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Fritzing schematic of (A) Load cell amplifier circuit (B) Wireless communication circuit (C) Controller and driver circuit.
Source publication
This study introduces a compact low-cost single degree of freedom end-effector type upper arm rehabilitation system (PARS) along with its hardware and software elements. Proposed system is also suitable to be used in conjunction with a gaming environment. Throughout the study structural setup of the system was explained in detail along with its ele...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... Cell Amplifier Circuit ( Fig. 4A): Small voltage difference that is produced in load cell measurements under the load needs to be amplified by using load cell amplifier board, HX711. Since every component should be organized, load cell ampli- fier circuit was assembled on a perforated board via soldering. Other components needed for this circuit assembly are two ...
Context 2
... Communication Circuit ( Fig. 4B): ESP8266-01 is a small serial Wi-Fi wireless transceiver module with a builtin microcontroller and Wi-Fi capability, thus, it is convenient to use in proposed system. Assembled circuit is connected to the ''Load Cell Amplifier Circuit" with two headers so that overall circuit would be duplex. Electrical power is transferred from the ...
Context 3
... and Driver Circuit ( Fig. 4C): The main controller that sends commands to drive brushed DC motor via motor driver and reads built-in encoder pulses was selected to be an Arduino Uno microcontroller board. In order to have rigid and safe connections, all of the components were assembled together to form a shield like structure and soldered on a perforated ...
Citations
... Currently, the main focus of research is directed toward patients who have suffered a stroke, with consequent motion disability resulting in intense and continuous rehabilitation activity being required, even for long periods, [6,7]. The rehabilitative exercise of the motion capabilities of the limbs is generally carried out with the assistance of healthcare professionals as well as the help of devices which can have a robotic structure, such as systems like in [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. In general, these systems are cumbersome and complicated, such that they do not allow for their autonomous use by a patient nor for their use in more comfortable settings such as the home or family environments by patient users, especially elderly ones. ...
... In [16], the authors discuss a comprehensive review of robotic solutions for upper extremity rehabilitation. A low-cost device for arm rehabilitation is proposed in [17] with a game environment for performing exercises at home. [18] describes the design of a mechanism for upper extremity assistance for both adults and children. ...
A new portable arm exercise device is presented as a laboratory prototype to assist arm movements in rehabilitation therapies and movement exercises. Unlike the devices currently used, a portable design is proposed, with easy assembly and operational characteristics that enable it to be used by users in the home and in a familiar environment. Sensors are also provided on the rotating crank to validate and monitor the efficiency of the arm exercise. A low-cost prototype is assembled using off-the-shelf components and 3D-printed parts. Design issues are discussed and elaborated on to build a prototype for future laboratory testing using fairly simple experimental methodology. Preliminary testing by one author shows good feasibility of the device. The findings from the experimental results can be summarized as effective smooth-monitored cyclic motion in the crank rotation with limited values for acceleration less than 1 g and for acting user forces less than 22 N. The values detected are significantly lower in the left hand, with the testing subject being right-handed and healthy, without injury to her upper limbs.
... World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that over one billion people, nearly 15% of global population, live with at least one kind of disability or 1 in 7 individuals suffers from disability and 2% to 4% have severe difficulties in locomotion [6], [7]. Disability disproportionately affects women, and older and poor people, in particular indigenous individuals and ethnic minorities [7]. ...
... A bibliographic review of some physical rehabilitation systems was carried out, then efforts were found such as: [6], [8], [13]- [16]. These efforts are based on proposing mechatronic products to assist the physical rehabilitation process in people; for example, [8] presents a prototype to help recovering mobility in the fingers of the hand; [16] proposed a product for the rehabilitation of upper and lower limbs, that is legs and arms. ...
In the rehabilitation process, robotic structures can support the different medical-surgical actions. These recovery process activities often involve repetitive movements that must be performed several times at various amplitudes. Robotic structures for rehabilitation can be driven by three types of active drives, namely electric, pneumatic and hydraulic actuators. Pneumatic systems have become increasingly present in various market segments and are widely used in the industry, mainly due to their ease of maintenance, low cost, safety and applicability in various processes. Currently, the concept of Frugal Innovation is being discussed, which emerges as a way to produce effective and affordable products using fewer resources to reach less-served customers. Frugal Innovation is centered on saving resources, is characterized by simplicity and clarity and aims to reach the low-income market. This article proposes the application of Frugal development methods in the design of a lower limb rehabilitation system. With the application of frugal concepts, pneumatic actuators were chosen. The choice of the pneumatic cylinder is presented from the required pneumatic force. The application of the Frugal Innovation approach in the design of this type of products demonstrates the relevance of applying these methods in efforts to mitigate or reduce the growth of the technological gap between underdeveloped and developed countries.
... Concerning equipment for upper body rehabilitation, reference [196] describes a compact single degree of freedom robotic system known as PARS that costs USD 170.12. The system is interfaced to an ESP8266 that sends the force signals through User Datagram Protocol (UDP) to a simulator that counts with several levels of difficulty to help the patient with the treatment. ...
... Even though much information concerning the hardware structure can be extracted from the studies, many of the documents lack software diagrams, e.g., flow, UML, etc., that help to understand the functioning of the AT. In this sense, apart from the Github projects indicated in Table (6), the following studies count with an open repository: [130], [158], [166]- [169], [195], [196], [225]. Many of the studies collected and analyzed in the SLR have the potential to be complete ATs that help disabled people, but still, it is needed to improve the transparency and rigor of the information depicted in these studies. ...
Disabled People deal with a series of barriers that limit their inclusion, empowerment, well-being, and role in society with a special emphasis in low and medium-income countries. One of these barriers is concerning the accessibility and affordability of assistive technologies (ATs) that help to enhance the quality of life of these persons. In this context, this systematic literature review (SLR) analyzes and describes how free and open-source hardware (OSHW) and open software (OSS) are employed in the design, development, and deployment of low-cost ATs. In the SLR process, different ATs were analyzed for disabilities such as visual, mobility, upper body, prostheses, hearing & speaking, daily living, and participation in society. The ATs were designed with diverse OSHW and OSS technologies such as Arduino, Raspberry Pi, NVidia Jetson, OpenCV, YOLO, MobileNet, EEG and EMG signal conditioning devices, actuators, and sensors such as ultrasonic, LiDar, or flex. 809 studies were collected and analyzed from the database Web of Science, GitHub, and the specialized journals in OSHW
HardwareX
and the
Journal of Open Hardware
during the years 2013-2022. In the first part of the SLR, the bibliometric trends and topic clusters regarding the selected studies are described. Secondly, the ATs identified with open source technologies, e.g., sensor-based or computer vision-based, are described along with a complete state-of-art about these based on each disability recognized. Finally, the issues and challenges to this approach are explored including technical factors, documentation, government policies, and the inclusion of disabled people in open source co-creation. The purpose of this study is to inform practitioners, designers, or stakeholders about low-cost (frugal) ATs with OSHW and OSS, and thus promote their development, accessibility, and affordability, contributing to benefit the community of disabled people.
