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Framework for demolition waste management. Cr: recycling gate fee; Cl: landfill tipping fee; Rc: cost of recycling; RCp: price of secondary or recycled material; Pm:
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The significant amount of waste generated from construction demolition has become a chronic problem in many developing countries. Using data obtained from demolition contractors and various other sources, this paper proposes a framework for proper handling of construction demolition waste (CDW) to serve as a decision support tool in countries suffe...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... on the literature review, a multi-step framework for proper handling of DW is proposed. As illustrated in Figure 1, the first step in developing the proposed framework for the management of DW is to estimate the rate of waste generated and identify its composi- tion, both qualitatively and quantitatively. Such information pro- vides critical input to various parameters, such as size of the recycling facility, location and size of landfills, technologies for demolition, sorting and crushing, in addition to type of legislation needed and the status of secondary market. ...
Context 2
... this has led to a large volume of DW. An interview with a representative of the Ministry of Environment revealed that there are no designated landfills for DW in Lebanon, and no recycling plants where mate- rial is sorted, treated and re-sold (Tamraz et al., 2011). The short- age of landfills and recycling facilities, coupled with the lack of regulations on proper disposal of DW, has led to haphazard dump- ing of waste, thereby creating a serious threat to the environment. ...
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Citations
... Current systems suffer from logistical inefficiencies, such as disjointed operations across multiple locations and communication gaps between stakeholders. For instance, recycling companies typically receive construction and demolition waste from demolition sites and transport it to consumers after recycling, involving multiple intermediate steps [38][39][40][41]. This fragmented approach results in high transportation costs and environmental impacts due to repeated material handling and long-distance transportation. ...
Using recycled aggregates has many positive environmental impacts because of the conservation of natural resources and minimization of waste. The use of recycled aggregates in downcycling processes is already common in Germany, whereas utilizing them to produce high-quality recycled concrete is rarely applied in practice. The reasons behind this lag have been investigated based on surveys and interviews with stakeholders. Miscommunication and missing information were identified in all stakeholder groups. Therefore, establishing a robust network and facilitating knowledge transfer by specifying the demand for recycled aggregates in the case study region have been considered as prerequisites. Therefore, the paper presents a novel concept of a stakeholder network for an integrated construction and demolition waste center. The conceptualization integrates the recycling companies and construction product manufacturers in one venue with research, service, and educational divisions. The design of the facilities is based on calculations regarding future construction activities and the demand for concrete production. The proposed concept aims to supply the region in the west of Germany with high-quality recycled products while also establishing a robust network that offers benefits in terms of logistical optimization and knowledge transfer.
... The difference in the WGR is potentially due to the different approaches adopted in research, waste items taken into consideration, building types, culture, and weather conditions (Islam et al., 2019). For example, the demolition WGR in Beirut is more than 200% higher than in Dhaka City due to the commonly used construction items (e.g., hourdi blocks, stones, ceramic tiles, etc.) of that region, type of buildings, weather conditions, and cultural norms (Srour et al., 2013). Similarly, the WGR in construction practices in HRMUD, Malaysia is different due to the consideration of conventional and mixed methods in construction practices, building design, and types considered in the total WGR calculation by Mah et al. (2016). ...
Construction and demolition waste has a high environmental and socio-economic impact due to its poor management infrastructure. In recent years, Dhaka, the capital city of Bangladesh, experienced significant growth in the real estate sector, which demands substantial construction and demolition activities within the city. Most of the construction and demolition waste finds its way to landfills, roadsides, and unapproved locations with a 2% recycling rate through local scrap vendors and unregulated recyclers. In an effort to assess the waste generation rates from ongoing construction and demolition activities, the current study employed the Site Visit method along with direct and indirect waste quantification methodologies for the investigated demolition and construction projects, respectively. The findings indicate that for per unit area (m2) of demolition and construction, the average WGR was found to be approximately 575.0 kg and 73.9 kg, respectively. Projection reveals that by 2025 and 2030, within Dhaka City, construction and demolition activities will generate roughly 1.15 MT and 1.69 MT of construction and demolition waste if no recycling actions are considered. Additionally, the results highlight the recycling potential of construction and demolition waste with respect to economic benefits through the maximum recycling rates for the relevant materials. Furthermore, to address the future of sustainable construction and demolition waste management infrastructure, this paper presents a detailed overview of the current onsite construction and demolition waste management practices as well as safety protocols for demolition and construction activities.
