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Normative data are of importance in ergonomics and clinical settings. Applying normative data internationally is questionable. To this end, this study aimed to establish gender- and age-specific reference values for static (isometric) hand grip strength of normal population of Turkey with special regard to occupational demand, and compare them with...
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... gender, age-group, and job-group. The results were summarized by a percentile table (Table 3) and partly by the boxplots of age-group vs. GS (Fig. 2). The box plots depict the mean (circles), median, 1st and 3rd quartiles and range values and spread of the data. The frequency distributions of GS of female and male dominant hands are also shown (Fig. ...
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Citations
... As exclusion criteria from the control group, the existence of diagnosed pathology of the upper limbs, of neurological, degenerative, musculoskeletal, or vascular origin, was considered. The measurement of hand grasp strength in pregnant women, with the use of maximum applied strength, can cause the expulsion of the fetus in the terminal stages of pregnancy and because it is a transient condition can influence the grasp strength of the hand [16], so it was considered an exclusion criterion. ...
Background: Grasping is present in most of the activities of daily living. The estimated total use of the hands in activities of daily living is more than five hours a day, not counting work and sports activities. The hand grasp strength peak is only relevant for short durations of applied forces, in the activities. The sustained strength gives a more realistic assessment of strength capabilities, during daily tasks. Objective: To characterize the sustained grasp strength over 5 seconds, in different grasps configurations, and identify changes in these when a musculoskeletal injury is present. Patients: Thirty right-handed participants, fifteen healthy (Control Group), and fifteen injured (Experimental Group) with musculoskeletal hand conditions, on the right side, 18 men and 12 women, were integrated into this study. In both groups, there were 9 men and 6 women. Methods: The Biometrics E-link® Dynamometer G200, was used, being kilograms as the measurement unit. The test position, to assess the hand grasp sustained strength, was recommended by the American Society of Hand Therapists. The strength was collected for 5 seconds, in the right hand, on eight grasp configurations, which can be performed on the dynamometer. Results: Men have more sustained strength than women, in all the grasp configurations assessed. The Experimental Group has inferior results regarding the peak strength, and the behavior of the strength is less stable. The man obtains the maximum endurance, and it is always over zero. The Inferior Pincer and the Parallel Extension are the grasp configurations that require less strength, being both precision grasps. The Medium Wrap is the grasp configuration that requires more strength, and it is also the one that has more differences between groups, regarding the strength and the peak strength. The three strongest grasps have the same configuration being the difference in the diameter of the grabbed object. Conclusion: The strength behavior for 5 seconds is similar between participants, with or without musculoskeletal conditions, being less high, less regular, and decreasing faster when there is an injury.
... Pinch strength as a dependent variable is influenced by demographic factors and ethnicity, a person's level of physical activity, nutritional status, type of occupation, position and orientation of the hand, hand preference and anthropometric characteristics [22,24]. In addition, research has shown that pinch strengths are significantly lower in females than in males [25,26], tend to decrease curvilinearly with age [27,28] and have a clear dominant to non-dominant hand superiority [29]. Likewise, persons with greater body size particularly in terms of height, weight and hand-forearm anthropometric dimensions possess more grasping power [30]. ...
Objectives. This study examines the role of different machine learning (ML) algorithms to determine which socio-demographic factors and hand–forearm anthropometric dimensions can be used to accurately predict hand function. Methods. The cross-sectional study was conducted with 7119 healthy Iranian participants (3525 males and 3594 females) aged 10–89 years. Seventeen hand–forearm anthropometric dimensions were measured by JEGS digital caliper and a measuring tape. Tip-to-tip, key and three-jaw chuck pinches were measured using a calibrated pinch gauge. Subsequently, 21 features pertinent to socio-demographic factors and hand–forearm anthropometric dimensions were used for classification. Furthermore, 12 well-known classifiers were implemented and evaluated to predict pinches. Results. Among the 21 features considered in this study, hand length, stature, age, thumb length and index finger length were found to be the most relevant and effective components for each of the three pinch predictions. The k-nearest neighbor, adaptive boosting (AdaBoost) and random forest classifiers achieved the highest classification accuracy of 96.75, 86.49 and 84.66% to predict three pinches, respectively. Conclusions. Predicting pinch strength and determining the predictive hand–forearm anthropometric and socio-demographic characteristics using ML may pave the way to designing an enhanced tool handle and reduce common musculoskeletal disorders of the hand.
