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Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of synthesized CQD. According to the analysis of FTIR, there are specific peaks in 1045 cm À1 (N-C bond), 1400 cm À1 , and 3400 cm À1 (N-H/O-H bond), 1620 cm À1 (C¼O bond) and 2920 cm À1 (C-H bond) ranges.
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Some designed macromolecules may be suitable substitutes for damaged tissue. This study aimed to use a novel Carbon Quantum Dots (CQD)-Alginate-Gelatin nanocomposite (NC) in the form of the microcapsule and as a scaffold for differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into bone tissue. The CQD nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized by the hydrothermal...
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Context 1
... CQD functional groups were determined using FTIR in Figure 3. Figure 3 shows the FTIR of CQDs, with specific peaks in 1045 cm À1 (N-C bond), 1400 cm À 13,400 cm À1 (N-H/O-H bond), 1620 cm À1 (C¼O bond) and 2920 cm À1 (C-H bond) ranges. ...
Context 2
... CQD functional groups were determined using FTIR in Figure 3. Figure 3 shows the FTIR of CQDs, with specific peaks in 1045 cm À1 (N-C bond), 1400 cm À 13,400 cm À1 (N-H/O-H bond), 1620 cm À1 (C¼O bond) and 2920 cm À1 (C-H bond) ranges. According to a similar study by Liu et al., based on the FTIR characterization of CQD from the citrate source [42] , it can be concluded that the resulted peaks are related to CQD. ...
Citations
... Figure 1b displays the FTIR results of CQDs, CQDs/Au, CQDs/Au/PTP, and CQDs/ Au/PTP-Aptamer nanocomposites. In accordance with the research conducted by Samadian et al. [38], the spectral analysis of carbon quantum dots reveals distinct peaks at 1050 cm −1 , 1600 cm −1 , and 2900 cm −1 , which provide evidence for the existence of N-C, C=O, and C-H functional groups, respectively. The synthesized CQDs/Au nanocomposite exhibits an additional peak at 650 cm −1 compared to the CQDs spectrum, which can be attributed to the Au-O-Au functional group of the gold nanoparticles. ...
This study presents a novel approach for developing an Hsp60 biosensor with enhanced sensitivity and selectivity, utilizing a nanocomposite with an aptamer-recognition surface. The biosensor was fabricated by modifying a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) with a nanocomposite composed of carbon quantum dots (CQDs), gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), and polythiophene (PTP). The integration of these constituents within the CQDs/Au/PTP nanocomposite yielded a range of advantageous attributes. These encompass elevated stability, a notable ratio of surface area to volume, outstanding electrical conductivity, considerable compatibility with biological systems, and durable resistance to both mechanical and chemical influences. The introduction of functional groups into the CQD/Au/PTP nanocomposite created multiple sites that facilitated the successful covalent attachment of aptamers (Apt), thereby enhancing the stability and sensitivity of the developed aptasensor. The measurement techniques employed in this study were Square Wave Voltammetry (SWV), Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), and Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) utilizing a probe solution. The Hsp60 protein’s interaction with the immobilized aptamers resulted in a decline in electron transfer at the electrode and electrolyte junction. This caused a decrease in peak current in SWV and an increase in resistance in EIS. The changes in peak current were used to construct a calibration curve. The aptasensor that was created showed an outstanding ability to detect at a limit of 7.38 nM and was able to measure within a linear range spanning from 0.01 to 0.25 µM. Additionally, the CQDs/Au/PTP/AptHsp60 aptasensor exhibited favorable reproducibility, high selectivity, rapid response time, and excellent stability during storage. These characteristics make the aptasensor highly promising for various applications in biomedicine bioengineering and clinical studies.
Graphical abstract
... Moreover, the ability of CDs to induce osteogenic differentiation of ADSCs was demonstrated by the upregulation of RUNX2, OPN and OCN genes and accelerated calcium deposition. In 2020, Samadian et al. prepared CDs from ammonium hydrogen citrate by the hydrothermal method and then added alginate and gelatin to prepare hydrogel microcapsules for the culture of ADSCs in OM [121]. In comparison to the CD-free group, the ALP activity of cells was significantly facilitated in the CD-containing group. ...
