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During autumn of 2007, some leaves of Ficus elastica with leaf spot symptoms were collected from greenhouses in Karaj, Iran where the host is grown as an ornamental. Based on
morphological characteristics, the causal agent of disease was determined as Phoma glomerata. Occurrence of leaf spot disease on F. elastica leaves caused by P. glomerata is r...
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... were maintained in alternate light/dark conditions (13 h under near ultraviolet [near-UV] and 11 h under dark conditions) on MEA. Pycnidia were subglobose, 70-225 (117) mm in diameter (Fig. 2) and conidia were variable in shape and dimensions, mostly ovoid-ellipsoidal, sometimes curved, 4-8.5 (6.1) Â 1.5-3.5 (2.9) mm in diameter and hyaline (Fig. 3). Chlamydospores were highly variable and irregular in shape and size, unicellular or multicellular, mostly intercalary, occasionally terminal-lateral, solitary or in chains, when septate usually dictyosporous, smooth subsequently verrucose or rarely tuberculate, brown and 21-45 (30.5) Â 10-17 (13.1) mm in size (Fig. 4). Based on ...
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... Notes-Six isolates from twig spot and gummosis trunk of peach (Prunus persica L.) in this study were phylogenetically related to Didymella glomerata ( Figure 4). Didymella glomerata, known to cause diseases in dicots and conifers, is generally found in the rhizosphere flora but has recently been identified as a cause of stem canker in peach trees, damping off and root necrosis in fennel, and stem rot in coriander [49][50][51][52]. This is the first report of this fungus on Prunus persica in China. ...
... Generally, it is considered a secondary invasive or opportunistic pathogen [18]. Didymella glomerata is associated with stem canker of peach, damping off, and root necrosis in fennel and stem rot of coriander [49][50][51][52]. It has also been reported to be a mycoparasite of powdery mildew [85]. ...
Peach (Prunus persica L.) is one of the most important and oldest stone fruits grown in China. Even though P. persica is one of the most commonly grown stone fruits in China, little is known about the biodiversity of microfungi associated with peach branch diseases. In the present study, samples were collected from a wide range of peach growing areas in China, and fungal pathogens associated with peach branch diseases were isolated. In total, 85 isolates were obtained and further classified into nine genera and 10 species. Most of the isolates belonged to Botryosphaeriaceae (46), including Botryosphaeria, Diplodia, Neofusicoccum, Phaeobotryon, and Lasiodiplodia species; Ascochyta, Didymella, and Nothophoma species representing Didymellaceae were also identified. Herein, we introduce Ascochyta prunus and Lasiodiplodia pruni as novel species. In addition, we report the first records of Nothophoma pruni, Neofusicoccum occulatum, and Phaeobotryon rhois on peach worldwide, and Didymella glomerata, Nothophoma quercina, and Phaeoacremonium scolyti are the first records from China. This research is the first comprehensive investigation to explore the microfungi associated with peach branch disease in China. Future studies are necessary to understand the pathogenicity and disease epidemiology of these identified species.
... Phoma spp. (Ascomycota) are pathogenic fungi that can damage the leaves and stems of plants (Aghapour et al., 2009). Low-dose T. asperellum treatment adequately controlled Phoma; however, the mechanism underlaying this observation remains to be determined. ...
The Songnen Plain is an important agricultural region in China with an abundance of saline–alkaline soil that significantly restricts maize growth. Trichoderma spp., free‐living fungi, are commonly used biofertilizers. The effects of Trichoderma asperellum on the fungal community in saline–alkaline soils remain unclear; hence, in this study, three T. asperellum conidium suspension concentrations were used: 0 g (control), 0.7 g (low dose), and 1.4 g (high dose) over three consecutive years, following which high‐throughput sequencing was conducted to analyze the effect of T. asperellum on fungal diversity in the rhizosphere soil. Changes in crop yield, soil salt ion content, and pH were also monitored. T. asperellum treatment effectively regulated the soil salt ion balance, lowered the pH, and improved the crop yield by 4.88–20.26%. Additionally, the T. asperellum treatment significantly increased the relative abundance of T. asperellum and Ceratobasidium sp and inhibited that of the pathogenic fungi Neonectria and Fusarium. Changes in the soil fungal community composition were closely associated with soil properties and yield. Our findings suggest that long‐term T. asperellum exposure can alleviate saline–alkaline stress for maize growth by decreasing soil pH and salt ion content and regulating the fungal microbial community, thereby increasing crop yield.