... However, HGS may only sometimes be a good choice [18]. HGS is linked to body mass and BMI [10][11][12][13][14]. Furthermore, it may discriminate between skilled and inexperienced judokas [2], men and women [23], and athletes' age [14]. ...
Background: Handgrip strength (HGS) is essential in sports, including martial arts, as it can be used to evaluate general athletes’ performance and physical fitness. Reaction time (RT) is another characteristic that is of value in sports based on fast reaction instead of strength. The two measures belong to the same group of coordinative energetic abilities analyzed in sports theory. The available literature suggests that handgrip strength may depend on body weight but can also be affected by other parameters. Additionally, the athlete’s age and martial arts training can impact reaction time. Still, verifying whether the characteristics could be applied to martial arts athletes is crucial. Methods: Several characteristics, such as athletes’ body weight, age, years of training, and skills, were evaluated during a survey of 166 male jiu-jitsu athletes (modern jiu-jitsu) and karate (Shotokan, Kyokushin). HGS was measured based on the dynamometric approach, whereas reaction time was evaluated using Ditrich’s rod method. The data were analyzed using the hierarchical multiple regression method to identify the variables influencing HGS and RT. Furthermore, the classification and regression tree method was implemented to illustrate how variables used in the study influenced HGS or RT. Results: The present study demonstrated that athletes’ body weight is the most significant factor affecting the handgrip strength of male athletes trained in martial arts. It can explain 61% of the HGS variance. Regression analysis of factors influencing reaction time showed that martial arts are the factor that affects the characteristic. However, martial arts can explain up to 17% of the reaction time variance. Based on the classification and regression tree approach, it was shown that HGS depends primarily on athletes’ body weight rather than on their age, skills, and years of training. For reaction time, martial arts were the most significant factor distinguishing between jiu-jitsu and karate participants. The next factor affecting athletes’ classification was years of training. Conclusion: Based on the hierarchical multiple linear regression method and classification and regression tree approach, it was found that athletes’ body weight is the most influential factor affecting the handgrip strength of martial arts practitioners. Reaction time is affected by martial arts. However, using the classification and regression tree approach revealed that additional factors such as athletes’ age, years of training, or skills should be considered. Similarly, reaction time is also affected by years of training. Although our study showed that handgrip strength and reaction time are functions of other variables that can be easily evaluated in trainers’ practice, the two statistical methods cannot reveal the relationships between the variables, suggesting further studies in the field.
... Hand dominance does not appear to be significant when it comes to HGS (Günther et al. 2008). Currently published data on normative values for HGS are available for the healthy population and general population from different countries (Amaral et al. 2019;Ekşioğlu 2016;Kim et al. 2018a, b;Kim et al. 2018a, b;Lam et al. 2016;Malhotra et al. 2016;Mat Jais et al. 2018;Ong et al. 2017;Steiber 2016;Wang et al. 2018;Wearing et al. 2018;Wong 2016;Yoo et al. 2017;Yu et al. 2017) in addition to several meta-and pooled analyses (Dodds et al. 2014;Kamide et al. 2015;Lera et al. 2018). As far as the authors are aware, no previous studies have provided normative values on HGS in patients with osteoarthritis and only one study has provided reference values on HGS in participants with specific chronic diseases (Yorke et al. 2015). ...
