Figure - available from: RSC Advances
This content is subject to copyright. Terms and conditions apply.
Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectrum of TiO2-NPs. The spectrum was recorded from 4000 to 400 cm⁻¹ in diffuse reflectance mode at 2 cm⁻¹ resolution
Source publication
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles inhibits and eradicates the biofilms of pathogenic bacteria.
Citations
... Detailed information regarding the synthesis and characterization of TiO 2 -NPs has been published previously. 26 Here, we provide a brief description of the TiO 2 -NPs synthesis procedure used. In summary, 20 ml of extract was combined with 300 ml of a 5 mM titanium(IV) dioxide solution in double-distilled water, and this mixture was agitated using a magnetic stirrer. ...
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR), a condition in which the efficacy of antimicrobial drugs in fighting microorganisms is reduced, has become a global challenge. Multidrug resistance (MDR) has been developing in microorganisms, where they can resist multiple medications. In particular, there has been a rise in MDR as well as extensively drug-resistant (XDR) strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in some regions, with prevalence rates ranging from 15% to 30%. The application of nanotechnology ranges from diagnostics to drug-delivery systems, revolutionizing healthcare, and improving disease treatment. We aimed to investigate the efficacy of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs) against various virulent traits of P. aeruginosa and S. marcescens. More than 50% reduction in the production of virulent pigments of P. aeruginosa was recorded following the treatment of TiO2-NPs. Additionally, elastases and exoproteases were inhibited by 58.21 and 74.36%, respectively. A similar result was observed against the rhamnolipid production and swimming motility of P. aeruginosa. The effect of TiO2-NPs was also validated against another opportunistic pathogen, S. marcescens, where the production of prodigiosin was reduced by 64.78%. Also, a roughly 75% attenuation of proteolytic activity and more than 50% reduction in swarming motility were found. In the control group, the cell surface hydrophobicity was 77.72%, which decreased to 24.67% with the addition of 64 μg ml⁻¹ TiO2-NPs in culture media. The hydrophobicity index of microorganisms is crucial for their initial attachment and the formation of biofilms. In conclusion, TiO2-NPs demonstrated potential in a multi-target approach against P. aeruginosa and S. marcescens, suggesting their advantages in the prevention and treatment of infections. These nanomaterials could have vital importance in the development of novel antibacterial agents to combat drug-resistant bacteria.
... With a few minor modifications to the conventional technique, the quantity of exopolysaccharides (EPS) in control and BiVO 4 /g-C 3 N 4 nanocomposite treated bacterial cultures were measured [50][51][52][53]. Test bacterial strains were cultured in the presence of various BiVO 4 /g-C 3 N 4 concentrations during 24 h at 37 • C. No treatment was administered to the control group. ...
... P. aeruginosa is known for its pathogenesis in humans, particularly in immune-compromised individuals and cystic fibrosis patients (Lund-Palau et al. 2016;Gomila et al. 2018;Parai et al. 2018). The development of P. aeruginosa biofilms on urinary catheters provides higher resistance than the same cells in planktonic state (Altaf et al. 2021). In the aquatic sector, P. aeruginosa is considered a common bacterial fish pathogen that induces stress-related diseases such as red skin infection, petechial haemorrhage, ulcerative syndrome, and septicemia in fish (Thomas et al. 2014;Souza et al. 2019;Algammal et al. 2020). ...
Bacterial pathogenesis involves complex mechanisms contributing to virulence and persistence of infections. Understanding the multifactorial nature of bacterial infections is crucial for developing effective interventions. The present study investigated the efficacy of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa with various end points including antibacterial activity, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), virulence factor production, biofilm inhibition, bacterial cell detachment, and viability assays. Results showed significant biofilm inhibition, bacterial cell detachment, and modest effects on bacterial viability. Microscopic analysis confirmed the disintegrated biofilm matrix, supporting the inhibitory effect of IAA. Additionally, molecular docking studies revealed potential mechanisms of action through active bond interactions between IAA and virulence proteins. These findings highlight IAA as an effective antibiofilm agent against P. aeruginosa.