Carbon dots (CDs) have been widely used in bioimaging, biosensing and biotherapy because of their good biocompatibility, optical properties and stability. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the research on CDs in terms of synthesis methods, optical properties and biotoxicity. We describe and envisage the directions for CDs application in stem cell imaging and differentiation, with the aim of stimulating the design of future related CDs. We used 'carbon dots', 'stem cells', 'cell imaging', 'cell differentiation' and 'fate control' as keywords to search for important articles. The Web of Science database was used to extract vital information from a total of 357 papers, 126 review articles and 231 article proceedings within 12 years (2011-2022).
... Chitosan, methylcellulose, alginate, collagen, and poly-L-lysine (PLL) are frequently used polymers in (Farina et al. 2019;Samadi et al. 2023). Among all polymers, alginate is considered the best polymer in drug delivery and cell therapy for therapeutic purposes because of its biocompatibility, easy and fast gelation in physiological conditions, biodegradability, non-immunogenicity, and availability of polymer modification (Yao et al. 2010;Lee and Mooney 2012;Łabowska et al. 2019;Liu et al. 2019a;Samadian et al. 2021). Therefore, this review is only focused on alginate encapsulation of islets to protect islets from host immune cells and prolong islet survival and function. ...
... Also, previous studies declared that purity (Lee and Mooney 2012;Torres et al. 2019), interfaces, and pH (Chuang et al. 2017) are limiting factors for encapsulating materials both in vitro and in vivo conditions. Alginate, which is made up of α-l-guluronic acid and β-d-mannuronic acid (Yao et al. 2010;Bochenek et al. 2018), has been extensively studied for cells, proteins, and peptide encapsulations, or as scaffolds for tissue engineering (Yao et al. 2010;Samadian et al. 2021) because of its very slow biodegradability (Bouhadir et al. 2001;Samadian et al. 2021), hydrophilicity (Yao et al. 2010;Samadian et al. 2021), minimal toxicity (Yao et al. 2010;Lee and Mooney 2012;Łabowska et al. 2019;Liu et al. 2019a), biocompatibility (Lee and Mooney 2012;Samadian et al. 2021), availability of rapid and controlled gelation (Lee and Mooney 2012;Liu et al. 2019a), relatively low cost (Lee and Mooney 2012;Enck et al. 2021), and desired rheological properties for drug delivery and cell therapy (Łabowska et al. 2019). Interestingly, crosslinked alginate undergoes uncontrollably slow biodegradation because of the exchange of divalent ions with monovalent cations such as sodium ions (Na + ) in the body. ...
... Also, previous studies declared that purity (Lee and Mooney 2012;Torres et al. 2019), interfaces, and pH (Chuang et al. 2017) are limiting factors for encapsulating materials both in vitro and in vivo conditions. Alginate, which is made up of α-l-guluronic acid and β-d-mannuronic acid (Yao et al. 2010;Bochenek et al. 2018), has been extensively studied for cells, proteins, and peptide encapsulations, or as scaffolds for tissue engineering (Yao et al. 2010;Samadian et al. 2021) because of its very slow biodegradability (Bouhadir et al. 2001;Samadian et al. 2021), hydrophilicity (Yao et al. 2010;Samadian et al. 2021), minimal toxicity (Yao et al. 2010;Lee and Mooney 2012;Łabowska et al. 2019;Liu et al. 2019a), biocompatibility (Lee and Mooney 2012;Samadian et al. 2021), availability of rapid and controlled gelation (Lee and Mooney 2012;Liu et al. 2019a), relatively low cost (Lee and Mooney 2012;Enck et al. 2021), and desired rheological properties for drug delivery and cell therapy (Łabowska et al. 2019). Interestingly, crosslinked alginate undergoes uncontrollably slow biodegradation because of the exchange of divalent ions with monovalent cations such as sodium ions (Na + ) in the body. ...
