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Frequency spectrum power analysis for ECoG signals. (a) Intra-operation electrode implantation. (b) Typical ECoG signals before and after VPA injection during five minutes. (c) Average frequency spectrum power of slow waves (3-5 Hz), sharp waves (6-12 Hz) and spike waves (13-30 Hz) for each electrode, before and after VPA injection during five minutes. (d) Spectrum power
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Background:
Valproic acid (VPA) represents one of the most efficient antiseizure medications (ASMs) for both general and focal seizures, but some patients may have inadequate control by VPA monotherapy. In this study, we aimed to verify the hypothesis that excitatory dynamic rebound induced by inhibitory power may contribute to the ineffectiveness...
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Context 1
... investigate the ECoG frequency spectrum power shift by VPA treatment, we analyzed ECoG data from all the human subjects. The typical intraoperative procedure is shown in Figure 1a, and ECoG signals are shown in Figure 1b before and after VPA injection. We classified the ECoG frequency spectrum into three frequency bands: slow waves (3À5 Hz), sharp waves (6À12 Hz), and spike waves (13À30 Hz) for each electrode. ...
Context 2
... investigate the ECoG frequency spectrum power shift by VPA treatment, we analyzed ECoG data from all the human subjects. The typical intraoperative procedure is shown in Figure 1a, and ECoG signals are shown in Figure 1b before and after VPA injection. We classified the ECoG frequency spectrum into three frequency bands: slow waves (3À5 Hz), sharp waves (6À12 Hz), and spike waves (13À30 Hz) for each electrode. ...
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... classified the ECoG frequency spectrum into three frequency bands: slow waves (3À5 Hz), sharp waves (6À12 Hz), and spike waves (13À30 Hz) for each electrode. The average spectrum power shift of the three bands with VPA injection in three typical patients is shown in Figure 1c as examples. We found that all the 16 patients had excitatory rebounds by VPA treatment, presented as the increased spectrum power gradient ratio in at least one electrode. ...
Context 4
... found that all the 16 patients had excitatory rebounds by VPA treatment, presented as the increased spectrum power gradient ratio in at least one electrode. Interestingly, in some excitatory rebound electrodes, the increased lower frequency spectrum power transferred from higher to lower frequency bands in situ electrodes after VPA injection (Figure 1d,e). To further confirm the synchronization of these waves after VPA treatment, we selected brown channels in spike wavebands, green channels in sharp wavebands, and purple channels in slow wavebands to calculate the phase-locking value of these channels. ...
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... further confirm the synchronization of these waves after VPA treatment, we selected brown channels in spike wavebands, green channels in sharp wavebands, and purple channels in slow wavebands to calculate the phase-locking value of these channels. All three wavebands showed a significant increase after VPA injection, indicating that VPA could enhance the synchronization of brain waves (Figure 1f-h). ...
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Introduction: Resection of intra-axial tumors (IaT) in eloquent brain regions risks major postoperative neurological deficits. Awake craniotomy is often used to navigate these areas; however, some patients are ineligible for awake procedures. The trans-sulcal approach (TScal) was introduced to reduce parenchymal trauma during tumor resection. We re...
Citations
... 3. Abundant LMCs supported hemodynamic stability during AIS in human subjects. 4. The proportion of arteriole is much higher in leptomeninx for subjects with better recruitment ability. ...
Background
Leptomeningeal collaterals (LMCs) provided hemodynamic support and reperfusion during acute ischemic stroke (AIS). Although regulation details have been deeply acquired from animal models, human cortex may share limited hemodynamic patterns due to larger physical scale that needs further investigation.
Methods
We performed ‘sequential hierarchical blocking’ during awake craniotomy on fourteen human subjects to mimic AIS in middle cerebral artery (MCA) M 4 segment territory. Widefield microscope was applied to reveal microcirculation of LMCs. Relative flow rate (RFR) was measured to evaluate the impact of LMCs hierarchy on microcirculation maintenance. Single-cell sequencing and spatial transcriptomics were further performed to analyze the mechanism of different LMCs recruitment abilities.