Hand grip strength (HGS) is a key indicator of intrinsic capacity and has shown good predictive ability for morbidity and mortality. Reference values from normative populations are valuable, and such data from the Norwegian population are scarce. Normative values for the digital Jamar+ dynamometer are largely lacking.HGS was assessed in the Norwegian Tromsø study, survey 7 in 2015–2016 for 7824 participants (9324 invited) aged 40+ using a Jamar+ digital dynamometer, and three measurements for each hand were performed following the Southampton protocol. To account for non-response, full Tromsø population data, by age, education and sex, were collected from registry data from microdata.no, a service from Statistics Norway, and were then used as post-stratification weights, to provide standardized HGS values. HGS was higher in men than in women and inversely associated with age. Men and women with a history of non-communicable diseases had lower HGS than those without these conditions, while osteoarthritis was associated with lower HGS only among men. Lower height was associated with lower HGS, especially at younger ages in men. This article provides up-to-date references values for HGS in the community-dwelling population aged 40+ with or without osteoarthritis or non-communicable diseases, in Tromsø, Norway. These reference values will guide clinicians and researchers.
... However, students with any pathology affecting hand grip like forearm or wrist fracture , carpal tunnel syndrome, medial or lateral epicondylitis, scars, burns, any contracture, injury of neck and students those are using some other hand held device for more than 1 year were excluded from the study. After recording demographics and anthropometric characteristics, authors provided Smartphone Addiction Scale -Short Version (SAS-SV) to evaluate smart phone usage and used Jamar hand held dynamometer (by Sammons Preston, Rolyan Bolingbrook) 14 to evaluate hand grip strength of every participant. It has been reported a highly validated and reliable outcome measure tool. ...
Objective: To determine the frequency of smartphone usage and its association with hand grip strength among university students. Material & Methods: Three hundred and twenty-two university students were recruited in a cross-sectional study in duration from July to October. Informed consent was taken. Demographics were recorded. Smartphone usage was assessed through the Smartphone addiction scale-short version. Hand grip strength was evaluated with Jamar handheld dynamometer. Results: The mean age of 322 participants were 21±1.7 years with 212 (65.8%) females and 110 (24.2%) males. Result showed 87 (27.01%) frequent smartphone users out of 322 participants. However, the grip strength did not correlate smartphone usage (r = 0.06; P < 0.91). Conclusion: It concludes that the smart phone usage is less frequent among university students and hand grip strength does not associate with smartphone usage.
... Its quick and affordable testing makes evaluating a person's general health status simple [2]. Handgrip strength is related to age, significant differences between genders, hands, and some age groups, and a correlation with height, body mass, BMI, and hand dimensions may exist depending on the gender [3]. It was also suggested that the test is more adequate for men than for women [1]. ...
Jujutsu is a close-contact grappling combat sport. Karate is a long-distance combat sport, primarily using strikes and kicks. Well-designed strength characteristics should be capable of differentiating between participants of martial arts and combat sports, especially if, due to training preferences, they develop particular preferences for grappling or striking that differentiate them, as is the case in jujutsu and karate. One hundred and seventy-eight participants were tested for their age, weight, years of training, style (modern jujutsu, Polish and German groups, karate Kyokushin, karate Shotokan), skill level (Kyu or Dan grade), gender, and handgrip strength (HGS). An analysis of variance utilizing age, weight, years of training, martial art, gender, and skill in explaining HGS showed that variance in skill level and the interaction between skills and weight were significant. Furthermore, a post-hoc Tukey’s HSD test based on skills separated practitioners with the second Kyu from those with the sixth Dan grade. There were two groups identified when a similar analysis was conducted for the interaction between skill and weight. The first one encompassed all athletes below the fifth grade, whereas the second one comprised the remaining practitioners. Principal component analysis with gender as a grouping variable showed that women formed a partly separated group of athletes, with the most differentiating factors being age and years of training. When the grouping variable was skill level, the most influential variables were weight, HGS, and age. Finally, utilizing martial arts as a grouping variable showed that age, years of training, and skill were the essential variables. Our study has demonstrated that by utilizing HGS in combination with such characteristics as weight, age, years of training, gender, Dan grade, and martial arts, it is possible to identify differences between people training distinct martial styles, those with varying skills, and those representing opposite sexes. However, the differentiation is only sometimes apparent.