Background
Islet transplantation is a promising minimally invasive approach that dispenses with many challenges, especially immunological complications such as instant blood-mediated inflammatory reaction, autoimmunity, and allogeneic or xenogeneic rejection. Besides, scare of islet donor, side effects of immunosuppressant, and poor angiogenesis are also crucial factors for long-term islet survival and function. Approaches to the encapsulation of islets have been introduced to address aforementioned challenges.Area coveredIn this review, we summarize the concept of islet encapsulation using alginate to minimize the immunological complications, maintain islet morphology, and exchange of nutrients, hormones, and metabolic waste via isolating pancreatic islets from host immune cells. Alginate encapsulation technologies like dripping, microfluidics, and 3D printing are also briefly introduced. Similarly, this review outlines islet encapsulation strategies (co-encapsulation with other cells, peptides, drugs, etc.,) and approaches (nano-, micro-, and macroencapsulation) using alginate. Alongside this, this review introduces the use of alginate in an oxygenation system to overcome the hypoxic environment faced by encapsulated islets. Finally, challenges and opportunities for islet encapsulation using alginate are also discussed in terms of clinical applications.Expert opinionWith the aim of immunoisolation, islet encapsulation using alginate reduces immunological attacks and enhances the survivability of islets after transplantation. Alginate shows promise based on its biocompatibility, non-toxicity, and easy and fast gelation under physiological conditions. Intriguingly, it can also co-encapsulate islets with other biomolecules and shows compatibility with other polymers. With ongoing strides in research on islet encapsulation, alginate-encapsulated islets could be available for the treatment of type 1 diabetes in the near future.
... The addition of GO to chitosan/glycerophosphate thermoresponsive hydrogels facilitated protein adsorption, swelling propensity, biomineralization ability, and the potential to induce osteogenic differentiation in MSCs. 56,152 The incorporation of GO to injectable thermosensitive hydrogels of poly(polyethylene glycol citrate-co-N-isopropyl acrylamide) and gelatin (PPCNg) kept the hydrogels thermoresponsive and boosted ALP activity and osteogenic gene expression in mesenchymal progenitor immortalized mouse adipose-derived cells (iMADs). These composite hydrogels were subcutaneously injected into BMP9transduced iMADs in athymic nude mice, giving rise to mineralized, greatly vascularized trabecular bone that was substantially more grown and denser compared to the PPCNg hydrogels. ...
There are diverse diseases such as some infections, trauma, and tumor resections during cancer surgery that can cause bone damage or skeletal defects in persons. Most of the time, these defects cannot heal spontaneously due to several medical conditions that patients encounter, like diabetes, hormone‐related problems, and autoimmune disorders. This issue is even worse for older people and some special treatments should be provided for them. Bone‐tissue engineering has emerged to tackle these challenges. By investigating bone repair strategies, studying bone structures and biomechanics, and employing appropriate growth factors, suitable scaffolds, and biomaterial‐centered regenerative approaches can be employed to treat bone defects more effectively. This study reviews some recent bone‐tissue‐engineering strategies relying on two‐dimensional (2D) materials, including graphene and its derivatives, black phosphorus, and MXenes that are exhibiting a great potential in regenerative medicine.
... Their preparation is costeffective, and adding them to the surface increases the hydrophilic nature. In addition to the mentioned properties, their remarkable biocompatibility has caused them to be considered as one of the components in the design of drug delivery systems [46][47][48]. Ding et al. fabricated a folate targeted polyethylene glycol modified TiO 2 nanoparticles as a co-delivery platform for carrying curcumin and salvianolic acid B to breast cancer cells. In addition to the effect of synergy in the treatment of breast cancer, salvianolic acid B prevents the possible damage of TiO 2 to the cardiovascular system due to its strong antioxidant properties [49]. ...
Curcumin (Cur) is a polyphenolic hydrophobic molecule with several biological uses, including cancer therapy. However, its widespread use in cancer treatment faces limitations due to its low solubility in acidic and neutral conditions, rapid removal from the circulatory system, and poor bioavailability. In order to overcome these challenges, a biocompatible and pH-sensitive carrier nanoplatform was designed for the specific delivery of curcumin to breast cancer cells. This nanocomposite containing polyacrylic acid (PAA), starch, and titanium dioxide (TiO2) was synthesized with a specific morphology through the water-in-oil-in-water green emulsification strategy. The nanocomposite structure was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential, and field-emission scanning electrom microscopy (FE-SEM) imaging tests. The mean particle size of 151 nm for the PAA-Starch-TiO2 nanocomposite ensures specific entry into cancer cells and minimal damage to healthy cells. Loading efficiency (LE) and encapsulation efficiency (EE) for curcumin obtained 49.50 % and 87.25 %, which are desirable for a carrier nanoplatform. Compared to the physiological medium, the in-vitro release of curcumin was higher in the acidic conditions in all time intervals, which indicates the possibility of targeted drug release from the PAA-Starch-TiO2 nanocomposite around the tumor tissue. Furthermore, for better understanding of the release mechanism, the cumulative release data in both media were fitted with common mathematical kinetic models. Cytotoxicity tests against the MCF-7 cell line were performed using in vitro MTT and flow cytometry tests. The results showed that the PAA-Starch-TiO2 carrying Cur was more effective through increasing the bioavailability and controlled release of the drug compared to the free Cur. Also, the death of cancer cells in the presence of this nanocomposite compared to free Cur occurred mainly through the induction of apoptosis, which indicates the programmed death of cancer cells and the high efficiency of the designed nanocarrier.