... According to the previous literature, D. glomerata is a plant pathogenic fungus with a wide host range, which can damage up to 100 species of woody and herbaceous plants (Aghapour et al. 2009, Lahoz et al. 2007). To our knowledge, this is the first report of D. glomerata causing round leaf spot on S. tonkinensis in China. ...
The root of Sophora tonkinensis Gagnep is an important medicinal material in China. An unknown foliar disease, first observed In July 2018, occurred over 240 ha of S. tonkinensis (totally cultured 600 ha) in Guangxi, China, in December 2019. The initial symptoms on leaf were seen as small, tawny spots (0.5 to 1.5 mm in diam.). As the disease progressed, the lesions enlarged into grayish and dark brown concentric rings (5 to 10.0 mm in diam.) resulting in black protuberances in the center of the spots. Severe infections would adversely affect plant growth, and cut the production by 30-40%. Symptomatic leaves were sampled and the surface was sterilized with 75% ethanol for 30 s and then soaked in 0.1% HgCl2 for 2 min. After three washes with sterile distilled water, the samples were dried, placed aseptically onto potato dextrose agar (PDA) plates, and incubated at 28°C. Three days later, the isolates were placed on new PDA medium for subsequent purification and sporulation. The fungus, SDG-1, was recovered from 85% of the total 40 isolates. Its colonies were whitish initially and then became olive green 7 days after incubation at 28 °C. The pycnidias were globose to subglobose, initially brown and darken at maturity, 85 to 300 × 70 to 280 μm in size. The conidia were colorless, single-celled, rounded to ellipsoidal and 3.5 to 6.6 × 1.5 to 3.8 μm. The chlamydospores were multicellular and brick trellised, usually forming branched or unbranched chains, light to dark brown in color and measured 28.5 to 44.5 × 8.2 to 16.5 μm. The morphological characteristics were consistent with Didymella glomerata. The rDNA-ITS, β-tubulin and actin of strain SDG-1 were PCR amplified, and the DNA sequencing results were almost 100% identical to those of D. glomerata, respectively (GenBank database accession numbers MN 435377, MN447333 and MN447334, respectively). The multi-locus phylogenetic analysis was carried out with the obtained sequences, which revealed that the isolates clustered within D. glomerata with the similarity of 100% (Fig.3). Therefore, based on the morphology and phylogenetic tree, strain SDG-1 was identified as D. glomerata. For pathogenicity tests, the S. tonkinensis was cultured for two years, and the conidial suspension of SDG-1 (1 × 106 conidia /mL) was prepared by harvesting conidia from a 10-day-old culture on PDA. Conidia were sprayed onto the healthy leaves of S. tonkinensis for co-culture, while the control group was sprayed with sterile distilled water. Each experiment was performed three times. All plants were covered with plastic bags for 3 days in order to maintain high humidity and cultured in a greenhouse at 28 °C with a 12-h/12-h light/dark cycle. The symptoms appeared 7 days after the leaves were inoculated with spores, which were identical to those observed in the field. The pathogenic fungus was re-isolated from the infected leaves and identified as previously described. The control leaves remained symptomless during the pathogenicity tests. According to the previous literature, D. glomerata is a plant pathogenic fungus with a wide host range, which can damage up to 100 species of woody and herbaceous plants (Aghapour et al. 2009, Lahoz et al. 2007). To our knowledge, this is the first report of D. glomerata causing round leaf spot on S. tonkinensis in China.
... P. glomerata causes diseases in dicots and conifers and is generally isolated with the rhizosphere flora. The pathogen was recently found to be associated with stem canker of peach trees, damping off and root necrosis in fennel, and stem rot of coriander (Lahoz et al., 2007;Aghapour et al., 2009;Rodeva et al., 2013). ...