... p < 0.0005) (Mgbemena et al. 2019). Other studies in the literature support these findings (da Silva and Mulder 2021;Ekşioğlu 2016;Leyk et al. 2007). ...
Aim
The aims of this study were to evaluate hand grip strength in young adults, to examine its relationship with anthropometric values, and to determine which values are predictive.
Subject and methods
This prospective, cross-sectional study was conducted with 913 healthy young adults aged 18–30 years. A questionnaire form was administered in face-to-face interviews, and anthropometric measurements including height, body weight, waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC), mid-upper arm circumference (MAC), neck circumference (NC), triceps skinfold thickness (TSF), and hand grip strength (kg) were performed for each participant.
Results
Hand grip strength was significantly higher for men than for women (p < 0.001), and was also higher in obese and overweight people compared to underweight participants (p < 0.001). Hand grip strength was correlated with weight, height, body mass index, MAC, TSF, WC, and NC (p < 0.001). The predictive ability of anthropometric measurements in estimating hand grip strength was thus demonstrated in a large population of healthy young adults. Significant regression was found, with an R² value of 0.556. Hand grip strength increased by 0.282 kg for each centimeter of height and by 0.135 kg for each centimeter of MAC. The hand grip strength of male participants was 0.424 kg greater than that of females. Height, MAC, TSF, and sex were significant predictors of hand grip strength.
Conclusion
According to our results, variability in hand grip strength among healthy subjects can be explained by height, MAC, TSF, WC, HC, age, and sex. The estimation of hand grip strength could be established based on these demographic and anthropometric variables.
... However, the findings concerning body mass index (BMI) are debatable. While some authors reported a positive relationship between static HGS and BMI, considering it a predictor for HGS, others found no significant association and concluded that BMI has no bearing on HGS (14,26). ...
... The dominant hand's HGS is significantly influenced by the forearm size, wrist joint circumference, palm circumference, hand length, and middle finger length (14,(27)(28)(29)(30)(31). Physical workers typically have stronger grips than non-manual labourers, so job duties can also impact HGS (26). Furthermore, HGS is related to physical activity (32). ...
... In addition, hand grip varies depending on laterality, with the dominant hand maintaining a firmer grip than the non-dominant hand (26). It is likely due to the larger and stronger muscles on the dominant side of the body due to the dominant hand being exploited more vigorously than the non-dominant one. ...
Backgound: Handgrip strength is an important metric used in sports and helps measure athletes' conditions. It is affected by many factors, including athletes’ age, body weight, skills, or years of training. Unfortunately, at least in martial arts, associations among those factors are not apparent. Methods: In the study, 178 athletes training in martial arts (Jujitsu and Karate) were evaluated for their age, years of training, body weight, and skills (belt grade). HGS was measured via the dynamometric measurement of hand force. Moderation analysis was employed to evaluate the relationships between athletes’ body weight and handgrip strength and between athletes’ skills and handgrip strength. Results:It was shown that athletes’ body weight and HGS are moderated preferentially by athletes’ age and then by years of training. It was demonstrated that HGS could be improved by athletes younger than 52 years old. Years of training also moderate the relationship, but the moderation is limited to 39 years of training. The relationship between athletes’ skills and HGS is illustrated by moderated moderation, where triple interaction among skills, age and years of training can explain an additional 12.9% of the HGS variance. Conclusions: The presented study may be used to evaluate relationships between numerous variables associated with HGS and could be vital for constructing statistical models for trainers' purposes.
... 2,14,27 In line with previous studies, our study revealed a higher HGS value in men than in women. 4,11,19,[28][29][30] Data from some studies showed that muscle mass and strength seem to decline with age. However, our data revealed that the decline in muscle strength was more significant than in muscle mass, similar to findings from the Italians and Koreans. ...
