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In the present study, we attempted a simple, quick, and green method to synthesize ZnO NPs using aqueous seed extract of Caesalpinia crista. The green synthesized ZnO NPs were characterized using different techniques which included UV-Vis spectroscopy, FT-IR, zeta potential, XRD, SAED, and TEM analyses. The synthesis of ZnO NPs was confirmed by its...
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Green synthesised silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been identified as a promising new therapy pathway for cancer because of their anti-angiogenic potency. In the present study, CM-AgNPs were biosynthesized using aqueous leaf extract of Cassia marginata Roxb (CM) and were confirmed by spectral studies like UV–Visible and attenuated total reflection...
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... Thus, it is necessary to explore novel antimicrobials. Besides, cancer is one of the most deadly diseases [1]. According to a very recent report by the World Health Organization (WHO), worldwide, ~40 million people die due to noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) yearly, which is approximately 74% of all global deaths. ...
Over the past decade, metal oxide nanostructures have been widely explored for health-related applications due to their novel physicochemical properties along with antimicrobial and anticancer activities. Here, nanoparticles (NPs) of zirconia (ZrO2) were synthesized via a co-precipitation route. Different structural and chemical properties of these NPs were assessed by powder X-ray diffractometry (PXRD), dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), surface texture by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET)-surface area analysis, and infrared spectroscopy. XRD profile analysis has confirmed the formation of a highly crystalline single-phase monoclinic structure. The crystallite size estimated from Debye–Scherrer’s equation was found to be ~6 nm which is in good agreement with the size estimated from the W-H plot analysis. TEM image analysis showed the quintuple-shaped particles with the size in the range of 45–50 nm. The DLS showed an average particle size of 287 ± 5 nm and had a nearly stable zeta potential value of (−25.8 ± 5.3 mV). The specific surface area, 139.2 m²/g, is the highest ever reported value for monoclinic structured ZrO2 NPs. The “broth micro-dilution method” was employed to test the antimicrobial action of ZrO2 NPs against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria and fungi. For certain strains, NPs demonstrated comparable or much better activity performance than the standard drugs. ZrO2 NPs were found potent against the S. pyogenes bacterium which may be due to oxidative stress generated on the cell wall of the membrane by Zr⁴⁺ to Zr³⁺ conversion. In vitro cytotoxicity testing of these NPs against normal fibroblast cells, Chang liver cells, and MCF-7 breast cancer cells was also examined. The effectiveness of ZrO2 NPs against investigated cancer cells can be ordered as MCF-7 breast cancer cells > normal fibroblast cells > Chang liver cells.
... ZnO NPs synthesized from Caesalpinia crista seed extract were effective against 14 microorganisms, including Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, at concentrations of 40 and 50 mg/ mL, respectively. The increased resistance of Gram-negative bacteria is attributed to the presence of hydrophobic lipopolysaccharides in the outer membrane, which reduce the sensitivity of antimicrobial agents by blocking their penetration [53]. Additionally, ZnO NPs created using seed extracts of Citrus limon and Mucuna pruriens inhibited Bacillus subtilis bacteria at concentrations ranging from 20 to 70 μg/ mL, causing a 20-h growth delay, indicating a bacteriostatic effect. ...
The synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) through the use of plant extracts is a remarkably simple, cost-effective, efficient, and environmentally friendly approach. In recent years, there has been a surge in the exploration of eco-friendly methods for synthesizing ZnO NPs, with researchers addressing the potential of extracts derived from various plant components, including leaves, stems, roots, and fruits. This comprehensive review aims to encapsulate and delve into the extensive research surrounding the green synthesis of ZnO NPs, emphasizing their diverse antimicrobial applications while encompassing the latest advancements documented in the literature. Furthermore, this review meticulously examines the sizes and morphological characteristics of the synthesized nanoparticles, offering valuable insights into their structural properties. Finally, a thorough exploration of the potential interaction mechanisms between ZnO NPs and bacterial cell walls was conducted, elucidating how such interactions may induce cell death and highlighting the consequential antimicrobial activity exhibited by these nanoparticles.
... The concentration required for 50% inhibition (IC50) was calculated using measurement and graphic estimation. The percentage of cell viability was determined using the following relationship: [44] Viabilityð%Þ ...
