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11: Fourth-century BCE limestone votive relief from Golgoi-Ayios Photios depicting scenes of worship, dancing, and banqueting, MMA inv. no. 74.51.2338. (The Cesnola Collection, Purchased by subscription, 1874-76; CC0 1.0)
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Visualizing Votive Practice is an innovative, open-access, digital monograph that explores the limestone and terracotta sculptures excavated from a rural sanctuary at the site of Athienou-Malloura (Cyprus) by the Athienou Archaeological Project. Chapters on the archaeology of the site, the historiography of Cypriot sculpture, and perspectives on ar...
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Citations
... Making 3D models of ��gurines allows users to experience the ��gurines second only to ��rsthand study; users can manipulate the objects from any angle, zoom in and out to see certain details, and take measurements. The 3D initiative of the Salamis-Toumba project has already been mentioned, and other sites are also starting to publish 3D ��gurine data, including the Athienou-Malloura terracotta and limestone votives (Counts et al. 2016(Counts et al. , 2020, the terracotta and limestone ��gures from the area of Nicosia (Koiner et al. 2018), and the later Roman ��gurines from Nea Paphos . For the advantages of 3D models of ��gurines for research, see Counts et al. 2016Counts et al. , 2020Morris et al. 2018;Sarri and Athanassopoulos 2018;Papadopoulos et al. 2019. ...
... The 3D initiative of the Salamis-Toumba project has already been mentioned, and other sites are also starting to publish 3D ��gurine data, including the Athienou-Malloura terracotta and limestone votives (Counts et al. 2016(Counts et al. , 2020, the terracotta and limestone ��gures from the area of Nicosia (Koiner et al. 2018), and the later Roman ��gurines from Nea Paphos . For the advantages of 3D models of ��gurines for research, see Counts et al. 2016Counts et al. , 2020Morris et al. 2018;Sarri and Athanassopoulos 2018;Papadopoulos et al. 2019. This contribution has already listed some applications of scienti��c methods of testing fabric, which has improved our understanding of the trade and export of ��gurines across the island and beyond to the Levant, Egypt, Ionia, and the Aegean. ...
... Plans must also be made to address the long-term stability and accessibility of digital records in comparison to their analog predecessors, and comprehensive publications with 3D data are still rare [e.g. Opitz et al. 2016;Counts et al. 2020]. In addition, photogrammetric methodologies in archaeology are far from standardized, unlike those for measured scale drawings, and exhortatory calls for best practices are progressively growing [e.g., Barnes 2011;Sapirstein and Murray 2017;Borrero and Stroth 2020]. ...
Between 2016 and 2018, excavations at the Roman villa of Vacone, carried out by the Upper Sabina Tiberina Project, transitioned to completely digital recording practices. The methodological shift was accompanied by a three-year campaign of backfill removal and cleaning, which allowed most of the villa’s extant architecture and décor uncovered since 2012 to be digitized. Moreover, a new documentation protocol was established that employs photogrammetry in lieu of scale drawing to model the three-dimensional spatial characteristics of every archaeological context. Notable artifacts were also modeled to facilitate off-site study. The excavation’s experiences with this conversion offer valuable lessons for other long-term archaeological projects contemplating a similar shift amid active fieldwork. The project’s digital recording team developed a methodology for layer-by-layer modeling that ensures precise alignment between stratigraphic contexts using fixed markers. From these, standard 2D products (orthomosaic plans and digital elevation models [DEMs]) were produced. A similar technique was used for generating 2D orthomosaics of vertical features (such as walls and stratigraphic sections) without the need to take numerous measurements on the vertical surface (e.g., with a prismless total station). Similarly, the generated data can create 2D sections along any arbitrary line even after the strata have been removed. Beyond simply replicating traditional two-dimensional records, the 3D data have proven essential for visualizing the interrelation of above and below ground spaces, and for analyzing a terraced structure built on several levels. Composite 3D models, hosted online, are also an effective tool for public outreach with stakeholders in the local community, as well as the general public.
... Attempts at using 3D models to supplement traditional text are the first level of purpose-driven approaches to 3D scanning. Counts et al. (2020) and Štular and Štuhec (2015) both use digital 3D artefacts to act as replacements for illustrations or photographs, documenting limestone and terracotta statuary from Athienou-Malloura (Cyprus) and earrings from the Early Medieval site of Kranj (Slovenia), respectively. These approaches demonstrate the many ways in which digital 3D models are superior to 2D representations: they have the ability to be viewed from all angles, one can take accurate measurements on the model (Figure 6), and one can digitally change shading or lighting conditions to highlight certain parts of the model. ...
