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The purpose of this paper is to understand the prospective of piezoelectric sensors in biomedical sciences to measure and analyze multiple human physiological parameters as most of the human vital sign information is non electrical, quasi-periodic and very low in amplitude, thus posing problems in detection and analysis. This paper presents a broad...
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... Piezoelectric sensors work by force being applied to a piezoelectric crystal, and then, an electric charge is converted into a voltage signal by means of a charge amplifier. These sensors typically have a simple structure, high resolution, high amplitude over a wide frequency range, and fast response time (2). However, despite this high resolution, the electric charge is typically volatile (2), which could cause additional sensitivity and thus variability in force-time readings used for the identification of specific measures (e.g., in the 1 second of quiet standing during BW calculation), and identifying which "frame" identifies a "peak" measure (e.g., peak propulsive force). ...
... These sensors typically have a simple structure, high resolution, high amplitude over a wide frequency range, and fast response time (2). However, despite this high resolution, the electric charge is typically volatile (2), which could cause additional sensitivity and thus variability in force-time readings used for the identification of specific measures (e.g., in the 1 second of quiet standing during BW calculation), and identifying which "frame" identifies a "peak" measure (e.g., peak propulsive force). Furthermore, piezoelectric sensors are sensitive to temperature changes, making them limited to the laboratory environment. ...
Dos'Santos, T, Evans, DT, and Read, DB. Validity of the Hawkin dynamics wireless dual force platform system against a piezoelectric laboratory grade system for vertical countermovement jump variables. J Strength Cond Res 38(6): 1144-1148, 2024-The aim of this study was to determine the criterion validity of the Hawkin Dynamics (HD) wireless dual force platform system for assessing vertical countermovement jump (CMJ) variables, compared with those derived from a Kistler piezoelectric laboratory grade force platform system. During a single testing session, HD force platforms were placed directly on top of 2 adjacent Kistler force platforms to simultaneously collect vertical ground reaction forces produced by 2 male recreational soccer players (age: 29.0 6 2.8 years, height: 1.79 6 0.01 m, mass: 85.6 6 4.7 kg) that performed 25 vertical CMJs each. Sixteen vertical CMJ variables pertaining to jump height (JH), flight time (FT), time-to-take off (TTT), countermovement depth, body weight (BW), propulsive and braking mean, and peak powers, forces, and impulses were compared between systems. Fixed bias was observed for 6 of 16 variables (peak and mean braking power, mean propulsion force, TTT, FT, and BW), while proportional bias was present for 10 of 16 variables (peak and mean propulsive and braking force, TTT, FT, peak and mean braking power, mean propulsive power, and BW). For all variables regardless of fixed or proportional bias, percentage differences were #3.4% between force platform systems, with near perfect to perfect correlations (r or r 5 0.977-1.000) observed for 15 of 16 variables. The HD dual wireless force platform system can be considered a valid alternative to a piezoelectric laboratory grade force platform system for the collection of vertical CMJ variables, particularly outcome (i.e., JH, reactive strength index modified) and strategy variables (countermovement depth).
... Unless appropriate monitoring methods are used, and timely support and maintenance measures are implemented, the threat of losses becomes significant. Currently, various methods are available for monitoring stress states of structures, including those using strain gauges [2], piezoelectric sensors [3], fiber-optic sensors [7], and acoustic emission sensors [4]. Strain gauges and acoustic emissions are primarily used in contact-based detection methods, whereas piezoelectric and fiber-optic sensors need to be embedded inside structures, and are therefore used in invasive detection approaches [8]. ...
To explore the feasibility of hyperspectral machine vision for detecting stress states of underground structures, this study utilized a hyperspectral camera to acquire spectral datasets from the surfaces of concrete and sandstone specimens under different stress conditions. Machine learning models were established to predict stress states based on raw spectral data and data pre-processed using the Savitzky-Golay (S-G) method. The results indicated that satisfactory outcomes were obtained with no pre-processing and S-G pre-processing. In addition, the hyperspectral response characteristics of concrete and sandstone under different stress states were investigated. The hyperspectral dataset of sandstone was observed to yield higher predictive accuracy than that of concrete. Finally, a comprehensive analysis of the performances of the principal component regression, partial least squares regression, and least-squares support vector machine models was performed over various datasets in terms of computed model evaluation metrics.
... Especially when high measurement accuracy is required for dynamic processes, piezo sensors are the preferred choice. Compared with other types of sensors, piezoelectric sensors are characterized in particular by properties such as high amplitude over a wide frequency range, fast response time and a high modulus of elasticity [7]. Furthermore, piezoelectric sensors have a simple structure, high resolution and require minimal installation space [7,8]. ...