... Light microscopy was also used in the morphological study to better understand the mode of cell death in the supplementary data. [44,73]. The mechanism involved in the inhibition of cancer cell lines by ZC NPs leads to DNA degradation, supporting the fact that an increase in the concentration of nanoparticles improves the degree of apoptosis [74], a programmed cell death process in Hela and MPF-7 cancer cell lines. ...
Herein, a cost-effective citric acid-assisted sol-gel auto-combustion technique has been used to prepare spinel ZnCr2O4 nanoparticles at 700 °C to study their photocatalytic, antibacterial, and anticancer activities. The resultant powdered samples were characterized by means of X-ray Diffraction Spectroscopy (XRD), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HR-TEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray Photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and UV-visible Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (UV-DRS). The synthesized NPs have a cubic structure corresponding to the spinel structure, a crystallite size of 35 nm, and an optical band gap of 2.8 eV. The XPS confirmed the surface elemental configuration and electronic structure of the nanosamples. The photocatalytic activity of zinc chromite nanoparticles against methylene blue revealed 96.5% degradation in 70 min. The synthesized nanosamples were also examined for their in vitro antibacterial and anticancer activities. Bacillus subtilis has the highest level of sensitivity (10 ± 0.0 mm), and Salmonella sp. has the lowest level (7 ± 0.3 mm) against synthesized nanoparticles. The MTT test showed significant cytotoxic potential of ZnCr2O4 nanoparticles against MCF-7 and HeLa cells, with IC50 concentrations of 107 μg/ml and 104 μg/ml, respectively. The synthesized nanoparticles were also shown to have a strong inhibitory effect on HeLa and MCF-7 cancer cell lines, opening the way for ZnCr2O4 nanoparticles to be considered as prospective candidates for bactericidal and anticarcinogenic medicines.
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... Like the DPPH assay, the observed higher radical scavenging activity in the ZnO-PPW is attributed to the high TPC present in the PPW extracts. Our findings are similar to previous research in which an IC50 value of 600 μg ml −1 was reported using Caesalpinia crista seed extracts as a mediating agent [61]. Thus, the ZnO nanomaterials synthesized in this study demonstrate promising attributes for use as additives in the development of biodegradable food packaging materials. ...
The sustainable management of food waste is a pressing concern, with fruit waste valorisation emerging as a viable strategy to address this challenge. This study investigated the potential of pomegranate peel waste (PPW) and pomegranate seed waste (PSW) as mediating agents for the synthesis of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs); ZnO-PPW and ZnO-PSW, respectively, for potential utilization as additives in various polymer matrices for food packaging materials.
The resulting physicochemical characteristics were ascertained using Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV–vis), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (EDX). The obtained indexed diffractogram from the XRD analysis for ZnO-PPW and ZnO-PSW confirmed the wurtzite crystalline structure of ZnO NPs. The observed morphology from the TEM and SEM analysis showed a similar spherical-shaped structure with agglomerations. However, ZnO-PSW had a smaller size (57.72 nm) than ZnO-PPW (59.48 nm). Total phenolic content (TPC) for ZnO-PPW and ZnO-PSW ranged from 16.87 – 54,4 µg GAE/g DM, respectively. Also, the estimated minimum inhibitory concentration at 50% (IC50) for both DPPH and ABTS are 2.97 and 2.57 mg/mL for ZnO-PPW and 3.43 and 3.33 mg/mL for ZnO-PSW, respectively. Moreover, ZnO-PSW demonstrated superior antimicrobial activity against five foodborne microorganisms, attributed to its larger surface area due to its smaller size. These findings suggest that pomegranate waste-derived ZnO NPs could be beneficial for developing active food packaging materials.
... Furthermore, previous research has shown that compounds containing saturated aliphatic lipids possess encouraging activities i.e. antimicrobial, antidiabetic, and antioxidant effects (Raja et al. 2016;Torres et al. 2019;Wang et al. 2022). The FT-IR analysis of Nitella hyalina extracts revealed the presence of various functional groups, these compounds having similar functional groups have been associated with several properties, including anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and antimicrobial activities in previous studies (Fernando et al. 2016;Donga and Chanda 2022). Aromatic acid, methyl ester (C 17 H 34 O 2 ) being the major compound in ethyl acetate. ...
