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Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is common diagnosis in women presenting with infertility. All the dimensions of PCOS have not been completely explored. Many studies have tried to characterize the exact presentation of the disease. In this study we studied clinical features of PCOS in Indian women to characterize different phenotypes of this syndro...
Citations
... Several studies have also evaluated the relationship between adiponectin and PCOS (18,19). Many findings showed that adiponectin levels in PCOS women are significantly lower than in healthy control (19,20). In the current study, Table 1 showed that PCOS women were obese compared to control group. ...
... In PCOS, hormonal dysregulation can cause ovarian dysfunction and androgen overproduction, which can result in symptoms like irregular menstrual cycles and excessive hair growth. [65] Selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) e. g. clomiphene act by blocking the estrogen receptors at the level of the hypothalamus and the pituitary results in an increased output of gonadotropins from the anterior pituitary, thereby stimulating the final maturation of follicles. [66] Ability of phthalic acid, 1-adamantylmethyl ethyl ester, and naphthalene, decahydro-4a-methyl-1-methylene-7-(1-methylethenyl)-,[4aR (4a.alpha.,7.alpha.,8a.beta.)] to bind effectively to estrogen receptor compared to clomiphene suggests a better modulatory effect that may reverse anovulation caused by PCOS. ...
This study investigated the effect of ethanolic extract of Ocimum gratissimum leaves (EEOGL) on letrozole‐induced polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) and determine the possible binding effects of compounds identified in EEOGL using molecular docking method. After the induction using letrozole (1 mg/kg), normal (n=4) and PCOS (n=16; 4 groups of 4 animals/group) were treated for 14 days orally with distilled water (1 ml/kg), metformin (500 mg/kg), clomiphene‐citrate (2 mg/kg), and EEOGL (50 and 100 mg/kg). 47 compounds were docked to androgen receptor (AR), estrogen receptor (ER), fructose‐1,6‐bisphosphate (FBP), and phosphoenolpyruvate‐carboxykinase (PEPCK) using Vina. The result obtained revealed that letrozole‐induced PCOS rats exhibited altered oestrous cycle and administration of the EEOGL at 50 mg/kg significantly (p<0.05) decreased the serum insulin, testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride while serum concentration of Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), estradiol, and High‐Density Lipoprotein (HDL) were significantly (p<0.05) increased compared to the control. However, administration of 100 mg/kg of the EEOGL did not reverse elevated insulin and LH levels. Molecular docking revealed four compounds with at high binding affinity for at least one of the proteins studied compared to standard drugs. Ethanolic extracts of O. gratissimum has the potential to regulate the reproductive‐induced alterations in PCOS rats.
... Women with PCOS are characterized by chronic ovulatory dysfunction, hyperandrogenemia, hyperinsulinemia, hypothalamicpituitary-ovarian axis dysfunction, menstrual irregularities, deranged adipokine secretion from the adipose tissue, and/or small cysts on one or both ovaries [8,9]. These specific alterations interact in different tissues, such as fat, liver, muscle, and ovaries, resulting in a variety of phenotypes of the syndrome [10], and it is probably the most frequent cause of hirsutism and infertility [11][12][13]. ...
Background
Women with type 1 diabetes depend on insulin injections throughout their life. However, the recommendation for strict metabolic control of diabetes requires the administration of supra-physiological doses of insulin, which might result in insulin-mediated stimulation of androgen synthesis. Hyperandrogenism in women with type 1 diabetes may be associated with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). This study was performed to investigate PCOS and its associated clinical symptoms and biochemical alterations in women with type 1 diabetes in the Palestinian Territories. This retrospective cohort study consists of 50 women with type 1 diabetes and 50 apparently healthy non-diabetic controls. Questionnaire interviews were conducted. The diagnosis of PCOS was based on chronic anovulation and biochemical evidence of hyperandrogenism. Serum total testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and insulin were measured by ELISA.
Results
The mean waist-to-hip ratio and age at menarche were significantly higher in diabetic women than in non-diabetic controls (81.9 ± 7.9 and 13.9 ± 1.6 years vs. 78.8 ± 5.7 and 13.2 ± 1.2 years, and P = 0.045, P = 0.020, respectively). Oligomenorrhea, acanthosis nigricans, seborrhea, and hirsutism were more frequent in diabetics. The levels of total testosterone and insulin were significantly higher in diabetics (0.58 ± 0.11 ng/ml and 15.8 ± 12.4 mlU/ml vs. 0.44 ± 0.11 ng/ml and 10.8 ± 4.5 mlU/ml, P < 0.001 and P = 0.010, respectively). PCOS was present in 11 (22.0%) of diabetic women compared to 3 (6.0%) in non-diabetics ( P = 0.044). Diabetic women with PCOS received higher doses of insulin than non-PCOS women (72.7 ± 23.9 vs. 55.0 ± 19.8 UI.cc/ml/day, P = 0.023). PCOS women showed more frequent oligomenorrhea (100% vs. 15.4%, P < 0.001) and higher levels of total testosterone and insulin (0.64 ± 0.09 and 23.1 ± 13.0 vs. 0.53 ± 0.11 and 14.1 ± 11.8, P = 0.023 and P = 0.041, respectively). PCOS cases were significantly more frequent in diabetic women receiving intensive insulin therapy than their counterparts with non-intensive insulin therapy (40.9% vs. 7.1%, P = 0.012).