... In the selected bibliography, Asian countries are predominant, such as China, India, South Korea, Lebanon, and Iraq, regions with a large production of demolition waste because of the frequent involvement with wars in that region. In the Lebanon-Israel war in 2006, for instance, six million m 3 of demolition waste was generated, most of it ending up in inadequate landfill sites throughout the country [52]. It is also worth mentioning the Europeans, such as Portugal, Belgium, Spain, and Italy, and North America, Canada. ...
Civil construction is essential for the world economy and the largest generator of construction and demolition waste (CDW), mainly due to a lack of planning, technological control, and restoration execution, among other factors. While efforts are made to minimize this waste generation, one possible application for CDW is its incorporation into Portland cement-based materials as recycled aggregates, in partial or total replacement of natural aggregates. However, for CDW use to be feasible, the structure performance and safety must be assured, and the adherence between concrete and reinforcement bars, in this context, is a fundamental mechanism. With this perspective, this paper aims to investigate the influence of recycled aggregate on steel–concrete bonding. To this end, the SREE (Systematic Review for Engineering and Experiments) method was employed as a novelty, including a methodology quality analysis, to search and analyze relevant scientific articles published in the last ten years. The results revealed that the use of CDW as recycled aggregates in concrete worsens the steel–concrete bonding, and that ribbed steel bar seems to be the best option when employed in RC structures built with CDW-concrete, although the bar diameter and the anchorage length still need further investigations, and that CDW-concrete’s use can significantly contribute to reducing the emission of greenhouse gases and to capturing CO2 from the atmosphere. Therefore, further investigations should focus on the real influence of recycled aggregate type and replacement content, bar diameter, anchorage length, and CDW’s potential to capture CO2.
... C&DW is a kind of solid waste in cities, which refers to all kinds of waste generated in the process of demolition, new construction, reconstruction, maintenance, decoration and natural disasters of buildings and structures (Umar et al. 2020). C&DW generation calculation should consider the construction activities, concluding construction, reconstruction, decoration, and of various buildings and structures (Srour et al. 2013, Umar et al. 2020. ...
The reduction of construction and demolition waste (C&DW) has a significant impact on the sustainable development of the construction industry. Differentiated reduction management policy is the key to C&DW reduction management. Based on the calculation of C&DW generation, this paper studies the temporal and spatial evolution characteristics, heterogeneity of C&DW with economic growth, and driving factors of C&DW generation in 30 provinces from 2007 to 2018 by using the methods of standard deviation ellipse model, environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) and geographic detector. The results show that the C&DW generation in China shows an increasing trend, “low in the west, and high in the East” and “high in the South and low in the north,” with significant regional differences. The temporal and spatial distribution of C&DW generation shows a “northeast southwest” trend, and this pattern has a trend of changing to “due north - due south”; C&DW generation increases with the economic growth, and the proportion of “inverted N” provinces is large, which is in the stage of continuous increase in the C&DW generation; The economic output effect of construction industry is the most important factor affecting the spatial distribution of C&DW generation. The impact of C&DW generation in each province has shifted from the single core driving effect of economy to the common guidance of economy and environmental protection. The interaction of different factors has a greater impact on the spatial distribution of C&DW generation than that of each factor alone.
... C&DW is a kind of solid waste in cities, which refers to all kinds of waste generated in the process of demolition, new construction, reconstruction, maintenance, decoration and natural disasters of buildings and structures (Umar et al. 2020). C&DW generation calculation should consider the construction activities, concluding construction, reconstruction, decoration, and of various buildings and structures (Srour et al. 2013, Umar et al. 2020. ...
... Mass units were used for the study since volumes can change due to compaction or other processing (EPA 2009). Average density values have been collected from the scientific literature (Mália et al. 2013;Srour et al. 2013;Mah et al. 2016;Ram and Kalidindi 2017a). The information collected is reported in Table S2. ...
