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Formula for Quantification of CO2 Emissions (United States EPA Climate Leaders-Direct Emissions from Stationary Combustion Sources, 2008)
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The paper seeks to assess the technical and economic feasibility of implementing carbon dioxide enhanced oil recovery (CO2 EOR) in Trinidad and Tobago from flue gas production whilst mitigating the effect of greenhouse gases via CO2 sequestration. An existing power plant in Trinidad was selected as the CO2 source. As such, actual CO2 volumes and pr...
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Citations
... Though CO 2 injection in this process is done primarily for EOR, it comes with the added benefit of storage of CO 2 contributing to minimizing the global warming scourge. Over the last decade, CO 2 has been used in over 70 EOR operations around the world with over 40 reported in West Texas (Moritis 2000), Weyburn Field in Canada (Malik and Islam 2000), Shengli Oilfield in China (Liang et al. 2009) and different parts of the world for simultaneous EOR and storage processes (Ghomian et al. 2008;Gozalpour et al. 2005;Liu et al. 2013;Moritis 2000;Narinesingh et al. 2014). ...
The merits of CO2 capture and storage to the environmental stability of our world should not be underestimated as emissions of greenhouse gases cause serious problems. It represents the only technology that might rid our atmosphere of the main anthropogenic gas while allowing for the continuous use of the fossil fuels which still power today’s world. Underground storage of CO2 involves the injection of CO2 into suitable geological formations and the monitoring of the injected plume over time, to ensure containment. Over the last two or three decades, attention has been paid to technology developments of carbon capture and sequestration. Therefore, it is high time to look at the research done so far. In this regard, a high-level review article is required to provide an overview of the status of carbon capture and sequestration research. This article presents a review of CO2 storage technologies which includes a background of essential concepts in storage, the physical processes involved, modeling procedures and simulators used, capacity estimation, measuring monitoring and verification techniques, risks and challenges involved and field-/pilot-scale projects. It is expected that the present review paper will help the researchers to gain a quick knowledge of CO2 sequestration for future research in this field.
... o's (T&T's) economy has relied mainly on the petroleum industry for several years (Ministry of Energy and Energy Affairs [MEEA], 2013). However, in recent times, potential energy issues such as depleting resources, declining production rates and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are playing a bigger role in defining the nation's energy sustainability (Narinesingh et. al., 2014). ...
Two Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) methods were analyzed for producing hydrocarbons from a newly discovered JLG field using analogous information from a reservoir of similar geologic characteristics as those in southern part of Trinidad. Continuous CO2 injection and water alternating gas (WAG) were modelled after primary recovery using CMG-GEM. The feasibility of these processes were determined using the overall cumulative production and CO2 storage capacities. Injection time for each EOR strategy was simulated for a ten-year period. The comparisons were done using various hydrocarbon pore volumes (HCPV), injection times, WAG cycles and WAG ratios to analyze the production curves and the amount of sequestered CO2.
The results showed that reservoir had an 18.2% recovery factor (OOIP was 29,750 MSTB) from primary production. From the models developed, immiscible continuous CO2 injection was the most feasible EOR process coupled with sequestered. This model produced the highest incremental oil recovery of 26.3%, which corresponded to a cumulative oil production of 13,286 MSTB (44.66% recovery). A total of 284.11 MMSCF (14992.6 metric tons) of CO2 (16% storage) was also stored. Hence, an immiscible continuous injection process can be more economically feasible since it requires a smaller volume of CO2 and produces a greater volume of hydrocarbons for similar type fields. This is further supported by the feasibility analysis, which showed that the continuous CO2 immiscible injection process would produce a net present value (NPV) of US$ 355M, with an internal rate of return (IRR) of 83.9%.
Trinidad and Tobago (T&T) has over one hundred years of experience in oil production. In addition, the nation was one of the first to employ enhanced oil recovery via CO2 flooding. In recent times however, oil production has decreased and the early implemented CO2-EOR projects have all ceased. Since T&T is a rapidly developing energy intensive economy, it is amongst the top ten in the world in terms of CO2 equivalent emissions on a per capita and per GDP basis. Many researchers within the nation and elsewhere have conceptualized that T&T can ironically use its rich history of oil production and CO2-EOR to help reduce its emissions. However, to effectively do this, key parameters must be found robustly and scientifically. The paper attempts to do this by outlining a framework for investigating the feasibility of implementing CO2-EOR in T&T from flus gas sources. This is done through the use of reservoir simulation in CMG to obtain key parameters needed to investigate this feasibility. An existing natural gas turbine fired power plant in Point Lisas was selected as the CO2 source allowing actual CO2 volumes and properties germane to this plant to be used. However, a hypothetical field was chosen as the appropriate sink since the use of actual field data was prohibited by relevant companies in T&T. While this is not ideal, the values used closely resemble actual field data and can easily be modified once permission to use actual field data is acquired. For this hypothetical field, a detailed reservoir model was built. The model was executed, and various scenarios were simulated to determine the optimum number of producers for primary production and the best location of the CO2-EOR injectors. Many key parameters were reported from this investigation. These included OIIP, forecasted production and primary recovery, CO2 utilization rate and total sequestered CO2.