... 36.6, and 24.77% by weight (Figure 2D). Additionally, a trace amount of chlorine, less than 1%, was also detected in Ti-Ce-NCs, which may be attributed to its presence on the nanoparticle's surface, potentially serving as a capping agent for these nanoparticles [39]. ...
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become a critical global health challenge. Infections, particularly those caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens, rank among the top causes of human mortality worldwide. Pseudomonas aeruginosa occupies a prominent position among pathogens responsible for opportunistic infections in humans. P. aeruginosa stands as a primary cause of chronic respiratory infections, significantly contributing to the burden of these chronic diseases. In the medical domain, nanotechnologies offer significant potential, spanning various applications, including advanced imaging, diagnostic devices, drug delivery systems, implants, tissue-engineered structures, and pharmaceutical treatments. Given the challenges associated with AMR and the limited discovery of new drugs to combat MDR microbes, there is a critical need for alternative strategies to address the problem of AMR. In this study, we synthesized titanium–cerium nanocomposites (Ti–Ce–NCs) using an eco-friendly green synthesis approach. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the crystalline nature of the Ti–Ce–NCs and determined the particle size to be 17.07 nm. Electron microscopy revealed the size range of the particles to be 13 to 54 nm, where the majority of the particles were in the 20 to 25 nm range. Upon examining the composition, the Ti–Ce–NCs were determined to be composed of cerium, oxygen, and titanium, whose relative abundance were 36.86, 36.6, and 24.77% by weight, respectively. These nanocomposites were then evaluated for their effectiveness against various virulent traits and biofilms in P. aeruginosa. Out of six tested virulence factors, more than 50% inhibition of five virulence factors of P. aeruginosa was found. Roughly 60% inhibition of biofilm was also found in the presence of 400 µg/mL Ti–Ce–NCs. The nanocomposites also altered the biofilm architecture of the test bacterium. The success of this research opens doors for the potential use of such nanomaterials in the discovery of new antibacterial agents to combat drug-resistant bacteria.
... Moreover, their antimicrobial activities against S. aureus and C. albicans were investigated. Since the majority of previously developed nanoparticles have been evaluated against single-species biofilms [39][40][41], the inhibitory activity of β-c-AuNPs on polymicrobial biofilms is a novel contribution to efforts in combatting the emergence of antimicrobial resistance. Figure 1 shows the procedure of the synthesis of β-c-AuNPs followed in this study. ...
Polymicrobial biofilms, consisting of fungal and bacterial pathogens, often contribute to the failure of antimicrobial treatment. The growing resistance of pathogenic polymicrobial biofilms to antibiotics has led to the development of alternative strategies to combat polymicrobial diseases. To this end, nanoparticles synthesized using natural molecules have received significant attention for disease treatment. Here, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were synthesized using β-caryophyllene, a bioactive compound isolated from various plant species. The shape, size, and zeta potential of the synthesized β-c-AuNPs were found to be non-spherical, 17.6 ± 1.2 nm, and -31.76 ± 0.73 mV, respectively. A mixed biofilm of Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus was used to test the efficacy of the synthesized β-c-AuNPs. The results revealed a concentration-dependent inhibition of the initial stages of formation of single-species as well as mixed biofilms. Furthermore, β-c-AuNPs also eliminated mature biofilms. Therefore, using β-c-AuNPs to inhibit biofilm and eradicate bacterial-fungal mixed biofilms represents a promising therapeutic approach for controlling polymicrobial infections.
... Selenium NPs were able to eradicate S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and Salmonella typhi, disrupting their cell walls, in addition, cotton fabrics functionalized with Se NPs avoid the formation of E. coli and S. aureus biofilm on their surfaces (Table 1) [141,142]. Other metal NPs that have displayed antibiofilm properties are titanium dioxide, copper, and nickel [143][144][145][146][147]. Our group has a wide experience in the coating of medical devices with metal and metal oxide NPs, individually or in combination with other bioactive macromolecules. ...