Results
LMCs RFR decreased to 30.75% immediately (95% CI, 6.64 - 54.86%, P < 0.001), and about 80.25% RFR was finally recovered within 5 minutes (95% CI, 55.2 - 105.3%, P = 0.0034) during M 4 occlusion. For M 5 and pial branches occlusion, RFR decreased to 55.78% with no further recovery (95% CI, 22.50-89.05%, P = 0.014), and 4 in 11 subjects had no valid microcirculation. For subjects with better recruitment ability, the proportion of arteriole is much higher in leptomeninx (76 - 79% vs. 36 - 56%). There were more significant interaction pairs associated with key signaling pathways between arteriole and neuron/astrocyte (TGF-beta signaling pathway, ECM-receptor interaction)
Conclusions
Abundant LMCs supported hemodynamic stability during AIS in human subjects. The proportion of arteriole is much higher in leptomeninx for subjects with better recruitment ability. The Active neuron/astrocyte - arteriole interaction may improve LMCs recruitment.
GRAPH ABSTRACT
... Другое возможное объяснение противосудорожного действия ВА заключается во влиянии на глутаматергическую систему [32]. На данный момент считается, что вальпроевая кислота и ее соли подавляют кратковременную деполяризацию (ВПСП), вызванную активацией NMDA-рецепторов (далее NMDAR) глутамата [33]. NMDAR -это ионотропные рецепторы глутаминовой кислоты, обладающие высокой проницаемостью для ионов Ca 2+ и принимающие непосредственное участие в долговременной потенциации (LTP) -процессе, который является молекулярной основой обучения и памяти. ...
... Другое возможное объяснение противосудорожного действия ВА заключается во влиянии на глутаматергическую систему [32]. На данный момент считается, что вальпроевая кислота и ее соли подавляют кратковременную деполяризацию (ВПСП), вызванную активацией NMDA-рецепторов (далее NMDAR) глутамата [33]. NMDAR -это ионотропные рецепторы глутаминовой кислоты, обладающие высокой проницаемостью для ионов Ca 2+ и принимающие непосредственное участие в долговременной потенциации (LTP) -процессе, который является молекулярной основой обучения и памяти. ...
Valproic acid (valproate, VA) has been widely used as an antiepileptic agent for several decades, as well as in the treatment of bipolar affective disorder. For many years, the ability of VA to stop epileptic seizures of a different nature has been associated with increased GABAergic neurotransmission, inhibition of glutamatergic neurotransmission and a general decrease in CNS hyperactivity by acting on ion channels, however precise mechanisms of VA anticonvulsant effects are still not clear. Over time, the effects of VA on other neurotransmitter systems, enzymes and intracellular signalling pathways have been revealed, however they do not explain the effectiveness of the drug as an anticonvulsant and mood stabilizer, but only expand its pharmacological profile. Over the past 10 years, the focus of interest in valproate research has changed due to its ability to alter gene expression both by inhibiting histone deacetylases and by changing levels of DNA methylation. These new studies reveal alternative mechanisms of valproate action rather than trying to test and confirm hypotheses previously put forward.
... Mice which were injected with AAV-DIO-hM3DGq virus (male n=23; female n=18) or control virus (male n=12; female n=14) were randomly assigned to a 'shortterm OXT stimulation' or a 'long-term OXT stimulation' group (details see Figure 4g-h in Results). The sample size was calculated by the resource equation approach, 28 and was considered to be sufficient. 29 After 5 weeks of recovery, animals were injected with clozapine-N-oxide (CNO, 5mg/kg, i.p.), 30 according to a short-term or a long-term schedule. ...
