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Frequency response of the absolute of reflection coefficient for pure and polluted water models for dry soil with pipe diameter 10cm and 20cm.
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An electromagnetic model is proposed to detect water pollution in underground pipelines. Contaminants present above a certain level in water can be a public health hazard. The contrast in the dielectric constant between contaminated and fresh water is one of the most important parameters to be considered for detecting the presence of pollutants in...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... effect of variation of the pipe diameter is also studied and the results indicate that in case of pure water there are variations in the reflection coefficient but in case of polluted water there are insignificant variations in the reflection coefficient. The reflection coefficients of pure and polluted water model are compared in Fig. 7 for a pipe with inner diameter 10cm and 20cm while all other dimensions are the same as in Table 4. The frequency response of reflected signals from water edges V ref3 and V ref4 defined by (4) and (5) respectively of pure and polluted water are compared in Fig. 8 where the initial voltage V Initial is equal to unity. It is clear from ...
Citations
... In this study we will focus on the measurement of conductivity indicator and propose a measurement and evaluation technique from water quality point of view. Actually, this parameter itself is not sufficient but serves as a good indicator for the presence of the pollutants [7]. Another major advantage of this method is measurement process of conductivity is achieved without any external invasive or destructive affect. ...
... A review done by [6] on water quality monitoring techniques concludes that there is a need of a continuous and online quality monitoring system to ensure that the water quality is always monitored. Also, in [6], microwave techniques [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20], that can determine the contaminantants in water had been discussed. ...
... Carey and Hayzen has stated that the presence of contaminants in drinking water is correlated with the changes in dielectric constant [33]. These properties can be measured by using dielectric spectroscopy [33]. ...
... Carey and Hayzen has stated that the presence of contaminants in drinking water is correlated with the changes in dielectric constant [33]. These properties can be measured by using dielectric spectroscopy [33]. Dielectric spectroscopy takes advantages over conventional sensing techniques as it is robust and portable. ...
span>Water quality monitoring is always the prior element to ensure the drinking water is safe to be consumed. A lot of researches have been carried out over the past decades to design and develop a robust and cost-effective water monitoring system. The conventional water monitoring techniques were based on laboratory instruments which is time-consuming and laborious. Furthermore, it is not suitable when the water sampling point is far from the commercial laboratory centres. These limitations were then been solved by the developments of portable testing kits and microwave technique. The microwave techniques such as spectroscopy techniques and microwave sensor approach have improved the water quality monitoring experience which is convenient without sacrificing the measurement accuracy and sensitivity. Its portability enables the on-site measurement at rural areas and thus reduce the transportation and manpower cost. This paper intends to review the water contaminant detection techniques which include standardized drinking water parameter testing and microwave-based in terms of physical, chemical and microbiological parameters. Furthermore, this review also emphasizes the current trend of the water quality testing method in microwave technique. At the end of this paper, a significant advantages and drawbacks of the techniques are summarized, and recommendations are provided for future development in the water quality monitoring.</span
... Presumably, It can be seen that |S 21 | of moist soil is more reduced than that of dry soil since moist soil has high electric conductivity which increases the attenuation. The results clarify, as expected, that oil contaminants are effectively detected in sandy soils, yet detection becomes infeasible in wet soils which is confirmed by all previous studies [19,20]. Table I are used. ...
Maintenance of oil pipelines is an issue of great concern for oil companies. Soil contamination is caused by oil leaks from underground pipelines. Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is a rapid and relatively inexpensive technique used for locating and characterizing soil contaminated sites without producing fractures and causing further migration of contaminants. One of the most critical hardware components for the performance of GPR is the antenna system. The present paper reports on the design and simulation of a pyramidal horn antenna operating at L-band frequencies (1- 2 GHz) to detect soil contamination. A prototype model of the GPR system setup is developed to simulate the electromagnetic fields in different soil types. The dielectric permittivity of soil, needed in order to carry out simulations during the design process, is measured and analytically represented by Debye relaxation model. The contrast in the dielectric permittivity between contaminated and uncontaminated soils is the most important parameter to be considered for detecting the presence of contamination. The application of GPR is proved to be well-versed in the investigation of soil contamination.
... These programs are considered to be sequence-oriented. For additional general information concerning AI refer to [8], [9]. ...
This manuscript reviews current research on the usage of artificial intelligence in remote sensing and related sub-fields. Remote sensing is a geographic analysis tool capable of producing large quantities of data in the spectral, temporal and spatial domains. Artificial intelligence (AI) is the field of research which develops computer programs to solve problems in ways that appear to emulate human intelligence. Techniques for automating the image analysis process would be advanced by the inclusion of artificial intelligence techniques in the design of image processing systems. The remote sensing applications which show promise for successful implementation of artificial intelligence techniques are intelligent onboard processing, advanced database interrogation, and the automated analysis of multispectral imagery. While general purpose programs for AI have proven too difficult to develop, it was found useful, at times, to store separately information that could be used to make a computer program behave intelligently. Various knowledge-based systems have been built for processing images in the fields of robotics, natural language interface, computer vision and geographic information systems. Intelligent classification is a hot topic in remote sensing study. Traditional approaches of classification may have some limitations in constructing proper classifiers when the study area is complex. Therefore, it is necessary to introduce intelligent methods to improve the accuracy of classification.
