Fig 1 - uploaded by Dler Jameel
Content may be subject to copyright.
Source publication
Spin coating is a technique employed for the deposition of uniform thin films of organic materials in the range of micrometer to nanometer on flat substrates. Typically, a small amount of coating material generally as a liquid is dropped over the substrate center, which is either static or spinning at low speed. The substrate is then rotated at the...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... general, the dynamics of spin coating can effectively be demonstrated by separating the complete process into four stages; deposition, spin-up, spin-off and evaporation of solvents, as shown in Fig. 1 [14]. The first three steps are commonly taking place consecutively. However, the fourth step occurs through the entire preparation process [1]. The third step (flow controlled) and fourth step (evaporation controlled) are very important because they have the greatest effects on final coating ...
Context 2
... this step, the substrate is placed on the spin coater machine and the coated material as a solution is dropped on the substrate surface, as illustrated in Fig. 1(a). The substrate is either not rotating called static deposition or rotating at a low speed called dynamic deposition [15]. In the static deposition, some drops of coating material depend on the size of the substrate and the viscosity of the coating solution are dropped on the substrates [16]. On the other hand, in the dynamic deposition ...
Context 3
... will begin to spin until it reaches a certain speed. This step is typically regarded as destructive fluid ejection from the surface of substrate by the rotational process [17]. The centrifugal force that results from the acceleration and angular speed applied to the substrate cases, the flow of fluid outward the substrate surface, as displayed in Fig. 1(b). The thickness of the coated layer is strongly affected by the spin speed and rotating time of the spin ...
Context 4
... spin coating technique. It is started once the wafer is spinning at a continuous ratio and liquid viscous forces control solution thinning conduct, which is also called stable solution thinning. Through this step, the fluid spreads out through the surface and at that time the edge of the substrate is removed as the film thins out, as displayed in Fig. 1(c). Effects of edge are commonly observed since the liquid runs homogeneously obvious, however should create droplets at the border to be thrown off. As a result, the thickness of thin film depends on the surface tension, viscosity and rotation rate. There might be a small droplet of coating thickness difference around the edge of the ...
Citations
... The architecture of the spin coater system is depicted in Figure 7 through a block diagram and circuit representation. The block diagram illustrates the key components, such as the power supply, programmable logic controller (PLC), motor controller, and the spin coater itself, along with their interconnections [23]. The circuit diagram provides a more detailed view of the electrical connections, outlining inputs and outputs for each component. ...
A low-cost spin coater with a wireless remote system that can deposit thin films of uniform thickness and quality at a significantly lower cost than traditional methods. The system consists of three main parts, a motorized spindle, a spin-coating head, and a control system connected to the network. The mechanical design on the mechanical part, spin coater system design with ESP32, and implementation of wireless control through visual basic. The network-enabled control system allows for real-time monitoring and adjustment of the deposition process, which can improve efficiency and reproducibility. This low-cost spin coating system represents a promising solution for organizations seeking to access thin film deposition technology at a fraction of the cost of traditional systems. By integrating wireless IoT control into low-cost spin coaters, the impact of this technology on coating uniformity will provide valuable insights for future advancements in this field.
... Their application spans but not limited to filtration [1], desalination [2][3][4], micro-electromechanical systems [5], fuel cells [6,7], integrated circuits [8], and air filters [9]. Freestanding thin films are typically fabricated using extrusion-stretching and spin coating techniques [10,11], whereas coated thin films are usually prepared using physical/chemical vapor deposition [12][13][14], dip coating and spin coating [15][16][17]. A freestanding thin film is defined as a film that maintains its integrity without a supporting layer or a substrate [18][19][20][21]. ...