Phoma is the most widely distributed and omnipresent genus of the order Pleosporales and the largest genus with some 3000 taxa described so far. Of which, approximately 110 species are pathogenic that occupy varied ecological niches. The genus Phoma is polyphyletic and isn’t really delimited with unclear species boundaries that make it a taxonomically controversial genus. Fungi belonging to Phoma commonly occur on crop plants that are economically important where they cause devastating plant diseases. Pathogenic members of Phoma sensu lato species attacks crop plants with symptoms ranging from leaf blight, root rot to even wilting of the plant. In infected crop residues and field stubbles, the pathogen produces abundant pycnidia and pseudothecia which serve as the source of primary inoculum whereas repeated crops of conidia produced inside pycnidium are the main source of secondary infection during the same growing season. After successful infection, the pathogen produces various phytotoxin that alters photosynthetic efficiency, actin cytoskeleton‐based functions and causes electrolyte leakage from cells. Controlling the diseases caused by members of Phoma sensu lato is challenging and efforts have been made to identify resistant varieties that can be used in various plant breeding programs. Studies have also been conducted to devise cultural and biological control measures as well as to evaluate the efficacy of fungicides against members of Phoma sensu lato. In this review we aim to discuss the disease epidemiology and control measures that can be practiced to protect crops from Phoma diseases.
... The present study reported the fungus N. dimidiatum as a pathogen of Persian oak in Iran for the first time. The D. glomerata species is a worldwide distributed soil fungus, which has been isolated from various kinds of plants as well as inorganic materials, and frequently found in association with symptoms of blight, leaf spots and fruit rot (Boerema 2004;Moral et al. 2018;Thomidis et al. 2011;Aghapour et al. 2009;Holz et al. 1989). In the present study, this species was isolated from branches of the healthy and declining Persian oak trees with frequency of 5.15% and 7.46%, respectively, and from healthy and died Persian oak seedlings with frequency of 57.14% and 100%, respectively (Fig. 5). ...
The objectives of the present study were to identify composition of fungal communities associated with healthy and declined oak trees and seedlings in Ilam Province, Iran, and to evaluate their role in occurrence of the oak decline. Fungal isolates were obtained from branches of healthy and declining Persian oak trees and seedlings in Ilam province during summer and autumn 2014–2015. Fungal species were identified according to both morphological and molecular characteristics obtained from ITS, 28S and 18S regions of ribosomal DNA. Some fungal species such as Neoscytalidium dimidiatum and Obolarina persica were obtained only from branches of Persian oak trees with decline symptoms. The Acremonium sp., Coniochaeta sp., Cytospora ribis, Fusarium tricinctum, Microsphaeriopsis olivacea and Neoetophoma samarorum species were found only in healthy trees as endophytic species. While, B. mediterrana, Didymella glomerata, Fusarium solani and Tricothecium roseum were isolated from both healthy and declined trees. The F. tricinctum and T. roseum species were found in healthy seedlings. However, D. glomerata was isolated from both healthy and dried seedlings. The species B. mediterrana, D. glomerata, N. dimidiatum and O. persica showed pathogenicity on the Persian oak seedlings in the greenhouse conditions. Finally, it could be concluded that for the first time two species, D. glomerata and N. dimidiatum, were recorded as pathogens associated with Persian oak. In addition, Acremonium sp., Coniochaeta sp., C. ribis, F. solani, F. tricinctum, N. samarorum and T. roseum were recorded for the first time as endophytic fungi on Persian oak trees.
The cultivation of blackberries has recently increased in Turkey, despite the fact that wild blackberry types have grown almost everywhere in the country. During the summer of 2011, leaf blight symptoms were observed in a blackberry vineyard in Karlısu, as well as on wild blackberry plants in Altınözü, Hatay province, Turkey. Based on morphology, fungal isolates obtained from these blighted leaf margins shared similar morphological characteristics and were tentatively identified as Didymella glomerata. To confirm the morphologic identification, the nucleotide sequences of a representative isolate’s ITS, LSU, and tub2 regions of DNA were used. The sequences of three regions were 99–100% identical to D. glomerata isolate sequences in GenBank. Healthy blackberry suckers of the thornless blackberry cultivars ‘Triple Crown’ and ‘Chester’ grown in pots were inoculated with spore suspension on foliar parts under greenhouse conditions for pathogenicity testing. D. glomerata was extremely virulent, causing severe leaf blight in both blackberry cultivars. D. glomerata was constantly isolated from inoculated plants’ leaf lesions. This is the first report of D. glomerata infection of blackberry, a novel host for this pathogen in Turkey and around the world. More research into the biology and management of the disease is required.