... On the other hand, the exceptional properties of proteins have led to their consideration in biodegradable polymer nanoparticles. One of the proteinaceous materials broadly used in the fabrication of nanoparticles is gelatin (G), a polyampholyte consisting of anionic and cationic parts and hydrophobic groups [15]. It is a natural protein containing several amino acids including glycine, proline, hydroxyproline, arginine and aspartate (RGD). ...
... A new peak can be observed at 2855 cm − 1 due to the symmetrical C-H stretching. The C--O peak appears at 1642 cm − 1 , hence it is significantly shifted to lower wavenumber compared to that of PVP and shows reduced intensity, and those peaks at 1364 and 1385 cm − 1 are probably related to C-O bonds [15,17]. The peak at 1080 cm − 1 also shows increased intensity. ...
... In addition to calcium phosphates (CaPs), which bring good bone mineralization activity to bone replacement materials [9], nanoparticles containing gadolinium, europium, SiO2, etc., will form a protein corona [10], a key mediator of nanoparticle-cell interactions, as they can still interact with cells, will facilitate osteogenesis and angiogenesis by modulating inflammatory responses [11][12][13], or promote bone regeneration by targeting key signaling pathways [14][15][16][17][18][19], using material composites or surface modifications that play a great role in bone repair [20]. However, due to the strong coordination of rare earth ions on exposed surfaces, these micro/nanoparticles are easily aggregated in polymer systems when used in degradable polymer bone implants. ...
In order to achieve smart biomedical micro/nanomaterials, promote interaction with biomolecules, improve osteogenic/chondrogenic differentiation, exhibit better dispersion in bone implants and ultimately maximize functionality, we innovatively and successfully designed and synthesized polymer PBLG-modified GdPO4‧H2O nanobunches by hydroxylation, silylation and glutamylation processes. The effects of different feeding ratios on the surface coating of GdPO4‧H2O with Si-OH, the grafting γ-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APS) and the in situ ring-opening polymerization reaction of poly(g-benzyl-L-glutamate) (PBLG) were investigated, and the physical and chemical properties were characterized in detail. When GdPO4‧H2O@SiO2–APS:NCA = 4:1, the PBLG-g-GdPO4‧H2O grafting rate was 5.93%, with good stability and dispersion in degradable polymeric materials. However, the MRI imaging signal was sequentially weakened as the modification process proceeded. Despite this, the biological effects had surprising findings. All the modifiers at appropriate concentrations were biocompatible and biologically active and the biomacromolecules of COL I and COL II in particular were expressed at least 3 times higher in GdPO4‧H2O@SiO2 compared to the PLGA. This indicates that the appropriate surface modification and functionalization of gadolinium-containing micro/nanomaterials can promote interaction with cells and encourage bone regeneration by regulating biomacromolecules and can be used in the field of biomedical materials.
... After that, the mixture was put to the hydrothermal autoclave, which was then heated to 150 °C for 18 h. Finally, CQD was acquired at a concentration of 26.66 mg·mL −1 [10,31,32]. ...
Electrospun nanofibrous constructs based on nanoparticles and biopolymers have recently been used in tissue engineering because of their similarity to the extracellular matrix in nature. In this study, electrospun chitosan-carbon quantum dot-titanium dioxide-graphene oxide (CS-CQD-TiO2-GO) nanofibrous mats were synthesized for use as wound dressings by the electrospinning method. To increase the biodegradation rate and water resistance, the fabricated nanofibrous mats were cross-linked. SEM images showed a uniform and coherent structure of CS-CQD-TiO2-GO nanocomposites and CS-CQD-TiO2-GO electrospun nanofibers mats. FTIR analysis, XRD pattern, SEM mapping, and EDS spectrum demonstrate the accuracy of the synthesis as well as the elemental and chemical structure of the nanofibrous mat. The water contact angle indicated that the nanofibrous mat had a hydrophilic property, which is essential for controlling wound exudates. The tensile strength and elongation tests showed that the nanofibrous mat has suitable mechanical properties for wound dressing, including significant flexibility and strength. Interestingly, antimicrobial testing illustrated that the fabricated nanofibrous mat had antibacterial activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Appropriate cell viability and cytocompatibility of treated mouse fibroblast NIH3T3 cells with the nanofibrous mat were determined using an MTT assay. The animal study results confirmed the proper potential of the nanofibrous mat in wound dressing applications.