Biofilms are a global health concern responsible for 65 to 80% of the total number of acute and persistent nosocomial infections, which lead to prolonged hospitalization and a huge economic burden to the healthcare systems. Biofilms are organized assemblages of surface-bound cells, which are enclosed in a self-produced extracellular polymer matrix (EPM) of polysaccharides, nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins. The EPM holds the pathogens together and provides a functional environment, enabling adhesion to living and non-living surfaces, mechanical stability, next to enhanced tolerance to host immune responses and conventional antibiotics compared to free-floating cells. Furthermore, the close proximity of cells in biofilms facilitates the horizontal transfer of genes, which is responsible for the development of antibiotic resistance. Given the growing number and impact of resistant bacteria, there is an urgent need to design novel strategies in order to outsmart bacterial evolutionary mechanisms. Antibiotic-free approaches that attenuate virulence through interruption of quorum sensing, prevent adhesion via EPM degradation, or kill pathogens by novel mechanisms that are less likely to cause resistance have gained considerable attention in the war against biofilm infections. Thereby, nanoformulation offers significant advantages due to the enhanced antibacterial efficacy and better penetration into the biofilm compared to bulk therapeutics of the same composition. This review highlights the latest developments in the field of nanoformulated quorum-quenching actives, antiadhesives, and bactericides, and their use as colloid suspensions and coatings on medical devices to reduce the incidence of biofilm-related infections.
... The untreated sample observed two absorbance peaks in the 200 and 400-700 nm range. Here sharp peak at 200 nm is attributed to AC (Qiao et al., 2010), and a broad peak in the range of 400-700 nm corresponds to TiO 2 transitions (Altaf et al., 2021). On the other hand, in the case of the UV spectrum of plasma treated samples for 30 s, 60 s, 80 s, and 100 s, the broad peak at~550 nm is shifted towards the lower wavelength region with increasing the plasma treatment time. ...
The microwave-based plasma treatment facility at the Central University of Punjab Bathinda (CUPB) based on 2.45 GHz has been used to investigate the impact on the electrochemical performance of TiO2. This was accomplished by treating a number of pellets of TiO2 sample material with microwave plasma at an input power of 80 W. The palette is subjected to microwave plasma treatment at 30-, 60-, 80-, and 100-s intervals. Many such characterization methods, including UV-visible spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, and FESEM, have been applied to the study of the impact of plasma treatment on other physical and chemical properties in the context of untreated pellets. In the 80-s plasma treatment, the FTIR study showed that the (O-Ti-O) vibration band at 500–900 cm⁻¹ was wider than other bands. The UV results showed that an 80-s plasma treatment decreased the sample’s band gap by 37% and increased the amount of disordered, amorphous material in the sample that had not been treated. XRD studies show that a sample that was treated with plasma for 80 s has low crystallinity and a high disorder (amorphous) factor. The Nyquist plot showed that the electrochemical charge transfer resistance drops from 7 (not treated) to 4 after 80 s of plasma treatment. In a study of electrochemical performance, a sample that was treated with plasma for 80 s has a capacitance that is 35% higher than a sample that was not treated.
... Additionally, TiO2-NPs could eliminate the formed biofilms of E. coli ATCC 25922 and P. aeruginosa PAO1 by 60.09 and 64.14%, respectively. The results indicate the effectiveness of titanium oxide nanoparticles synthesized using a plant extract in inhibiting and eradicating bacterial biofilms [75]. ...
Nanomedicine is a potential provider of novel therapeutic and diagnostic routes of treatment. Considering the development of multidrug resistance in pathogenic bacteria and the commonness of cancer, novel approaches are being sought for the safe and efficient synthesis of new nanoparticles, which have multifaceted applications in medicine. Unfortunately, the chemical synthesis of nanoparticles raises justified environmental concerns. A significant problem in their widespread use is also the toxicity of compounds that maintain nanoparticle stability, which significantly limits their clinical use. An opportunity for their more extensive application is the utilization of plants, fungi, and bacteria for nanoparticle biosynthesis. Extracts from natural sources can reduce metal ions in nanoparticles and stabilize them with non-toxic extract components.
