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For the purpose of applying laws or principles originated from thermal systems to granular
athermal systems, we may need to properly define the critical “temperature” concept in granular
powders. The conventional environmental temperature in thermal systems is too weak to drive
movements of particles in granular powders and cannot function as a the...
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... summary, the four laws of thermodynamics may be analogically applied to granular systems with apparently different but essentially the same definition of temperatures. A comparison between thermal systems and granular powders is given in Table 1. Note that the granular temperature is defined in the same manner as the regular temperature in thermodynamics, the parameter "Q" in granular powders maintains the same physical meaning as in thermal systems. ...
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... We believe that the dislocation is still a thermally driven process and should follow the thermodynamic laws. One of the authors in this article has integrated the free volume concept with the Eyring's rate process theories to theoretically interpret many seemingly unrelated phenomena ranging from electrical conductivity [12], Hall effect [13], superconductivity [14,15], viscosities of colloidal suspensions, polymers, and glassing liquids [16,17], to the flowability of granular matter [18][19][20][21], etc. The universality and broad applications of this theory make us believe that it is capable of describing the dislocation phenomena widely observed among many kinds of materials, even geological large-scale entities [5]. ...
... We would employ the same estimation method developed in 2006 using the inter-particle spacing (IPS) concept. IPS scales the distance between two particle surfaces has been developed by one of the authors and used to estimate the free volume of many systems with broad scales from electrons to granular matter [12,16,19,21]. The obtained IPS may be expressed as [28]: ...
Dislocation phenomena in solids under simple shear stress are theoretically addressed with the free volume concept and Eyring’s rate process theory for obtaining a generic and unified description. The obtained equations don’t have
any restrictions to specific materials and are compared with various theories and
empirical equations like the Hall-Petch and its inverse forms. Moreover, our equations are used to fit experimental data of mechanical property and dislocation density against grain sizes available in the literature. A good agreement
with observations is achieved, indicating that our theoretical framework is sound. Our findings provide a theoretical foundation for the very common dislocation
phenomena observed among many solid materials including pure metals, metallic alloys, ceramics, and even geological scale entities, potentially clearing out
many inconsistencies and puzzles in literature.
... The Eyring's rate process theory 9 argues that every physical or chemical phenomenon is a rate controlled process, while the free volume concept [10][11][12][13][14] argues that the transmission speed is also dependent on the available free volume. Many seemingly unrelated systems or phenomena can be successfully described with these two theories, such as glass liquids 13 , colloids and polymers 15,16 , granules [17][18][19] , electrical and proton conductivity 20,21 , superconductivity 22 , and Hall Effect 23 , etc. The infectious disease transmission phenomenon, a very complicated macroscopic process, could be properly analyzed with these two theories, too. ...
A modification arguing that the human movement energy may change with time is made on our previous infectious disease model, in which infectious disease transmission is considered as a sequential chemical reaction and reaction rate constants obey the Eyrings rate process theory and free volume concept. The modified model is employed to fit current covid-19 outbreak data in USA and to make predictions on the numbers of the infected, the removed and the death in the
foreseeable future. Excellent fitting curves and regression quality are obtained, indicating that the model is working and the predictions may be close to reality. Our work could provide some ideas on what we may expect in the future and how we can prepare accordingly for this difficult period.
... All different kinds of interactions among entities are factored into a single term, the free volume available in a system. Since the free volume theory resolves how large freedom an entity may have and the Eyring's rate process theory describes how fast the process is, these two theories have been integrated together to describe many seemingly unrelated systems or phenomena like glass liquids 12 , colloids and polymers 14,15 , granules [16][17][18] , electrical and proton conductivity 19,20 , superconductivity 21 , and Hall Effect 22 with great success. ...
The Eyrings rate process theory and free volume concept, two very popular theories in chemistry
and physics fields, are employed to treat infectious disease transmissions. The susceptible individ-
uals are assumed to move stochastically from one place to another. The virus particle transmission
rate is assumed to obey the Eyring rate process theory and also controlled by how much free
volume available in a system. The transmission process is considered to be a sequential chemical
reaction, and the concentrations or fractions of four epidemiological compartments, the susceptible,
the exposed, the infected, and the removed, can be derived and calculated. The obtained equations
show that the basic reproduction number, R0, is not a constant, dependent on the volume frac-
tion of virus particles, virus particle size, and virus particle packing structure, the energy barrier
associated with susceptible individuals, and environment temperature. The developed models are
applied to treat coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) transmission and make predictions on peak
time, peak infected, and R0. Our work provides a simple and straightforward approach to estimate
how infection diseases evolve and how many people may be infected.
