Freehand sketch map locating territories on which selected languages mentioned in this text are (or were) spoken on Bougainville Island; areas in red mark austronesian languages (1. papapana [cf. the disproportional smallness of the area in relation to the entire island territory], 2. torau, 3. teof, 4. Uruava, 5. Saposa), areas in white are papunan (non-austronesian; indicated are 6. Rotokas and 7. nasioi). For orientation, the location of arawa and Buka towns is also indicated. apart from Bougainville (main island) and Buka (top), taiof Island is identified (to the right of number 5) and fragments of Shortland Islands (northern part of Shortland Island on the left, and ovau Island and northern part-peninsula (with aroaro point) of Fauro Island; the red line between Bougainville and Shortland Islands marks the state border between the Independent State of papua new Guinea and Solomon Islands (tryon 2005: 32; cf. asher and Moseley 2007: 135; Ethnologue 16 2009: 874; SDe, 44)