... GPR is a non-destructive tool for non-invasive investigation [3]. GPR is a geophysical technique that can be used to A investigate and map the dielectric properties of the subsurface [4], [5]. ...
Landmine detection is an important and yet challenging problem remains to be solved. Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) is a powerful and rapidly maturing technology for subsurface threat identification. The detection methodology of GPR depends mainly on the contrast of the dielectric properties of the searched target and its surrounding soil. This contrast produces a partial reflection of the electromagnetic pulses that are being transmitted into the soil and then being collected by the GPR. One of the most critical hardware components for the performance of GPR is the antenna system. The current paper explores the design and simulation of a pyramidal horn antenna operating at L-band frequencies (1-2 GHz) to detect a landmine. A prototype model of the GPR system setup is developed to simulate full wave analysis of the electromagnetic fields in different soil types. The contrast in the dielectric permittivity of the landmine and the sandy soil is the most important parameter to be considered for detecting the presence of landmine. L-band horn antenna is proved to be well-versed in the investigation of landmine detection.
... In this way, cross-sensitivity with respect to conductivity can be avoided. This is particularly interesting if only the change in permittivity needs to be monitored, as in the case of detecting pollutants in water [26]. ...
... In this way, cross-sensitivity with respect to conductivity can be avoided. This is particularly interesting if only the change in permittivity needs to be monitored, as in the case of detecting pollutants in water [26]. The proposed sensor is based on a transmission line in the form of microstrip architecture with degeneration in the ground plane and inhomogeneous surrounding medium, Figure 3. ...
In this article, we propose a novel microfluidic microstrip electromagnetic band gap (EBG) sensor realized using cost-effective 3D printing technology. Microstrip sensor allows monitoring of the fluid properties flowing in the microchannel embedded between the microstrip line and ground plane. The sensor’s operating principle is based on the phase-shift method, which allows the characterization at a single operating frequency of 6 GHz. The defected electromagnetic band gap (EBG) structure is realized as a pattern in the microstrip ground plane to improve sensor sensitivity. The designed microfluidic channel is fabricated using a fused deposition modelling (FDM) 3D printing process without additional supporting layers, while the conductive layers are realized using sticky aluminium tape. The measurement results show that the change of permittivity of the fluid in the microfluidic channel from 1 to 80 results in the phase-shift difference of almost 90°. The potential application is demonstrated through the implementation of a proposed sensor for the detection of toluene concentration in toluene–methanol mixture where various concentrations of toluene were analysed.
This manuscript presents the development of a microwave microfluidic sensor for monitoring organic contaminants in water. This method offers a contactless, non-intrusive, and real-time monitoring system. The sensor is comprised of a compact double-ring resonator integrated with a 3D-printed microfluidic channel, operating at 4.5~4.6 GHz with a quality factor of 120. The channel configuration on the resonator ensures maximum interaction between the electromagnetic field and the liquid sample and provides high sensitivity and resolution. The developed sensor was used to monitor organics (glucose, acetate and glucose-acetate mix) and the chemical oxygen demand (COD) standard (potassium hydrogen phthalate) in concentrations ranging from 50-800 mg/L as COD. The feasibility, reproducibility, and accuracy of the sensing platform was further validated by analyzing the S21 characteristic of the sensor. A monotonic decrease in the resonant amplitude of S21 was observed as the concentration of organics increased, with the sensitivity of 0.603 dB/COD [g/L], 0.087 dB/COD [g/L], 0.099 dB/COD [g/L] and 0.077 dB/COD [g/L] for potassium hydrogen phthalate, sodium acetate, glucose, and a glucose-acetate mixture, respectively. The findings support the capability of the microwave microfluidic sensor to detect dielectric properties variation associated with a minimum concentration of 17 mg/L glucose in water in real time. The response of the sensor was compared with conventional COD measurements using potassium dichromate digestion to compare the efficiency of the developed sensor with the spectrophotometric method to measure COD.
This article presents the experimental result and mathematical analysis influences of the permeable breakwaters to dynamics of the coast on various conditions by the action of waves. Deposition of sediment behind breakwaters leads to the formation tombolo of a certain size and intensity depending on the parameters of breakwater and the presence of a weak along-shore sediment flow. The results of the experiments determined empirical dependences, which are necessary for scientific study design of permeable breakwaters. Mathematical modeling of experimental data was also carried out. Experimental data are compared with already known results of research for permeable breakwaters with frontal and oblique approaches of waves. The experiment was held in Kyiv, Ukraine at the Institute of Hydromechanics National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine.