Conclusion
Intensive insulin treatment in type 1 diabetes potentiates the development of PCOS and its related clinical and biochemical features particularly oligomenorrhea, hyperinsulinemia, and hyperandrogenemia.
... PCOS is also associated with other metabolic disorders including insulin resistance and increased expression of androgens. (Ramanand et al., 2013) The definitive diagnostic criteria for PCOS encompass three distinct sets, the Rotterdam Criteria 2003, (Fauser, 2004) the Androgen Excess Criteria 2006 (Azziz et al., 2009), and the National Institutes of Health Consensus Criteria 1990 (Zawadski and Dunaif, 1992). Among these, the Rotterdam criteria (RC) are the most comprehensive and widely employed. ...
Ethnopharmacological Relevance-PCOS is a hormonal disorder affecting women of reproductive age. Several studies have been carried out on the effect of herbal interventions in improving PCOS patients but these still have not been fully assessed. Aim of Study-This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate whether herbal interventions could promote reproductive health in women with PCOS while providing evidence-based herbal treatment for clinical practice. Material and Methods: This systematic review follows PRISMA guidelines, assessing herbal product's efficacy for PCOS management. In this research, we identified 25 studies for the analysis, including 779 women with PCOS that were defined by using biochemical or ultrasound evidence and followed Cochrane criteria for Risk of Bias (ROB) across domains, considering 7 domains of risk. Meta-analysis utilized continuous data from 11 studies, focusing on substance use and externalizing symptoms, conducted through Review Manager (RevMan version 5.4) for 11 randomized control trials. Results: The forest plot analysis was conducted for Body Mass Index (BMI), hirsutism, insulin levels, blood glucose level, and follicular stimulating hormones (FSH) levels. We utilized a random-effects model to calculate mean differences and standard deviations using the Standard Mean Differen 1 ce (SMD) scale. For BMI, the overall effect size was-0.16 (CI-0.28 to-0.03), with significant individual study effect sizes. Hirsutism showed an overall effect size of-0.34 (CI-0.62 to-0.05). Insulin analysis revealed an overall effect size of-0.79 (CI-1.28 to-0.34), with two individual study effects favoring the experimental group. Analysis for fasting glucose had an overall value of-0.27(C.I-0.54 to 0.01) while for FSH it was-0.11(C.I-0.39 to 0.17). In each analysis, the forest plots demonstrated the benefits of herbal therapy in PCOS treatment. Conclusion: Herbal interventions are a promising therapeutic approach that can be employed in the management of PCOS patients Highlights • Identified 25 studies for the analysis, including 779 women, considering 7 domains of risk. • Based on this systematic review, herbal interventions have a positive impact on all aspects of PCOS; and tend to have more benefits in managing FBS levels, Insulin sensitivity, and Hirsutism, which is found statistically significant based on forest plot analysis.
... These factors are responsible for the production of sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) by the hepatocytes, which increase the concentration of free testosterone and further exacerbates the dysfunctions related to hyperandrogenism [7] . PCOS can present with a variety of symptoms which include amenorrhea and infertility with signs of hyperandrogenemia (HA) associated with disturbances in metabolism involving resistance to insulin and dyslipidemia [8] . It is observed that women suffering from PCOS have reduced fertility and also likely to have increased risk of hypertension during pregnancy, pre-eclampsia, and diabetes mellitus. ...
... PCOS is now recognized as a heterogeneous disorder resulting in the overproduction of androgens, primarily from the ovary, and is related to insulin resistance. [9,10] Based on clinical symptoms and signs of PCOS, the incidence varies between 4%-5% to 21% (menstrual abnormalities) and 3.5%-9% (hyperandrogenism). About 100% of females with severe acne, 84% with hirsutism, and 40% of females with oligomenorrhea have PCOS as their etiology. ...