... Furthermore, hMSCs are relatively easy to isolate from source tissue, are seen as immune evasive, and are capable of self-renewal making them ideal as candidates for future allogenic "off the shelf" products [2,3]. As a result, demand for hMSCs and their derived products has grown exponentially over the past decade, highlighting the need for robust expansion processes capable of producing large quantities of therapeutically potent cells [4,5]. However, large-scale expansion and an inconsistent culture environment cause increased heterogeneity, rapid cellular senescence and gene alterations in hMSCs, leading to impaired functions and declined therapeutic efficacy [6][7][8]. ...
Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells (hMSCs) and their derived products hold potential in tissue engineering and as therapeutics in a wide range of diseases. hMSCs possess the ability to aggregate into “spheroids”, which has been used as a preconditioning technique to enhance their therapeutic potential by upregulating stemness, immunomodulatory capacity, and anti-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic secretome. Few studies have investigated the impact on hMSC aggregate properties stemming from dynamic and static aggregation techniques. hMSCs’ main mechanistic mode of action occur through their secretome, including extracellular vesicles (EVs)/exosomes, which contain therapeutically relevant proteins and nucleic acids. In this study, a 3D printed microchannel bioreactor was developed to dynamically form hMSC spheroids and promote hMSC condensation. In particular, the manner in which dynamic microenvironment conditions alter hMSC properties and EV biogenesis in relation to static cultures was assessed. Dynamic aggregation was found to promote autophagy activity, alter metabolism toward glycolysis, and promote exosome/EV production. This study advances our knowledge on a commonly used preconditioning technique that could be beneficial in wound healing, tissue regeneration, and autoimmune disorders.
... Heydari Foroushani et al. synthesized CS/SF/silver nanoparticles hybrid and loaded CUR into it and observed the drug release was dependent on pH, and after adding silver nanoparticles %LE and %EE values increased from 13 to 44 % and from 43 to 82 %, respectively [102]. Samadian et al. [111] used alginategelatin hydrogel modified with carbon quantum dots (CQDs) to create a basis for the differentiating of mesenchymal cells into bone marrow cells and observed the presence of CQDs helped the bone differentiation of the cells. Therefore, by adding nanoparticles to the hydrogel and preparing a hydrogel nanocomposite some defects of the nanoparticles are eliminated and the drug delivery capability of the hydrogel is improved. ...
In this study, for the first time, by employing a simple and efficient double nano-emulsification method and using sweet almond oil as the organic phase, polyethylene glycol (PEG)/graphene oxide (GO)/silk fibroin (SF) hydrogel-nanocomposite was synthesized. The aim of the research was to fabricate a biocompatible targeted pH-sensitive sustained release carrier, improve the drug loading capacity and enhance the anticancer effect of doxorubicin (DOX) drug. The obtained values for the entrapment (%EE) and loading efficacy (%LE) were 87.75 ± 0.7 % and 46 ± 1 %, respectively, and these high values were due to the use of GO with a large specific surface area and the electrostatic interaction between the drug and SF. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses confirmed the presence of all the components in the nanocomposite and the suitable interaction between them. Based on the results of dynamic light scattering analysis (DLS) and zeta potential analysis, the mean size of the carrier particles and its surface charge were 293.7 nm and −102.9 mV, respectively. The high negative charge was caused by the presence of hydroxyl groups in GO and SF and it caused proper stability of the nanocomposite. The spherical core-shell structure with its homogeneous surface was also observed in the field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) image. The cumulative release percentage of the nanocarrier reached 95.75 after 96 h and it is higher in the acidic environment at all times. The results of fitting the release data to the kinetic models suggested that the mechanism of release was dissolution-controlled anomalous at pH 7.4 and diffusion-controlled anomalous at pH 5.4. The results of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and flow cytometry showed an increase in toxicity on MCF-7 cells and improved apoptotic cell death compared to the free drug. Consequently, the findings of this research introduced and confirmed PEG/GO/SF nanocomposite as an attractive novel drug delivery system for pH-sensitive and sustained delivery of chemotherapeutic agents in biomedicine.