Macroalgae has the potential to be a precious resource in food, pharmaceutical, and nutraceutical industries. Therefore, the present study was carried out to identify and quantify the phyco-chemicals and to assess the nutritional profile, and antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-diabetic properties of Nitella hyalina extracts. Nutritional composition revealed0.05 ± 2.40% ash content, followed by crude protein (24.66 ± 0.95%), crude fat (17.66 ± 1.42%), crude fiber (2.17 ± 0.91%), moisture content (15.46 ± 0.48%) and calculated energy value (173.50 ± 2.90 Kcal/100 g). 23 compounds were identified through GC-MS analysis in ethyl acetate extract, with primary compounds being Palmitic acid, methyl ester, (Z)-9-Hexadecenoic acid, methyl ester, and Methyl tetra decanoate. Whereas 15 compounds were identified in n-butanol extract, with the major compounds being Tetra decanoic acid, 9-hexadecanoic acid, Methyl pentopyranoside, and undecane. FT-IR spectroscopy confirmed the presence of alcoholic phenol, saturated aliphatic compounds, lipids, carboxylic acid, carbonyl, aromatic components, amine, alkyl halides, alkene, and halogen compounds. Moreover, n-butanol contains 1.663 ± 0.768 mg GAE/g, of total phenolic contents (TPC,) and 2.050 ± 0.143 QE/g of total flavonoid contents (TFC), followed by ethyl acetate extract, i.e. 1.043 ± 0.961 mg GAE/g and 1.730 ± 0.311 mg QE/g respectively. Anti-radical scavenging effect in a range of 34.55–46.35% and 35.39–41.79% was measured for n-butanol and ethyl acetate extracts, respectively. Antimicrobial results declared that n-butanol extract had the highest growth inhibitory effect, followed by ethyl acetate extract. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was reported to be the most susceptible strain, followed by Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, while Candida albicans showed the least inhibition at all concentrations. In-vivo hypoglycemic study revealed that both extracts exhibited dose-dependent activity. Significant hypoglycemic activity was observed at a dose of 300 mg/kg− 1 after 6 h i.e. 241.50 ± 2.88, followed by doses of 200 and 100 mg/kg− 1 (245.17 ± 3.43 and 250.67 ± 7.45, respectively) for n-butanol extract. In conclusion, the macroalgae demonstrated potency concerning antioxidant, antimicrobial, and hypoglycemic properties.
... ZnO NPs can provoke ROS generation, and thus they are considered to exhibit anticancer and antibacterial activities [76][77][78]. In our work, the synthesized ZnO@OAm NRs decreased the efficiency of the OEC (Figure 4a) and increased ROS production (Figure 7b). ...
We recently proposed the use of engineered irregularly shaped zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) coated with oleylamine (OAm), as photosynthetic biostimulants, to enhance crop yield. In the current research, we tested newly engineered rod-shaped ZnO nanorods (NRs) coated with oleylamine (ZnO@OAm NRs) regarding their in vivo behavior related to photosynthetic function and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) plants. ZnO@OAm NRs were produced via solvothermal synthesis. Their physicochemical assessment revealed a crystallite size of 15 nm, an organic coating of 8.7% w/w, a hydrodynamic diameter of 122 nm, and a ζ-potential of −4.8 mV. The chlorophyll content of tomato leaflets after a foliar spray with 15 mg L−1 ZnO@OAm NRs presented a hormetic response, with an increased content 30 min after the spray, which dropped to control levels 90 min after the spray. Simultaneously, 90 min after the spray, the efficiency of the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) decreased significantly (p < 0.05) compared to control values, with a concomitant increase in ROS generation, a decrease in the maximum efficiency of PSII photochemistry (Fv/Fm), a decrease in the electron transport rate (ETR), and a decrease in the effective quantum yield of PSII photochemistry (ΦPSII), indicating reduced PSII efficiency. The decreased ETR and ΦPSII were due to the reduced efficiency of PSII reaction centers (Fv’/Fm’). There were no alterations in the excess excitation energy at PSII or the fraction of open PSII reaction centers (qp). We discovered that rod-shaped ZnO@OAm NRs reduced PSII photochemistry, in contrast to irregularly shaped ZnO@OAm NPs, which enhanced PSII efficiency. Thus, the shape and organic coating of the nanoparticles play a critical role in the mechanism of their action and their impact on crop yield when they are used in agriculture.