... All different kinds of interactions among entities are factored into a single term, the free volume available in a system. Since the free volume theory resolves how large freedom an entity may have and the Eyring's rate process theory describes how fast the process is, these two theories have been integrated together to describe many seemingly unrelated systems or phenomena like glass liquids 12 , colloids and polymers 14,15 , granules [16][17][18] , electrical and proton conductivity 19,20 , superconductivity 21 , and Hall Effect 22 with great success. ...
The Eyring's rate process theory and free volume concept, two very popular theories in chemistry and physics fields, are employed to treat infectious disease transmissions. The susceptible individuals are assumed to move stochastically from one place to another. The virus particle transmission rate is assumed to obey the Eyring's rate process theory and also controlled by how much free volume available in a system. The transmission process is considered to be a sequential chemical reaction, and the concentrations or fractions of four epidemiological compartments, the susceptible, the exposed, the infected, and the removed, can be derived and calculated. The obtained equations show that the basic reproduction number, R 0 , is not a constant, dependent on the volume fraction of virus particles, virus particle size, and virus particle packing structure, the energy barrier associated with susceptible individuals, and environment temperature. The developed models are applied to treat coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) transmission and make predictions on peak time, peak infected, and R 0. Our work provides a simple and straightforward approach to estimate how infection diseases evolve and how many people may be infected.
Dislocation phenomena in solids under simple shear stress are theoretically ad- dressed with the free volume concept and Eyring’s rate process theory for ob- taining a generic and unified description....
Background: Porphyromonas gingivalis has been known as the major bacterial that induce periodontal inflammation through biofilm formation. Biofilms contain important virulence factors such as lipopolysaccharides. These virulence factors can make it escape from the periodontal immune system and modulate biofilms by increasing tolerance to antibiofilm agents so that biofilm formation becomes uncontrolled. The Chitosan from Haruan (Channa Striata) fish scales contains a degree of deacetylation of 85.25% which is associated with the content of an amine group (-NH2) which is positively charged in the Chitosan haruan fish scale which can act as an antibiofilm. Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the activity of Chitosan Haruan fish scales (Channa striata) as an antibiofilm agent on Porphyromonas gingivalis biofilms. Methods: The research design used in this study was a true experimental design with a post-test with a control group design using 4 treatments and 1 positive control. All treatments were carried out biofilm testing to obtain Optical Density. Results: The results showed that chitosan Haruan fish scales with a concentration of 2.5%, 10%, 20%, 40% proved to be able to damage the Porphyromonas gingivalis biofilm. Conclusion: Chitosan Haruan fish scales have the ability as an antibiofilm agent against P.gingivalis biofilms.
Size control in granulation is of great importance yet is often difficult to achieve. While numerical and analytical models have previously been reported there is still no comprehensive model to describe wet agglomeration systems. In this paper the basis for a new analytical solution towards predict limiting granule size is suggested. The focus of the model is on bulk behaviour of the granules where the interactions in the granular bulk after the initial contact between agglomerating granules continues to affect the properties, such as in high-shear granulation as well as flow processes such as pan or drum agglomeration. The model as developed assumes that granule size is limited by both saturation and dynamic interactions, and matches the results in the literature regarding the final and continuous growth behaviour in those systems where the model is appropriate. Based on the factors that limit the size, granule growth behaviour can be predicted as a consequence of consolidation. The model matches the behaviour of systems captured by classical growth regime maps in a more quantitative manner, and should allow improved scaling as the model develops.
The viscosity concept of thermal systems is borrowed to describe the flowability of granular powders in this article with the granular temperature is defined analogously. Eyrings rate process theory and free volume concept, which have been proved to be very powerful in dealing with many thermally activated phenomena in a wide variety of fields, are utilized to derive viscosity equations of granular powders under a simple shear. The obtained viscosity equations are examined only with empirical experimental observations in describing powder flowability, due to the lack of instruments and methodology for directly determining the viscosity of granular materials. The continuous shear thickening rather than the discontinuous shear thickening are predicted and found to be dependent on shear rate, the cohesive energy between particles, and the particle volume fraction, though the discontinuous shear thickening may still occur if certain conditions are met during shear, such as local particle volume fractions approach to the jamming point created by the shear induced inhomogeneity. A fundamental mechanism on how dry granular powders flow is proposed on the basis of what are demonstrated from the viscosity equations.The work presented in this article may lay a foundation to scale powder flowability in a more fundamental and consistent manner, at least providing an approach to consistently define the viscosity of granular powders. Since the same approaches are employed to derive the viscosity equations of granular powders as used to derive viscosity equations of liquids, colloidal suspensions, and polymeric materials, both athermal and thermal systems are thus unified with a single methodology.