In Bolivia, construction and demolition waste (CDW) is unmanaged. The current research implemented a CDW flow analysis and a cost assessment in the city of La Paz, aiming to compare future recycling scenarios. Lack of data is challenging; therefore, a review of 31 international studies has been conducted. Results report that the waste generation rate (WGR) of concrete residential buildings can be of about 91.9–113.3 kg m⁻² for construction and about 867.2–1064.8 kg m⁻² for demolition. In addition, positive correlation was found in national WGR with number of inhabitants and the GDP. By these results, it was estimated that about 271,051–349,418 tonnes of CDW are potentially generated yearly in La Paz, about two times more than the CDW projected by local authorities. By the scenarios analysis, it was estimated that 56.1–71.1% of the inert aggregates can be recycled. The cost of the system is estimated between 7.8 and 31.1 USD tCDW⁻¹, for a total annual cost (20 years horizon) of about 2.3–9 million USD y⁻¹ depending on the management scenario. In the best scenario, an average fee of less than 1% of the current costs of a flat in La Paz can be required, potentially affordable for the local economy. The most attractive scenario involves the source separation of recyclable materials and the hybrid organization of stationary and mobile recycling facilities. Results show that a CDW management can be implemented in La Paz to foster a circular economy in developing cities.
... An option to overcome the corresponding difficulties may be a scientific study of the feasibility of developing the structure of participants in the field of construction waste management. In [3], the expediency of increasing the number of participants in the waste management chain through the construction of plants for the processing of construction waste has been economically proven. It was investigated that the efficiency of the construction of such a plant is achieved under the condition of a functioning filler market, an increase in the tariff for the removal of waste to landfills, the formation of state policy, and the strengthening of monitoring and control of waste. ...
... The generalization of the results of scientific research [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] led to the conclusion that the task to form an effective mechanism for stimulating the growth of the level of processing of construction waste remains unresolved and requires further research. ...
... Recycling of construction waste demonstrates an insufficient level in almost all countries, regardless of the level of their development. In studies [2,3,[7][8][9] it is proved that the level of construction waste disposal is achieved under conditions of favorable legislative regulation, organizational support, introduction of economic incentives. ...
The object of this study is a system of incentives aimed at activating the processes to manage construction waste formed during hostilities.
The problem being solved is to form incentives for the growth of economic interest in construction waste management.
The structural and functional readiness of the economy for the management of waste generated as a result of hostilities is investigated. It was revealed that 60 % of the participants in the waste management system are microenterprises with a profitability of 0.2 %. The level of construction waste disposal and the level of its reuse are estimated. Forecasts of the behavior of methods of waste management in the absence of changes in state policy have been made. Based on the use of forecasting methods, a trend of increasing the amount of waste dumped at landfills has been identified. The directions of state influence on the formation of economic incentives for the processing of construction waste have been proposed.
A special feature of the study's results is that the inconsistency of existing incentives with the needs of participants in the field of waste management has been investigated. The problem with the activities of small enterprises is the demand for performance, at the formation of which government efforts should be directed. Distinctive features of the results are that they solve the problems of achieving a balance of economic interests of participants in the management of construction waste generated during the war. The area of practical use of the obtained results is the system of state and local management of waste handling activities
... The second most investigated aspect of sustainability was the economic aspect. The first studies investigated the economic viability of recycling facilities worldwide, from China (Zhao, Leeftink, and Rotter 2010; H. P. Yuan et al. 2011) and Australia (Vivian W Y Tam 2008) to Lebanon (Srour et al. 2013), Portugal (André Coelho and de Brito 2013b; 2013c), Greece (Banias et al. 2011) and Ireland (Duran, Lenihan, and Regan 2006) to Brazil (K. R. A. Nunes et al. 2007). ...