Polymeric thin films are widely used for coating substrates or as freestanding materials. They are prepared using physical/chemical vapor deposition, dip coating, solution casting, or spin coating. Among these, spin-coated films offer uniform thickness and reproducible results. These films are typically made from amorphous polymers, which are soluble in solvents at ambient temperature, making it easier to coat the polymer solution on the substrate. Despite the advantages of this technique, it has hardly been used for semi-crystalline polymers. In this work, we report the synthesis of freestanding porous thin films using semi-crystalline polymers, specifically low-density polyethylene (LDPE), through the utilization of spin coating. The effect of polymer concentration and porosity on thickness and strength was investigated. The as-prepared thin film was characterized by XRD, XPS, FTIR, and SEM techniques. The increase in crystallinity (14 % change) of the thin film was attributed to the rearrangement and uniform alignment of the polymer chains, which further resulted in relatively higher tensile strength.
... Additionally, homogeneity and roughness, as well as the formation of extra thin lms are still quite challenging. [2][3][4] By changing the number of cycles, as well as the speed of rotation in the spin coating process, the thickness of the lm is changing, as well as the properties of the deposited material. Li and co-authors reported how concentration and spin speed during the deposition affect the optical and electrical properties of silver nanowire transparent electrodes. ...
... [33][34][35][36][37][38][39] Multifunctional materials are formed by combining different constituents. As an example, it is possible to introduce proton carriers by adding a counterion like hydronium (H 3 ) during synthesis, which leads to the formation of charged compounds. The oxalate anion, C 2 O 4 2− , plays a crucial role in designing and synthesizing multifunctional materials because of its various coordination choices with metal centers and its ability to inuence electrical phenomena. ...
A chiral organic insulator, (R)-α-phenylethylammonium-oxalate (RAPEAO), was prepared in the forms of single-crystal, powder and spin-coated layers on silicon substrate surfaces modified by plasma treatment or a (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) polymer layer. For spin-coated samples, different deposition conditions have been investigated – various thicknesses controlled by speed and the number of repeated cycles, deposited continuously or by a layer-by-layer technique. The chemistry of this compound did not allow the deposition of the continuous thin film, yet, it caused the formation of a few nuclei on the substrate surface. Modification of the substrate with low temperature plasma caused the increased number of nuclei as well as enabled the growth of the nanowires, which was confirmed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) images. The same effect has been observed from the X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements, where preferential growth of the studied compound in one direction was confirmed by grazing incidence, as well as wide reciprocal space mapping (WRSM). XRD studies confirmed the structural similarity of the compound, disregarding the compound form ranging from nanowires on the substrate to the bulk. Finally, the substrate covered by APTES thin film has had increased coverage of the substrate surface by the studied compound. Impedance spectroscopy revealed that the electrical conductivity of the sample in bulk at 20 °C is 6.3 × 10⁻¹⁵ (Ω cm)⁻¹, indicating the insulating properties of the material.
... Masing-masing metode ini memiliki kelebihan dan kekurangan. Seperti pada metode spin coating, kontrol ketebalan lapisannya mudah, tetapi tidak dapat digunakan pada substrat yang besar (Mustafa & Jameel, 2021). Pada penelitian ini metode pelapisan yang digunakan adalah dip coating. ...
The main semiconductor materials used are the elements Ge (germanium) and Si (silicon). The element Ge is found in nature in small quantities and silicon is the most abundant element in the earth's crust but its conductivity is low. The semiconductor material that has recently been frequently researched is Copper Tin Oxide (CuSnO3). CuSnO3 has high electrical conductivity and is quite abundant on the earth's surface. The synthesized CuSnO3 semiconductor is applied as a thin layer because of several advantages such as large output voltage, small electrode mass, and also a fairly long service life. This research aims to determine the optical and electrical properties of CuSnO3 thin films synthesized using the sol-gel method with dip coating techniques. CuCl2·2H2O, SnCl2·2H2O, methanol, and monoethanolamine (MEA) are the precursors used. The synthesized CuSnO3 thin layer was characterized using a UV-DRS instrument to determine the band gap value and tested using the four point probe method to determine its electrical conductivity. The band gap values with calcination temperatures of 500°C, 550°C, and 600°C are 2.55 eV, 2.83 eV, and 2.95 eV, respectively, with electrical conductivity of 348.46 102 S/cm, 155.48 102 S/cm, and 107.63 102 S/cm. From these data it can be concluded that the band gap value of the CuSnO3 thin layer will increase when the calcination temperature used is higher, and the conductivity decreases as the band gap value of the CuSnO3 thin film increases.