Background
Oxytocin (OXT) and corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) are both produced in hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN). Central CRH may cause depression-like symptoms, while peripheral higher OXT plasma levels were proposed to be a trait marker for bipolar disorder (BD). We aimed to investigate differential OXT and CRH expression in the PVN and their receptors in prefrontal cortex of major depressive disorder (MDD) and BD patients. In addition, we investigated mood-related changes by stimulating PVN-OXT in mice.
Methods
Quantitative immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization were performed in the PVN for OXT and CRH on 6 BD and 6 BD-controls, 9 MDD and 9 MDD-controls. mRNA expressions of their receptors (OXTR, CRHR1 and CRHR2) were determined in anterior cingulate cortex and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) of 30 BD and 34 BD-controls, and 24 MDD and 12 MDD-controls. PVN of 41 OXT-cre mice was short- or long-term activated by chemogenetics, and mood-related behavior was compared with 26 controls.
Findings
Significantly increased OXT-immunoreactivity (ir), OXT-mRNA in PVN and increased OXTR-mRNA in DLPFC, together with increased ratios of OXT-ir/CRH-ir and OXTR-mRNA/CRHR-mRNA were observed in BD, at least in male BD patients, but not in MDD patients. PVN-OXT stimulation induced depression-like behaviors in male mice, and mixed depression/mania-like behaviors in female mice in a time-dependent way.
Interpretation
Increased PVN-OXT and DLPFC-OXTR expression are characteristic for BD, at least for male BD patients. Stimulation of PVN-OXT neurons induced mood changes in mice, in a pattern different from BD.
Funding
National Natural Science Foundation of China (81971268, 82101592).
Epilepsy is a profound disorder, accounting for roughly 1% of the global disease burden. It can result in premature death and significant disability. To comprehensively understand the current dynamics and trends of idiopathic epilepsy, a deep insight into its epidemiological attributes is vital. We evaluated the incidence, prevalence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years associated with idiopathic epilepsy from 1990 to 2019 using data and methodologies from the Global Burden of Disease Study.
In 2019, there were approximately 2,898,222 individuals diagnosed with idiopathic epilepsy. Intriguingly, from 1990 to 2019, the age-standardized incidence rate of idiopathic epilepsy was consistently lower in women compared to men. Over these three decades, global mortality connected to idiopathic epilepsy increased by 13.95%. However, within the same period, age-standardized death rates for idiopathic epilepsy decreased from 1.94 per 100,000 population to 1.46 per 100,000 population. Predictions indicate an increase in the incidence of idiopathic epilepsy across all age brackets through 2035, especially among the elderly aged 80 and above. Mortality rates are projected to climb for those aged 80 and above while remaining relatively unchanged in other age demographics. Idiopathic epilepsy continues to be a significant contributor to both disability and death. The findings of our study underscore the critical importance of incorporating idiopathic epilepsy management into modern healthcare frameworks. Such strategic inclusion can enhance public awareness of relevant risk factors and the range of available therapeutic interventions.
Cytoplasmic dynein is an important intracellular motor protein that plays an important role in neuronal growth, axonal polarity formation, dendritic differentiation, and dendritic spine development among others. The intermediate chain of dynein, encoded by Dync1i1, plays a vital role in the dynein complex. Therefore, we assessed the behavioral and related neuronal activities in mice with dync1i1 gene knockout. Neuronal activities in primary somatosensory cortex were recorded by in vivo electrophysiology and manipulated by optogenetic and chemogenetics. Nociception of mechanical, thermal, and cold pain in Dync1i1-/- mice were impaired. The activities of parvalbumin (PV) interneurons and gamma oscillation in primary somatosensory were also impaired when exposed to mechanical nociceptive stimulation. This neuronal dysfunction was rescued by optogenetic activation of PV neurons in Dync1i1-/- mice, and mimicked by suppressing PV neurons using chemogenetics in WT mice. Impaired pain sensations in Dync1i1-/- mice were correlated with impaired gamma oscillations due to a loss of interneurons, especially the PV type. This genotype-driven approach revealed an association between impaired pain sensation and cytoplasmic dynein complex.