... Compared with other types of sensors, piezoelectric sensors are characterized in particular by properties such as high amplitude over a wide frequency range, fast response time and a high modulus of elasticity [7]. Furthermore, piezoelectric sensors have a simple structure, high resolution and require minimal installation space [7,8]. ...
This paper presents a new approach to the structural integration of piezoceramics into thin-walled steel components for condition-monitoring applications. The procedure for integrating the sensors into metal components is described, and their functionality is experimentally examined with a 2 mm-thick steel sheet. The signal quality of the produced sensors is investigated in a frequency range from 100 Hz to 50,000 Hz and is compared with the results of piezo patches and strain gauges under the same conditions. The results show that due to a higher signal-to-noise ratio and a better coherence, the structurally integrated piezoceramics and the piezo patches are more qualified sensors for vibration measurement in the examined frequency range than the strain gauges. The measurements also indicate that the patches provide higher amplitudes for the frequency range up to 20 kHz. Beyond that, up to 40 kHz, the integrated sensors supplied higher amplitudes. The better signal quality in different frequency ranges as well as the different manufacturing and application methods can be interpreted as an advantage or disadvantage depending on the boundary conditions of the condition-monitoring system. In summary, structural integrated piezoceramics extend the options of monitoring technology.
Introduction/purpose: SMART orthopedic systems use fixators with remote monitoring, processing, and communication capabilities to leverage healing progression data for personalized, real-time monitoring of a healing process. The fixators incorporate small and compact piezoelectric sensors that generate electrical signals upon the application of force to the piezoelectric diaphragm. This enables doctors to remotely guide fixation devices using indirectly and remotely controlled stepper motors known for their precision and accuracy. Reliability of stepper motors makes them a viable alternative for the mechanical tools traditionally used by doctors for fixator extension. Methods: This study focuses on the evaluation of sensor-based technology in orthopedic applications. The paper presents a theoretical framework for the application of SMART devices in the bone fracture healing process. It delves into the structure and functionality of piezoelectric transducers, offering a comprehensive insight into this technology and various engineering aspects of SMART systems. Results: The implementation of SMART systems has significantly enhanced doctor-patient communication. This improvement is facilitated through a dual-phase process involving gathering, processing, and transmitting the data wirelessly from the patient's (sensor) interface to the doctor who uses specialized software for data analysis and wireless transmission to the stepper motor actuator. Subsequently, the data is forwarded to the decoder at the motor site, where a motor controller generates the control signal for the stepper motor driver. Conclusion: SMART implants can provide doctors with quantitative data that can be used in directing a rehabilitation plan. The sensor-based technology offers insights into the stress induced by the callus formation enabling bidirectional communication between the doctor and the patient. The stepper motor is a tool that aids in personalized treatment from the distance.
Extraction of cardiac information from the contour and parameters of carotid pulse waveform has been established and is recognized. Available technology permits noninvasive detection of carotid pulsation but still, a system requires to be evolved that is user-friendly, portable, and is affordable that can assists to pick pulse under critical situations. An easy to use arrangement with negligible electronic circuit complexity has been discussed here, that allows real-time detection and signal processing of carotid pulse wave. Measurements in this experimentation have been done using only a piezoelectric sensor to detect the carotid pulsation of human subjects under different postures. The analog output at the piezoelectric transducer obtained due to pulsation, when placed on the neck region, is directly fed to the sound card of a computer for visualization and further processing in real-time. Virtual oscilloscopes freely available are used for viewing the bio-signal acquired and digital Infinite Impulse Response and Finite Impulse Response filters have been designed using MATLAB and Simulink to process the signal and to draw meaningful interpretations.
Globalization and technological advancements have led to a change in the way people think, live, and interact in the present day. Even though the technology is upgrading by the day, the ever growing need for better systems are a good enough motivation to keep the research teams on the toes. This chapter presents the conclusion and future directions toward an application driven, interdisciplinary, and experimental approach to bio-signal detection and processing. An attempt has been made to develop indigenously a credible bio-signal monitoring arrangement for recording and analyzing human physiological parameters, viz., electrocardiogram, electromyogram, carotid pulse wave, and heart rate variability employing cost effective and versatile sensors, hardware– and software–based signal conditioning. PC–based data acquisition is done using digital signal controllers, sound port–based simple interface, suitable amplifier, notch filter circuit, and MATLAB® software for display and real-time processing. The proposed system allows automated and continuous monitoring of vital signs and updated real-time information can be applied for preventive medical care as well.