Background
Hand grip strength (HGS) is a powerful indicator of sarcopenia and other adverse health outcomes. Normative values for HGS for general Chinese people with a broad age spectrum are lacking. This study aims to establish normative values of HGS and explore the correlations between HGS and body composition among unselected people aged 8–80 in China.
Methods
From 2012 to 2017, 39 655 participants aged 8–80 years in the China National Health Survey were included. Absolute HGS was measured using a Jamar dynamometer. The relative HGS was normalized by body mass index. Body composition indexes included body mass index, body fat percentage, muscle mass, fat mass index (FMI) and muscle mass index (MMI). Sex‐specific smoothed centile tables for the P1, P5, P25, P50, P75, P95 and P99 centiles of HGS and body composition were generated using lambda‐mu‐sigma method. The correlations between muscle strength and body composition were estimated by partial Spearman correlation analysis.
Results
The median values (25th and 75th percentile) of HGS in boys and girls (8–19 years old) were 22 (14, 34) kg and 18 (12, 22) kg, respectively; in men and women aged 20–80 were 39 (33, 44) kg and 24 (20, 27) kg, respectively. Values of upper and lower HGS across ages had three periods: an increase to a peak in the 20 s in men (with the 5th and 95th values of 30 and 55 kg, respectively) and 30 s in women (with the 5th and 95th values of 18 and 34 kg, respectively), preservation through midlife (20s–40 s), and then a decline after their 50 s. The lowest HGS values in both sexes were in the 70‐ to 80‐year‐old group, with the 5th and 95th percentile values of 16 and 40 kg in men, and 10 and 25 kg in women. There were substantial sex differences in body composition in the life course (all P values <0.001). In ageing, the decrease of muscle strength was faster than that of muscle mass in both sexes. The correlations between muscle mass and HGS were most robust than other correlations, especially in women (0.68 vs. 0.50), children and adolescents.
Conclusions
Our study established the age‐ and sex‐specific percentile reference values for hand grip strength in an unselected Chinese population across a broad age‐spectrum. The rich data can facilitate the practical appraisal of muscle strength and promote early prediction of sarcopenia and other impairments associated with neuromuscular disorders.
... In healthy people, good muscle strength means a more active life due to better muscular function. Strength is the ability to create dynamic or static tension as a result of a maximum effort of a muscle or muscle group depending on the requirement (3)(4)(5). Actions and sportive movements in our daily life are carried out thanks to the muscles. Muscles transform chemical energy into mechanical work and create movement. ...
... Muscle strength depends on many factors. Some factors effect the muscle strength were as follows (3,4,6,7): Type of muscle fiber: Type I fibers have a high aerobic capacity and contract without fatigue for a long time in terms of myoglobin, which acts as an oxygen tank. These are also called slow twitching, red or oxide fibers. ...
... Fatigue: As the number of fibrils that respond to the stimuli decreases in fatigue, the force decreases. Except for the reasons described above, the size and width of the cross-sectional area of the muscle, nutrition type of muscle contraction and neurophysiological mechanisms related to muscle strength such as selective participation of fiber types, central inhibition on the motor neuron, synchronization of motor units are effective on muscle strength (3,4,6,7). The knowledge regarding hand muscle strength parameters may be essential for many clinical practices (8)(9)(10). ...
Background: Aim of the study determine the duration of mobile phone use on handgrip strength and thumb flexion muscle strength. Materials and method: The measurements were taken from hand dynamometer for handgrip strength and manual muscle tester for thumb flexion muscle strength. The means of the right and left handgrip strength, thumb flexion muscle strength were measured. Results: There was a statistically significant difference in height and weight measurements between genders (p<0.05). We found as using of mobile phone increased, hand strength increased. However, the highest value of thumb muscle strength on the right and left sides was observed to be over 8 hours. There was a high relation between gender and muscle strength measurements (p<0.05; r=0.700). Conclusion: This study revealed that the duration of mobile phone use has an effect on grip and thumb flexion muscle strength.