In an effort to tackle climate change and decrease the consumption of natural resources, more and more industries worldwide are adopting circular economy principles. The construction industry is no exception; however, the implementation of these principles is beyond satisfactory levels. As a consumer of more than half of the extracted materials and a contributor to more than a third of waste, the construction industry hides great circular economy potential. In recent years, the scientific community has devoted a great effort to investigate different aspects of construction and demolition waste (CDW) management. The assessment of key aspects of sustainability, such as the economic, environmental and social aspects, were particularly studied, mainly to find the optimal management alternative that would be the least detrimental to the environment and the society. However, the available studies rarely included all three pillars of sustainability. Moreover, management alternatives that were assessed included only recycling, backfilling and disposal in most cases, leaving the treatment options that support circular economy principles such as reuse and high-quality recycling unexplored. Additionally, most of the studies performed sustainability assessments on statistical data of CDW quantities that are often unreliable and may significantly underestimate the sustainability performance. The main objective of this research was to propose a new model for the sustainability assessment of CDW management and the selection of the optimal CDW management alternative. To achieve this objective, the following specific goals were addressed: 1) setting up a unique material stock database that includes the types and quantities of materials embedded in buildings; 2) proposing possible CDW management alternatives; 3) proposing a model for estimating future quantities and composition of CDW; 4) proposing a model for assessing the sustainability performance of the proposed alternatives; 5) comparing and ranking of CDW management alternatives; 6) analysis of the ranking results and selecting the optimal CDW alternative. The model was tested in a case study for the management of CDW from residential buildings in Serbia. In this case study, three alternatives: the current CDW management (BAU), the alternative that aims to achieve the EU average CDW recovery rates (EU28(2018)) and the alternative that implements circular economy principles in CDW management practices (CE) were evaluated and ranked. Each alternative was ranked against four different decision-makers scenarios: economic, environmental, social and holistic. The model includes the integration of the existing and widely used methods: bottom-up inventory analysis and dynamic stock modelling for the estimation of the material stock and CDW quantities and composition, Cost-Benefit Analysis for sustainability assessment and Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Analysis (Analytical Hierarchy Process - AHP) for ranking of the CDW alternatives and choosing the optimal CDW management alternative. The implementation of the model in the case study for CDW management in Serbia yielded three sets of results. The first set of results was related to the creation of a unique material stock database that included the list of materials embedded in residential buildings built between 1946 and 1990 with detailed specifics (geometry and physical characteristics). Based on this, viii the total weight and the composition of the materials embedded in these buildings were calculated. The total weight of material embedded was estimated to be 714.6 million tonnes, out of which 601.1 million tonnes were embedded in single-family house (SFH) buildings and 113.5 million tonnes of materials were embedded in multi-family house (MFH) buildings. The materials with a share of over 80% belong to the mineral fraction (concrete, bricks, tiles, ceramics). The second set of results included the potential waste quantities and composition when these buildings in Serbia are renovated or demolished. Depending on the renovation alternative, the total amount of waste in the period 2021—2046 ranged between 40.2 and 41.1 million tonnes, with an average annual contribution between 1.5 and 1.6 million tonnes. The sensitivity analysis of the waste quantities showed that these quantities might range between 0.89 and 2.5 million tonnes if the demolition rate changes up to 30%, while the renovation rates do not bring significant changes to the amount of waste. The highest share of the waste stream (67%) is made up of clay and concrete-based materials. Consequently, the waste composition (waste streams) and the possible treatments of these waste streams determine the sustainability performance of three proposed CDW management alternatives for Serbia. The third set of results was related to the sustainability performance and the ranking of CDW management alternatives. The direct outputs of the Cost-Benefit Analysis (financial and economic net present value) identified cash flow balance and potential economic, environmental and social benefits to the waste operators and the society for each alternative for Serbia. The current CDW management alternative in Serbia was the worst option. The financial and the economic net present values were negative in this alternative, which implies that managing waste under this alternative will not benefit the waste operator or society. On the other hand, the CE alternative was identified as the best option, with both of these indicators positive. The ranking of alternatives with the Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Analysis resulted in the optimal CDW management alternative under different decision-making preferences. In the environmental and holistic decision-making scenarios, the CE alternative was ranked as the optimal, while the current waste management alternative was ranked as the optimal solution under the economic and social preferences. In addition, the sensitivity analysis applied to the sustainability performance revealed several critical variables such as the demolition rate, discount rates, capital and operational costs and unit prices of recovered bricks and aggregates. These are the variables that should be carefully considered when waste management strategies are planned. The case study showed that efficient CDW management practice depends on active participation and partnership of all stakeholders, from policymakers to researchers and practitioners. All these stakeholders may find the proposed model useful from different management aspects. The policymakers may use this model to evaluate the effects of the stricter implementation of the existing regulations and the promotion of new regulations such as the carbon and landfill taxes or even landfill bans for recyclable waste fractions. More advanced instruments would include reusing and recycling subsidies and the implementation of green procurement provisions in public contracts. And finally, in lack of financing for better waste management practices, carefully planned and contracted public-private partnerships may be the right answer that will, in the end, benefit all partners, the environment and the society.