... Keeping the substrate which is applied to coat thin film-like composite perpendicular to the spinning axis is very important and should be the focal point during experimental operation. However, there is some impactful factors that could be responsible for the changing of the thickness of the film such as (i) Viscosity of biopolymeric matrix, (ii) Concentration of biopolymeric matrix, (iii) Speed of rotation force, and (iv) Spinning time during coating (Jameel & Mustafa, 2021). One thing is important to maintain that this particular technique is suitable for only the polymeric matrix/mixture that possesses a relatively lower viscosity due to better fabrication. ...
As a result of rapid urbanization and the luxurious lifestyle of the overgrowing population of this planet, currently, consumers are tremendously dependent upon various types of industrial productions to maintain their daily life demands. Therefore the hasty fluctuating technologies of bulky industrial production create a colossal amount of wastewater every moment which is usually loaded with hazardous toxicants that could not only damage the ecology but also hamper public health safety very harshly. Thus, a sustainable eco-friendly and cost-effective technique is crucial need for the effective removal of these hazardous toxicants from real-time industrial wastewater to protect the environmental pollution. Whereas continuous mode of adsorption by fixed bed column has widely been considered as the most simple, cost-effective, ecofriendly sustainable technique. Lately, activated chitosan-modified natural clay based nanocomposites have frequently been developed due to their greater availability, easiness of fabrication, also effectiveness, efficiency and biodegradability as multifunctional bionanocomposites/adsorbents. Additionally, this specific new class of biopolymeric nanocomposites exhibits a sensational knock regarding the removal performance of toxicants from the aqueous solutions which is around∼99%. However, this review article recapitulates noteworthy information about various potential fabrication routes and characterization techniques of the chitosan-clay based bionanocomposites. Also the removal efficiency against the immerging toxicants from the bulk scale industrial wastewater by the most significant and widely accepted method namely fixed bed continuous column adsorption. A squat overview of the chemical activation of waste biomass shell-derived chitosan and modification of natural clay, along with their interaction during compounding. The possible mechanism of elimination of contaminants including all of the chemisorption, multi/monolayer physisorption and interparticular diffusion along with mathematical modellings have presented. Future research route has also been suggested including with the technological challenges that commonly come across in the real-time industrial enactment.
... Spin-coating [17] is one of the common methods used for the deposition of a uniform layer of MoS 2 nanosheets on a suitable substrate, as displayed in Fig. 3b. This method requires a spincoating machine. ...
Molybdenum sulfide (MoS2)‐based nanocomposites have attracted significant attention for various separation processes due to their ultrathin thickness, high mechanical and chemical strength, and good functionality. Herein, the recent progresses of various fabrication, synthesis, and modification methods for separation membrane‐based on MoS2 nanocomposites are reviewed. Emphasis is given on applications of MoS2‐based membranes in the purification of wastewater, separation of gas mixtures, energy storage separator, and proton‐exchange fuel cells (PEFCs). Advantages and drawbacks of this material for separation applications are discussed. Finally, a future roadmap is suggested for this promising nanomaterial in various separation processes.
... They offer a wide range of coating applications for various substrates and can also enable the functionalization of coatings with optimum roughness and transparency. The quality of coatings in the spraybased techniques is mainly determined by the nozzle to substrate distance, air pressure, concentration, ambient temperature, droplet radius, flow rate, viscosity of the (68) solution, and the curing temperature of the coating. 70 Of all parameters listed, the type of nozzle has a greater impact on the spray-based coatings. ...