The present study reports in situ occurrence of two new fossil epiphyllous fungal species of Phomites (comparable to modern plant pathogen Phoma Sacc.) on different compressed angiospermic leaf remains recovered from the Siwalik sediments (middle Miocene to early Pleistocene) of Arunachal Pradesh, eastern Himalaya. Here, we describe two new fungal fossil species i.e. Phomites siwalicus Vishnu, Khan et Bera S, sp. nov. and Phomites neogenicus Vishnu, Khan et Bera S, sp. nov. on the basis of morpho-anatomical structural features of fruiting bodies i.e. pycnidia. The pycnidium is a yellowish brown to dark brown to blackish, globose or slightly lens-shaped, ostiolate with a collar layer consisting of thick walled cells, sunken in leaf cuticle singly or in groups, with one-celled conidiospores and short-ampulliform conidiogenous cells. On the basis of leaf architecture, host leaves resemble those of extant Dipterocarpus C. F. Gaertn., Shorea Roxb. ex C. F. Gaertn. (Dipterocarpaceae), Dysoxylum Blume (Meliaceae), and Poaceae Barnhart. In situ occurrence of two morphotypes of Phomites on angiospermous leaf remains suggests a possible host-parasite interaction in the moist evergreen forest of Arunachal sub-Himalaya during Mio-Pleistocene period. The occurrence of this epiphyllous fungus Phomites in appreciable numbers indicates a humid climate favored by high rate of precipitation during Siwalik sedimentation, which is also consistent with our previously published climatic data obtained from the study of the macroscopic plant remains.
Citrus psorosis virus (CPsV) is one of the oldest known
graft-transmissible viruses of citrus. It causes typical bark
scaling lesions in the trunk and limb of sweet orange, mandarin,
grapefruit and other citrus spp. During spring 2011,
a total of 250 symptomatic and asymptomatic trees, including
100 from a mother block in Lattakia governorate and
150 from six commercial orchards located in Jableh, Tartous
and Lattakia areas were sampled to assess the presence of
CPsV. All collected samples were analyzed by DAS-ELISA
according to Potere et al. (1999) using a commercial kit
(Agritest, Italy). Results indicated the presence of CPsV in
two Navel Orange trees located in Lattakia. The presence
of CPsV was confirmed in these trees by reverse transcription
polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using primers
consF (5’- ACAAAGAAATTCCCTGCAAGGG-3’) and
consR (5’-AAGTTTCTATCATTCTGAAACCC-3’) that
target part of the CPsV coat protein gene (Roy et al., 2005)
with the amplification of the expected size (411 bp) DNA
product. The RT-PCR product was cloned and sequenced.
The sequence of CPsV isolate SYR-C7 (GenBank accession
No. HG964696) showed 97% nucleotide identity with Italian
CPsV isolates (GenBank accession Nos AM235964 and
AY194917). Symptoms associated to CPsV were observed in
Syria (Bové, 1995) but the causal agent had yet to be identified.
To our knowledge, this is the first CPsV detection in
Syria by serological and molecular assays.
Rosemary (Rosemarinus officinalis) is an ornamental and medicinal plant grown in Iran.
During a survey in November 2012, symptoms of wilt and leaf spot were observed in
almost half of rosemary fields of Kerman (southeast of Iran). Samples of infected leaves
were surface sterilized with 0.5% sodium hypochlorite, rinsed with sterile distilled water,
cultured onto potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium and incubated at 25°C for seven days.
The isolated fungus produced a pale brown to dark green colony. Ovoid or ellipsoidal,
hyaline, and aseptate conidia were produced abundantly in subglobose pycnidia.
Numerous dictyochlamydospores and chlamydospores were also observed. Based on the
morphological characters, the fungus was identified as Phoma glomerata (Boerema et al.,
2004). To confirm the species of the fungus, DNA was extracted from a single spore isolate and
the internal spacer regions (ITS) were amplified with universal primers ITS1 and ITS4.
The resulting sequence (532 bp), which showed more than 99% identity with Phoma
glomerata, was submitted to NCBI GenBank (Accession No. KM114267).
To test the pathogenicity, two month old plants were sprayed by a suspension of 104
spores per ml, covered with plastic bags and incubated under greenhouse conditions at
25-28°C. Pale brown small spots were developed on an average of 31.48% of the leaves
after seven days. This fungus has been previously reported from Iran on cucumber
(Hatami et al., 2008) and Ficus elastica (Aghapour et al., 2009). To the best of our
knowledge, this is the first report of Phoma glomerata on rosemary in Iran and possibly in the world.
