degrees. The frequency of the pendulum oscillation itself does not have a significant difference value so that in the calculation of power will not be too much ...
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... 48 experiments, the effect of the related variables on the pendulum oscillation. Data obtained that the greater the given wave period, the amplitude of the pendulum oscillation will also be greater. The greater the wave period does cause the rolling angle to become smaller, but not so with the rolling speed that occurs. If the rolling speed is large, the frequency of the pontoon vibrates also will be faster so that the pendulum will more easily oscillate. Based on Figure 13 the variation of 15 is when the pontoon has an outrigger with a 495 mm sleeve length from end to end, whereas, in variation 12, the length of the outrigger arm from end to end is 413 mm. Based on the experiment, we can see if the length of the outrigger arm is greater, the average amplitude generated by the pendulum oscillation will be smaller. At the time of variation 12 (outrigger sleeve = 413 mm), the average amplitude of pendulum oscillation is 41.82 degrees with a vibration frequency of 1.23 Hz. Whereas when a variation of 15 that has a 495 mm outrigger sleeve, the pendulum will oscillate with a maximum amplitude of 21.44 degrees and a frequency of 1.355 Hz. According to D. R. Berrett and C. B. Barrass (1999) by increasing the width of the ship (the length of the vessel is considered fixed), the vessel will be more stable [11]. This is what happens to the pontoon tested by the author. Seen in Figure 13 that the pontoon variation 15 with the larger outrigger sleeve length has a smaller rolling motion, then as a consequence, the pendulum oscillation will have a smaller amplitude as well. In this experiment, changes in the outrigger level will affect the magnitude of the pontoons that are submerged in water. The bigger the outrigger, the value of the pontoon will be smaller. The larger-laden pontoon (variation 27, laden as high as 106.7 mm) has a larger rolling amplitude compared to the 82.5 mm loaded pontoon. Comparison of this rolling motion can be seen as figure 16. The larger rolling amplitude is why the variation 27 has a greater oscillation amplitude compared to the variation 6. If we see again equation 2.9 it can be seen that the mass will be inversely proportional to the size of the pendulum. This also happens to experiments that have been done by the author. It can be seen figure 17 that the pontoon with a variation of 18 having a pendulum mass of 40 grams has a mean deviation smaller than when the pontoon tested is a variation of 21 with a pendulum mass of 20 grams. The pendulum amplitude at variation 18 is 16.61 degrees, while variation 21 has an average pendulum oscillation amplitude of 19.32 degrees. The frequency of the pendulum oscillation itself does not have a significant difference value so that in the calculation of power will not be too much ...
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... 48 experiments, the effect of the related variables on the pendulum oscillation. Data obtained that the greater the given wave period, the amplitude of the pendulum oscillation will also be greater. The greater the wave period does cause the rolling angle to become smaller, but not so with the rolling speed that occurs. If the rolling speed is large, the frequency of the pontoon vibrates also will be faster so that the pendulum will more easily oscillate. Based on Figure 13 the variation of 15 is when the pontoon has an outrigger with a 495 mm sleeve length from end to end, whereas, in variation 12, the length of the outrigger arm from end to end is 413 mm. Based on the experiment, we can see if the length of the outrigger arm is greater, the average amplitude generated by the pendulum oscillation will be smaller. At the time of variation 12 (outrigger sleeve = 413 mm), the average amplitude of pendulum oscillation is 41.82 degrees with a vibration frequency of 1.23 Hz. Whereas when a variation of 15 that has a 495 mm outrigger sleeve, the pendulum will oscillate with a maximum amplitude of 21.44 degrees and a frequency of 1.355 Hz. According to D. R. Berrett and C. B. Barrass (1999) by increasing the width of the ship (the length of the vessel is considered fixed), the vessel will be more stable [11]. This is what happens to the pontoon tested by the author. Seen in Figure 13 that the pontoon variation 15 with the larger outrigger sleeve length has a smaller rolling motion, then as a consequence, the pendulum oscillation will have a smaller amplitude as well. In this experiment, changes in the outrigger level will affect the magnitude of the pontoons that are submerged in water. The bigger the outrigger, the value of the pontoon will be smaller. The larger-laden pontoon (variation 27, laden as high as 106.7 mm) has a larger rolling amplitude compared to the 82.5 mm loaded pontoon. Comparison of this rolling motion can be seen as figure 16. The larger rolling amplitude is why the variation 27 has a greater oscillation amplitude compared to the variation 6. If we see again equation 2.9 it can be seen that the mass will be inversely proportional to the size of the pendulum. This also happens to experiments that have been done by the author. It can be seen figure 17 that the pontoon with a variation of 18 having a pendulum mass of 40 grams has a mean deviation smaller than when the pontoon tested is a variation of 21 with a pendulum mass of 20 grams. The pendulum amplitude at variation 18 is 16.61 degrees, while variation 21 has an average pendulum oscillation amplitude of 19.32 degrees. The frequency of the pendulum oscillation itself does not have a significant difference value so that in the calculation of power will not be too much ...
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With the development of the economy, human beings’ over-utilization and dependence on traditional energy sources such as oil, coal, and natural gas have gradually triggered a global energy crisis. Therefore, the use of renewable energy has received great attention from people, and the ocean that accounts for the total area of the earth has first co...
Citations
... In addition to studies assessing the abundance of the energy resource, some work has focussed on MRE technologies developed by groups of researchers in Indonesia [15][16][17][18][19][20]. An initial experiment to investigate the effect of fixed-pitch and passive variable pitch to vertical-axis turbine performance was carried out in 2011. ...
... This study tested a 2-kW prototype installed under Suramadu Bridge, East Java. A wave energy converter (WEC) using a pendulum system was also invented in 2010, and an experimental approach was performed to analyse the novel geometry of a pontoon in maximising the amplitude of pendulum oscillation [19]. This study was then continued to investigate the mooring configuration by determining the heave, pitch and roll response of pontoon [20]. ...
Marine renewable energy holds strategic potential in Indonesia, not only to meet the target of renewable energy share in the national energy mix but also to provide equal access to clean energy throughout the archipelago. Marine energy in Indonesia is still in the early phase of development, which mainly focusses on resources assessment and power generation through technology prototype testing. Based on a review of available literature, it is found that specific research on the effects of biofouling on material durability of marine energy infrastructure in Indonesia has yet to be addressed. In this study, a matrix that identifies and predicts key fouling organisms and their possible risks on marine renewable energy infrastructure in tropical waters of Indonesia is developed by analysing previous findings in temperate and subtropical waters. Based on the matrix developed, calcareous polychaetes (Serpulidae), barnacles (Amphibalanus spp.), and bivalves (Perna viridis) are among possible key fouling organisms that might pose risks to marine energy infrastructure in Indonesia, such as by adding weight and drag and causing corrosion. Further studies and detailed and statistically robust analysis of the biofouling and its impacts are needed to support the development of the technological performance of marine renewable energy in Indonesia.