Full dissertation available at: https://grafar.grf.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/2712
... To acquire the data on the current production and emissions of construction waste is the first step to implement effective management; however, the lack of official statistics has induced a considerable amount of literature to place the focus on quantitative estimation studies [9]. Estimation of construction waste generation includes construction waste generated from design [10], construction [11], demolition [12,13], and the full life cycle [14] in terms of stages, including construction waste generated from residential buildings [15,16], non-residential buildings [17], and underground buildings [18] in terms of type, and including construction waste generated from different materials including concrete and drywall waste streams [19,20] in terms of materials. Li [21] developed the construction waste estimation system for construction projects, and Bakchan [22] developed the automatic quantification and management system for construction waste. ...
Construction waste management is crucial to the sustainable development of the construction industry and environmental management, and China has the highest construction waste emission in the world, making it typical and representative globally. In this paper, we conducted an empirical study on the relationship between the change in construction waste and economic growth at the provincial level in China from 2009 to 2018 based on a decoupling model and spatial analysis methods, and we reached the findings as follows. (1) Most provinces in China are still in the stage of continuous growth of construction waste emissions, and about 30% have reached the peak (inverted U-shaped), prominently characterized by inter-provincial spatial heterogeneity and agglomeration. (2) The decoupling types between inter-provincial construction waste and construction economic growth in China are dominated by weak decoupling, expansive coupling, and recessive decoupling, and they are changing in general with positive signs but in a more diversified and complex trend. (3) Based on the analysis results, this paper classifies China into three types of policy zones, namely transformation, adjustment, and stabilization, and proposes differentiated and targeted recommendations to provide an important decision basis for the design of construction waste management policies in China and similar countries and to help achieve a “zero waste society” in early global development.
... The economic aspect of CDWM has a direct impact on WMH: the related literature indicated that the economic aspect of CDWM plays an essential role in managing CDW, which is aligned with studies performed by [53,79]. Other scholars have also pointed out the factors, such as costs involved in reusing, reducing, recycling, and disposing of waste throughout waste collection, transportation, and disposal [80]. ...
Construction and demolition waste (CDW), as the main consequence of construction and demolition (C&D) activities, has severely affected our sustainability needs. However, construction and demolition waste management (CDWM) lacks the integration of sustainability concepts. Thus, there is a great need to include sustainability dimensions in CDWM to reach sustainable construction and demolition waste management (SCDWM). This study aims at empirically investigating SCDWM by analyzing the impacts of factors that contribute to sustainability aspects of CDWM on waste management hierarchy (WMH), including reduce, reuse, recycle, and disposal strategies. According to the literature, 26 factors were initially identified and grouped under four categories, namely environmental, economic, social, and administrative, that contribute to sustainability aspects of CDWM. Subsequently, a pilot test was performed to assess the significance and applicability of these factors in the Malaysian construction industry by implementing the express analytic hierarchy process (EAHP). Then, a questionnaire survey was performed to collect data from 132 construction companies involved in CDWM. Partial least squares-structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) was used to test the hypothetical relationships by applying SmartPLS software. Results demonstrated that the economic aspect of CDWM (main category) and “public environment contamination due to illegal waste dumping” (sub-category) were the most influential factor in SCDWM in Malaysia.