The multifaceted applications of superhydrophobic surfaces arising out of their unique surface architecture have gained significant attention in the solar photovoltaic industry as it addresses the challenges in light conversion efficiency at an industrial scale due to the soiling of surfaces. Inspired by the self-cleaning properties of the lotus leaf, this review proposes the use of superhydrophobic surfaces as an effective solution for soiling mitigation in solar cell applications. The review examines various factors influencing dust settlement and evaluates existing soiling mitigation techniques. As most literature reports the insufficiency of theoretical wetting models with the controversies around its assumptions, the importance of modified models over the theoretical models is compared and highlighted. The foundations of superhydrophobic coatings including transmittance, porosity, and refractive index of coatings, thickness and surface roughness in addition to the commonly reported surface tension and surface free energy aid to focus on feasible fabrication techniques and provide improved efficiency of solar cells. Finally, the review presents a classification of durability tests to highlight the importance of durable coatings bridging the gap between the fabrication and application of superhydrophobic coatings for solar cells on an industrial scale.
... Spin coating, a quick and simple technique for producing uniform nano/microlayers, is favored in research and small-scale production environments. Nevertheless, its limitations in batch operations restrict its large-scale applicability [6,7]. ...
Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) has emerged as a promising conductive polymer for constructing efficient hole-transport layers (HTLs) in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, conventional fabrication methods, such as spin coating, spray coating, and slot-die coating, have resulted in PEDOT:PSS nanofilms with limited performance, characterized by a low density and non-uniform nanostructures. We introduce a novel 3D-printing approach called electrically assisted direct ink deposition with ultrasonic vibrations (EF-DID-UV) to overcome these challenges. This innovative printing method combines programmable acoustic field modulation with electrohydrodynamic spraying, providing a powerful tool for controlling the PEDOT:PSS nanofilm’s morphology precisely. The experimental findings indicate that when PEDOT:PSS nanofilms are crafted using horizontal ultrasonic vibrations, they demonstrate a uniform dispersion of PEDOT:PSS nanoparticles, setting them apart from instances involving vertical ultrasonic vibrations, both prior to and after the printing process. In particular, when horizontal ultrasonic vibrations are applied at a low amplitude (0.15 A) during printing, these nanofilms showcase exceptional wettability performance, with a contact angle of 16.24°, and impressive electrical conductivity of 2092 Ω/square. Given its ability to yield high-performance PEDOT:PSS nanofilms with precisely controlled nanostructures, this approach holds great promise for a wide range of nanotechnological applications, including the production of solar cells, wearable sensors, and actuators.
... This method can produce film ranging from a few nanometers (30 nm-PAni film 23 , 40 nm-P3HT film and 30 nm-PCBM film 24 ) to micrometers (1-1.5 μm AZ3312-photoresist film 25 ). However, the effectiveness of the above techniques is limited due to various factors such as thickness output, vacuum usage, mask application, and material wastage 26 . A promising approach is electrohydrodynamic atomization (EHDA), which employs an electric field to generate charged droplets that can be sprayed onto a substrate in a controlled way. ...
Additive manufacturing (AM) enables the production of high value and high performance components with applications from aerospace to biomedical fields. We report here on the fabrication of poly(3-hexylthiophene): phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (P3HT:PCBM) thin films through the electrohydrodynamic atomization (EHDA) process and its integration as absorber layer for organic solar cells. Prior to the film fabrication, the optimization of the process was carried out by developing the operating envelope for the P3HT:PCBM ink to determine the optimal flow rate and the appropriate applied voltage to achieve a stable-cone deposition mode. The EHDA printed thin-film’s topography, morphology and optical properties were systematically analyzed. The root-mean-square roughness was found to vary significantly with the annealing temperature and the flow rate and ranged from 1.938 to 3.345 nm. The estimated film mass and thickness were found between 3.235 and 23.471 mg and 597.5 nm to 1.60 µm, respectively. The films exhibited a broad visible absorption spectrum ranging from ~ 340 to ~ 600 nm, with a maximum peak λmax located at ~ 500 nm. As the annealing temperature and the flow rate were increased, discernible alterations in the PCBM clusters were consequently observed in the blends of the film and the size of the PCBM clusters has decreased by 3% while the distance between them was highly reduced by as much as 82%.
... Additionally, a gelatinous network is formed during the process, which solidifies once the solvent has been completely removed, resulting in a thin film [34]. However, the challenge of depositing materials over a considerable area of the substrates represents this method's drawback [35]. ...