... Furthermore, the crystalline nature of the ZnO nanoparticles was confirmed with the selected area electron diffraction (SAED) pattern. The ring-shaped diffraction pattern demonstrates that the nanoparticles are nanocrystalline [47,48]. pattern. ...
... pattern. The ring-shaped diffraction pattern demonstrates that the nanoparticles are nanocrystalline [47,48]. Figure 6 presents a proposed mechanism for forming ZnO nanoparticles biosynthesized with P. laevigata extract. ...
In this work, the photocatalytic activity of nanoparticles (NPs) of zinc oxide synthetized by Prosopis laevigata as a stabilizing agent was evaluated in the degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye under UV radiation. The theoretical study of the photocatalytic degradation process was carried out by a Langmuir–Hinshelwood–Hougen–Watson (LHHW) model. Zinc oxide nanoparticles were synthesized by varying the concentration of natural extract of Prosopis laevigata from 1, 2, and 4% (weight/volume), identifying the samples as ZnO_PL1%, ZnO_PL2%, and ZnO_PL4%, respectively. The characterization of the nanoparticles was carried out by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), where the absorption band for the Zn-O vibration at 400 cm−1 was presented; by ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–vis) the value of the band gap was calculated, resulting in 2.80, 2.74 and 2.63 eV for the samples ZnO_PL1%, ZnO_PL2%, and ZnO_PL4%, respectively; XRD analysis indicated that the nanoparticles have a hexagonal zincite crystal structure with an average crystal size of 55, 50, and 49 in the sample ZnO_PL1%, ZnO_PL2%, and ZnO_PL4%, respectively. The morphology observed by TEM showed that the nanoparticles had a hemispherical shape, and the ZnO_PL4% sample presented sizes ranging between 29 and 45 nm. The photocatalytic study showed a total degradation of the MB in 150, 120, and 60 min for the samples ZnO_PL1%, ZnO_PL2%, and ZnO_PL4%, respectively. Also, the model explains the experimental observation of the first-order kinetic model in the limit of low concentrations of dye, indicating the influence of the mass transfer processes.
... It is known that zinc oxide (ZnO) is a promising multifunctional compound broadly utilized in many applications [1][2][3][4][5]. ZnO is used in optoelectronics [6,7], agriculture [8], wastewater treatment [9][10][11] and catalysis [12,13] as a vulcanization activator for rubbers, a hardener or a crosslinking agent for elastomers [14,15], and in the production of electrically conductive carbon materials [16]; it is also used in the cosmetics, medicine and biotechnology industries [17][18][19][20][21], including its use in the elaboration of biodegradable antibacterial packaging [22,23], and photovoltaic solar cells for "green" energy [24,25]. ...
This work investigated the influence of synthesis conditions, including the use of nonionic structure-forming compounds (surfactants) with different molecular weights (400–12,600 g/mol) and various hydrophilic/hydrophobic characteristics, as well as the use of a glass substrate and hydrothermal exposure on the texture and structural properties of ZnO samples. By X-ray analysis, it was determined that the synthesis intermediate in all cases is the compound Zn5(OH)8(NO3)2∙2H2O. It was shown that thermolysis of this compound at 600 °C, regardless of the physicochemical properties of the surfactants, leads to the formation of ZnO with a wurtzite structure and spherical or oval particles. The particle size increased slightly as the molecular weight and viscosity of the surfactants grew, from 30 nm using Pluronic F-127 (MM = 12,600) to 80 nm using Pluronic L-31 (MM = 1100), PE-block-PEG (MM = 500) and PEG (MM = 400). Holding the pre-washed synthetic intermediates (Zn5(OH)8(NO3)2∙2H2O) under hydrothermal conditions resulted in the formation of hexagonal ZnO rod crystal structures of various sizes. It was shown that the largest ZnO particles (10–15 μm) were observed in a sample obtained during hydrothermal exposure using Pluronic P-123 (MM = 5800). Atomic adsorption spectroscopy performed comparative quantitative analysis of residual Zn2+ ions in the supernatant of ZnO samples with different particle sizes and shapes. It was shown that the residual amount of Zn2+ ions was higher in the case of examining ZnO samples which have spherical particles of 30–80 nm. For example, in the supernatant of a ZnO sample that had a particle size of 30 nm, the quantitative content of Zn2+ ions was 10.22 mg/L.