... [11][12][13][14][15] The diverse manifestations of PCOS come up at an early age when a girl matures into a young woman. [9,10] Many of the females present at a later stage with primary infertility/subfertility. Obesity exacerbating the metabolic and reproductive disorders associated with PCOS, women with PCOS women at a higher risk for type 2 diabetes, and higher prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors is documented. ...
... Obesity exacerbating the metabolic and reproductive disorders associated with PCOS, women with PCOS women at a higher risk for type 2 diabetes, and higher prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors is documented. [9,10] The National Institute for Health Criteria 1990, for diagnosis of PCOS was revised in 2003 and Rotterdam criteria have been adopted the world over. The Androgen Excess Society, 2006, has defined PCOS as a hyperandrogenic state. ...
Background: Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common reproductive endocrinological disorders affecting 6%–8%
of women in reproductive years. An early liberal PCOS screening appears to be a cost‑effective strategy, benefiting earlier diagnosis and
intervention. Objectives: The objectives are to measure the prevalence of PCOS and factors associated with PCOS among young girl students of
a University in Central Gujarat. Materials and Methods: All consenting girl medical students enrolled in MBBS curriculum during 2013–2017
were given a self‑administered questionnaire (for signs and symptoms of PCOS), taking due prior permissions; during January 2018–June 2019.
Using Rotterdam (2006) criteria, those who were screened for PCOS were subjected to abdominal ultrasonography (USG) and if required,
laboratory investigations (random blood sugar, thyroid‑stimulating hormone, and free testosterone). The proportion of young women having
PCOS as per the Rotterdam and European Society for Human Reproduction and Embryology (EHSRE) Criteria are reported. Results: The
study enrolled 308 girl medical students. More than one‑tenth of the study participants (11.7%, 36/308) had confirmed PCOS (Rotterdam
Criteria). As per the EHSRE criteria, 24/36 had classic PCOS, 11/36 had ovulatory phenotype, and 01/36 had the non‑hyperandrogenic
phenotype PCOS. USG was required in 123/308 (39%); of which 91 consented and 16/91 (18%) had conclusive PCOS. Twenty‑three girls
required laboratory investigations, of which two had abnormal values suggestive of PCOS. Irregular menses and hirsutism were significantly
associated with the PCOS (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The proportion of young medical students with PCOS was 12%. Irregular menses and
hirsutism were significantly associated with PCOS.
... in our study, the overall prevalence of anxiety conditions in PcOs women was 18.5%, depression was 17.6% and sleep disturbances were 31.3%. consistent with previous studies done on PcOs and mental issues [9,22,[28][29][30][31][32][33][34], our study found that the incidence of PcOs is primarily influenced by factors such as the presence of mental health issues during menstruation, the typical cycle length, and the individual's body mass index (BMi). We could not find any significant correlation with variables like lifestyle factors like food consumption, exercise habits, age, and marital status. the other menstrual characteristics like, age at menarche, typical bleeding length, and typical menstrual flow did not show any significant correlation in PcOs women compared to non-PcOs women. in our study, the respondents were asked to answer about their mental state during periods, and among that, most of the PcOs people were found to have mental health-related problems like anxiety, depression, and sleep disturbances. ...
... emotional distress in women with PcOs may have psychological and/or biological origins [36]. the clinical characteristics of PcOs, including obesity, insulin resistance, hyperandrogenism, inflammation, and infertility, may be related to the mechanism driving the increasing prevalence of mental stress in PcOs [28]. however, recent studies have focused more on the shared clinical aspects of PcOs and mental stress compared to the underlying molecular mechanisms that contribute to psychological symptoms in PcOs [9,29]. ...
Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder that primarily affects women of reproductive age. It is particularly prevalent among adolescent females who receive an insufficient diagnosis despite having potentially adverse consequences. The use of PCOS screening questionnaires has the potential to aid in the early detection of symptoms. The goal of this study is to observe if a self-administered questionnaire may be useful for a clear cognizance of the associated conditions like mental stress and menstrual characteristics correlated to polycystic ovary syndrome. In this study, we selected women within an age group of 17–40 with and without PCOS based on the modified Rotterdam criteria to fill out a self-administrated questionnaire based on the signs and symptoms of PCOS majorly focusing on mental stress and menstrual characteristics. SPSS software, univariate analyses were employed to elucidate the associations among the components of PCOS, demographic factors, and lifestyle characteristics, hence providing insights into the interrelationships among those variables. 64 women with PCOS and 141 women without PCOS participated in the present study. The present study revealed PCOS is greatly influenced by age at menarche (p-value= .043), typical cycle length (p-value = .000) mental health problems during menstruation (p-value = .032), and body mass index (p-value = .001). Multivariate hierarchical logistic regression analysis showed only 2 variables BMI (a-OR 1.156,95% CI (1.067–1.242), p-value = .000), and typical cycle length (a-OR 2.278, 95% CI (1.079–4.809), p-value = .003) were significant. The present study showed that BMI and menstrual cycle length were most closely associated with the incidence of PCOS, which is important in diagnosing and treating the condition. Considering the high incidence of PCOS among women of reproductive age and its potential for significant health implications, it would be prudent to incorporate inquiries regarding mental health concerns and menstrual patterns into routine medical assessments for this demographic analysis. This approach aims to ascertain whether additional diagnostic evaluations and screenings for PCOS are warranted.