... Their initial foray into visualising 3D content in this way was with artefact models created as part of the Athienou Archaeological Project's (Cyprus) Visualizing Votive Practice: Exploring Limestone and Terracotta Sculpture from Athienou-Malloura through 3D Models. The project's central focus is a digital artefact catalogue with 3D models of 50 limestone and terracotta sculptural fragments embedded in the text (Counts et al. 2020). In addition to the digital monograph, each artefact entry is mirrored in a record on Open Context, 29 which includes a 3D model of the artefact. ...
European archaeologists in the last two decades have worked to integrate a wide range of emerging digital tools to enhance the recording, analysis, and dissemination of archaeological data. These techniques have expanded and altered the data collected by archaeologists as well as their interpretations. At the same time archaeologists have expanded the capabilities of using these data on a large scale, across platforms, regions, and time periods, utilising new and existing digital research infrastructures to enhance the scale of data used for archaeological interpretations. This Element discusses some of the most recent, innovative uses of these techniques in European archaeology at different stages of archaeological work. In addition to providing an overview of some of these techniques, it critically assesses these approaches and outlines the recent challenges to the discipline posed by self-reflexive use of these tools and advocacy for their open use in cultural heritage preservation and public engagement.
... The scene used for the classes consisted of six photogrammetric excavation models and three 3D artifact representations. The data used for this project came from previous projects that were centered on the creation of 3D archaeological representations for research use Counts et al. 2016;Counts et al. forthcoming]. One significant focus of the class was a 2 x 1 m excavation trench from the Guard site (12D29), an early Fort Ancient village (ca. ...
... Interacting with 3D representations of these artifacts allowed the students to engage with the ways people were experiencing the sanctuary site and participating in religious practices. Additionally, the high resolution of these models and the ability to fully rotate and manipulate the artifacts provided an avenue to discuss production; for example, a fragmentary limestone quadriga visualized in the scene shows clear chisel marks on the bottom of the piece (Fig. 6) [Counts et al. forthcoming;Toumazou et al. 2015: 214]. In addition to listening to the lecture and participating in discussion on the material visualized in the VR scene, students also answered written questions that highlighted different aspects of the lecture. ...
As archaeologists continue to utilize digital 3D visualization technologies, instruction can also benefit from purpose-driven uses of these data. This paper outlines a pilot project that used previously captured 3D data in a large-scale immersive environment to supplement the instruction of basic archaeological concepts to an undergraduate introductory anthropology class. The flexibility of the platform allowed excavation trenches to be investigated in three-dimensions, enhancing the understanding of excavation methods and providing additional insight in the choices of the excavators. Additionally, virtual investigation of the artifacts provided a way for students to interact with objects on the other side of the world in a more complete way. Instructor-led immersive virtual experiences have significant potential to widen the interest in archaeology and enhance the instruction of archaeological concepts. They allow students to interact with the content, guided by an expert, and in the presence of each other. While the facilities are not available at every university at the current time, the cost effectiveness and ability to deliver these experiences via head-mounted displays represents an exciting potential extension for complementary self-paced, yet guided, exploration.
OVERVIEW
Digital data play an increasingly important role in how we understand the present and the past. The challenges inherent in understanding and using digital data are as intellectually demanding as any other archaeological research endeavor. For these reasons, data management cannot be regarded as a simple compliance or technical issue. For data to be meaningfully preserved and used in intellectually rigorous ways, they need to be integrated fully into all aspects of archaeological practice, including ethics, teaching, and publishing. In this review, we highlight some of the significant and multifaceted challenges involved in managing data, including documentation, training, methodology, data modeling, trust, and ethical concerns. We then focus on the importance of building data literacy broadly among archaeologists so that we can manage and communicate the data our discipline creates. This involves more than learning to use a new tool or finding a data manager for one's excavation or survey. Long-term, responsible stewardship of data requires understanding the workflows and human roles in data management. Putting effort now into thoughtful data management and broad data-literacy training means we will be able to make the most of the “bigger” data that archaeologists now produce. An important aspect of this reorientation will be to look beyond the boundaries of our own research projects and information systems. Future research, teaching, and public engagement needs will also compel us to explore how our data articulates with wider contexts—within and beyond our discipline.