... However, an elevated level of ROS is deemed to be damaging to plants [59,76,[102][103][104][105][106]. The ability of ZnO NPs to display anticancer and antibacterial activities is attributed to their ability to provoke ROS generation [107][108][109]. However, ZnO NPs have been characterized as safe by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and are permitted for use as effective drug delivery systems [109,110]. ...
Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) have emerged as a prominent tool in agriculture. Since photosynthetic function is a significant measurement of phytotoxicity and an assessment tool prior to large-scale agricultural applications, the impact of engineered irregular-shaped ZnO NPs coated with oleylamine (ZnO@OAm NPs) were tested. The ZnO@OAm NPs (crystalline size 19 nm) were solvothermally prepared in the sole presence of oleylamine (OAm) and evaluated on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) photosystem II (PSII) photochemistry. Foliar-sprayed 15 mg L −1 ZnO@OAm NPs on tomato leaflets increased chlorophyll content that initiated a higher amount of light energy capture, which resulted in about a 20% increased electron transport rate (ETR) and a quantum yield of PSII photochemistry (Φ PSII) at the growth light (GL, 600 µmol photons m −2 s −1). However, the ZnO@OAm NPs caused a malfunction in the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) of PSII, which resulted in photoinhibition and increased ROS accumulation. The ROS accumulation was due to the decreased photoprotective mechanism of non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) and to the donor-side photoinhibition. Despite ROS accumulation, ZnO@OAm NPs decreased the excess excitation energy of the PSII, indicating improved PSII efficiency. Therefore, synthesized ZnO@OAm NPs can potentially be used as photosynthetic biostimulants for enhancing crop yields after being tested on other plant species.
... As a valuable member of the nano-sized metal oxides family, ZnO possesses excellent UV absorbing properties, high quantum efficiency, unusual electrical, magnetic, and chemical properties [6][7][8][9][10][11]. In addition to the inherent physical properties of this wide band gap (3.3 eV) semiconductor, ZnO nanoparticles are also found to show antibacterial and anticancer activities due to their ability to induce the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) [12][13][14][15]. Moreover, ZnO nanoparticles have been approved as safe by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and it has been emphasized that they can be used as effective drug delivery systems in various studies presented in the literature [16][17][18][19]. ...
ZnO and cadmium (Cd)-doped ZnO (Zn1-xCdxO) nanoparticles with various compositions (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 0.8) were synthesized by sol-gel method. Structural, morphological, and photocatalytic properties as well as blood compatibilities of Zn1-xCdxO nanoparticles were investigated. While X-ray diffraction (XRD) applying the Rietveld refinement method was used to characterize the structural properties, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) were used to investigate the surface morphology. It was found that the nanoparticles up to x < 0.03 Cd concentration had single phase of ZnO hexagonal wurtzite structure. Above x ≥ 0.03 Cd concentration, two phases (ZnO and cadmium oxide (CdO)) were observed. SEM images with different magnifications revealed the dense, quasi-spherical, and agglomerated morphology of Zn1-xCdxO nanoparticles. The elemental compositions of Zn1-xCdxO nanoparticles have also been studied by EDX analysis. The photocatalytic activities and blood compatibilities of Zn1-xCdxO nanoparticles were studied by the photocatalytic degradation tests of crystal violet (CV) and hemolysis tests and respectively. In the photocatalytic activity tests, two samples Zn0.90Cd0.10O and Zn0.80Cd0.80O stood out with photodegradation percentages of 69.9% and 72.8%. Among the Cd-doped nanoparticles, the Zn0.40Cd0.60O sample showed the highest blood compatibility with the weakest photocatalytic performance (degradation percentage; 32.2%). Structural properties, photocatalytic performance, and hemolytic potential of Zn1-xCdxO nanoparticles were investigated and compared with those of pure ZnO nanoparticles.