... PCOS is also associated with other metabolic disorders including insulin resistance and increased expression of androgens. (Ramanand et al., 2013) The definitive diagnostic criteria for PCOS encompass three distinct sets, the Rotterdam Criteria 2003, (Fauser, 2004) the Androgen Excess Criteria 2006 (Azziz et al., 2009), and the National Institutes of Health Consensus Criteria 1990 (Zawadski and Dunaif, 1992). Among these, the Rotterdam criteria (RC) are the most comprehensive and widely employed. ...
Ethnopharmacological Relevance- PCOS is a hormonal disorder affecting women of reproductive age. Several studies have been carried out on the effect of herbal interventions in improving PCOS patients but these still have not been fully assessed. Aim of Study- This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate whether herbal interventions could promote reproductive health in women with PCOS while providing evidence-based herbal treatment for clinical practice. Material and Methods: This systematic review follows PRISMA guidelines, assessing herbal product’s efficacy for PCOS management. In this research, we identified 25 studies for the analysis, including 779 women with PCOS that were defined by using biochemical or ultrasound evidence and followed Cochrane criteria for Risk of Bias (ROB) across domains, considering 7 domains of risk. Meta-analysis utilized continuous data from 11 studies, focusing on substance use and externalizing symptoms, conducted through Review Manager (RevMan version 5.4) for 11 randomized control trials. Results: The forest plot analysis was conducted for Body Mass Index (BMI), hirsutism, insulin levels, blood glucose level, and follicular stimulating hormones (FSH) levels. We utilized a random-effects model to calculate mean differences and standard deviations using the Standard Mean Differen[1]ce (SMD) scale. For BMI, the overall effect size was -0.16 (CI -0.28 to -0.03),with significant individual study effect sizes. Hirsutism showed an overall effect size of -0.34 (CI -0.62 to -0.05). Insulin analysis revealed an overall effect size of -0.79 (CI -1.28 to -0.34), with two individual study effects favoring the experimental group. Analysis for fasting glucose had an overall value of -0.27(C.I -0.54 to 0.01) while for FSH it was -0.11(C.I -0.39 to 0.17). In each analysis, the forest plots demonstrated the benefits of herbal therapy in PCOS treatment. Conclusion: Herbal interventions are a promising therapeutic approach that can be employed in the management of PCOS patients
... Currently, Rotterdam criteria with phenotypic classification is followed to diagnose PCOS 4,5 . Hyperandrogenaemia, a cardinal criteria of PCOS, is rarely seen in southeast Asians [6][7][8] . The Endocrine Society advises mass spectrometry (MS) based assay for testosterone estimation due to less sensitivity and specificity of direct immunoassay methods 9 . ...
... Prior experience on this subject suggests poor association of PCOS and androgens in addition to other biomarkers [6][7][8] . Therefore, it is important to investigate PCOS cases to find a potential diagnostic biomarker. ...
... Since then, many efforts have been made for the precise diagnosis; however, unfortunately till date, there is no promising biomarker (sensitive and specific) and no definite etiologic factors detectable in primary PCOS. Serum testosterone and/or FAI is commonly used as hyperandrogenaemia markers 26 ; however, high values are rarely observed in women with PCOS from southeast Asian countries, including India [6][7][8] . Similarly, other androgens, such as androstenedione and DHEAS, are weakly correlated with PCOS. ...
Background & objectives: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is characterized by chronic ovulatory dysfunction, hyperandrogenism and polycystic ovary morphology (PCOM). Although hyperandrogenism is one of the major features of PCOS, it is rarely observed in southeast Asia. Recently, however, there has been growing evidence on association of anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) with PCOS. The objective of this study was to investigate the diagnostic potentials of AMH in PCOS individuals.
... A wide variety of clinical manifestations are linked to PCOS, including but not limited to symptoms of hyperandrogenaemia like hirsutism, acne, abnormal unintended weight gain, male pattern baldness, symptoms of anovulation like irregular heavy periods, oligomenorrhea, amenorrhea, and subfertility, as well as symptoms of insulin resistance like darkening of skin folds and dyslipidaemia [5]. ...