... Today, it is known that increased antimicrobial resistance induced by the overuse of antibiotics represents a global public health challenge (Llor and Bjerrum, 2014). Issues associated with biofilm occurrence, as the predominant mode of microbial growth, and also one of the key survival strategies in which microbes can resist a number of chemical and physical stresses (Altaf et al., 2021), led to the growing demand for new antimicrobial agents, especially those of natural origin (Vaou et al., 2021). The main goal of this investigation was to evaluate the antimicrobial potential of ethanolic and methanolic extract made from sweet cherry stems, as well as to assess the impact of these extracts on the biofilm-forming capacity of different bacterial and fungal species. ...
Sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) stems in the form of infusions and decoctions are traditionally consumed for diuretic and anti-inflammatory purposes. This study aimed to evaluate antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of ethanolic and methanolic extract made from sweet cherry stems. Extracts are obtained by the Soxhlet extraction and maceration procedures. For the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration, the broth microdilution method is employed, and the assessment of the microbiocidal activity of the extracts is conducted. The antibiofilm activity was tested through the tissue culture plate method, which also allowed the determination of the biofilm-forming categories of investigated strains. The final step involved the calculation of the biofilm inhibition percentage. Examined extracts with the balanced activity inhibited the growth of all microorganisms, with Gram-negative bacteria being more sensitive in comparison to Gram-positive. The values of the minimum inhibitory concentration were 125 µg/ml, and 250 µg/ml, respectfully. Candida albicans was the most susceptible and the minimum inhibitory concentration of both extracts was 62.50 µg/ml. The microbiocidal activity of the extracts was not recorded. Extracts exhibited different impacts on the biofilm-forming capacity of the investigated microbes, and both inhibition and stimulation effects are noted. The percentage of the biofilm inhibition was from 14.27% to 84.78%, with the highest inhibition recorded for the multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli, treated with the ethanolic extract. Sweet cherry stems are a valuable source of natural bioactive compounds, but their usage in the treatment of microbial infections should be correctly and carefully implemented.
... As an example, Mahendran et al. (2021) applied a ratio of extract/metal ions (1:9) to synthesis TiO 2 nanoparticles (60 nm) from G. superba rhizome extract. With a ratio of 1:15, Altaf et al. (2021) reported an average particle size of 20 nm for C. copticum leaf extract-synthesized TiO 2 . Such phenomenon can be assumed that the smaller the amount of plant extract, the smaller the particle size. ...
Green synthesis of nanoparticles using plant extracts minimizes the usage of toxic chemicals or energy. Here, we concentrate on the green synthesis of nanoparticles using natural compounds from plant extracts and their applications in catalysis, water treatment and agriculture. Polyphenols, flavonoid, rutin, quercetin, myricetin, kaempferol, coumarin, and gallic acid in the plant extracts engage in the reduction and stabilization of green nanoparticles. 10 types of nanoparticles involving Ag, Au, Cu, Pt, CuO, ZnO, MgO, TiO2, Fe3O4, and ZrO2 with emphasis on their formation mechanism were illuminated. We find that green nanoparticles serve as excellent and recyclable catalysts for reduction of nitrophenols, and synthesis of organic compounds with high yields of 83–100% and recycle number of 5 times. Many emerging pollutants such as synthetic dyes, antibiotics, heavy metal and oils are effectively mitigated (90–100%) by green nanoparticles. In agriculture, green nanoparticles efficiently immobilize toxic compounds in soil. They are also efficient nanopesticides to kill harmful larvae, and nanoinsecticides against dangerous vectors of pathogens. As potential nanofertilizers, and nanoagrochemicals, green nanoparticles will open a revolution in green agriculture for sustainable development.
