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Forest management interacts with the stand structure through changing the tree species composition and the stand diameter distribution. Both processes affect the structure of the canopy and thus the organization in space and time of the trees. In dry conditions, thinning (light, frequent and localized) may modify gas exchange at the interface forest-atmosphere, thus reducing the competition for water resources. At the same time, favouring uneven-aged and mixed forests may combine biodiversity conservation, forest production, and watershed resiliency. Species selection and thinning strategies exert a control over canopy albedo. In regions with active forest management, forest owners need support to adapt management practices and improve harvesting techniques. In mountain watersheds, communities need support to secure forest ecosystem services, to develop criteria and indicators for sustainable forest management, and a range of guidelines and sound harmonized strategies in adaptive management of head-watersheds. The management of forest ecosystems requires planning for the long term-proactive adaptation, with the introduction of new species/genotypes, change of rotation times, and stand structure, has high costs, though forest conservation towards high stand resistance and stability may increase the risk of catastrophic loss.
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... need to understand the interactions between forests and soils, also considering understory species, or different forest management systems ( Figure 2). In this sense, biodiversity should be viewed as an adjunct value in protecting the territory from natural hazards (more species diversity > more understory vegetation > less bare soils > less soil erosion). ...
Context 2
... and targeting eco-hydrological issues into forest management will prove the added value of adaptive silviculture in promoting tree and stand resilience, improve (or maintain) site Besides enhancing productive functions, forest management may also contribute to reduce risk fire, increase ecosystem resilience, increase water yield, improve tree growth and vigor, increase landscape value, etc. These goods and services are assumed to be modified (in some cases enhanced) when performing forest management, but in most cases, they are not quantified (see Figure 12). The tipping point compared to previous management approaches is that all these functions should be explicitly considered and quantified into forest planning and management. ...
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... tipping point compared to previous management approaches is that all these functions should be explicitly considered and quantified into forest planning and management. Figure 12. Scheme of the effects of eco-hydrological-based forest management. ...
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... a stand there is a specific forest climate where temperature ranges are reduced and snow temperature is higher than in the open, leading to an equilibrium metamorphism that stabilizes the snowpack (less formation of surface or depth hoar). The target profile is thus focused on reaching a sufficient canopy cover (>50%; Figure 20), avoiding the presence of openings with length along the fall line greater than 30-60 m (e.g., for slopes greater than 45° maximum opening length should be 30 m, while a 30° slope will allow openings up to 60°) ( ). Concerning species composition, evergreen coniferous species are usually preferred for their persistent canopy cover in winter. ...
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... species composition, evergreen coniferous species are usually preferred for their persistent canopy cover in winter. Figure 20. Gradient of the mitigating effect on avalanche release provided by a forest based on its canopy cover. ...
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... Austrian Forest Dialogue follows internationally recognised principles in a structured, participatory and transparent way (see Figure 21). The guiding principles are as follows: ...
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... order to reach this goal, it provides a precise methodological framework, which is outlined in the Forest management planning manual. Figure 22 shows an example of a simplified and non-exhaustive methodological itinerary applied. ...
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... function of protection against natural hazards. Concerning the function of protection against natural hazards, forest management planning is based on the Hazard Control Index (Indice de Maîtrise d'Aléa -IMA -in French) which quantify protective role on a scale from 0 to 6 (see Figure 24). In this way, it can be assessed the capacity of a forest stand to reduce the risk of socio-economic challenges threatened by one or several hazards. ...
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... simplify this comparison, a form was developed that enables us to determine the need for action in an easy and comprehensible way (see Figure 25). As a first step, the site type and the relevant natural hazard are determined. ...
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... catchments of the drinking water reservoirs Josefův Důl (JD) and Souš (S) (see Figure 26), the long-term study on relationships between volumes of fog drip, elevation, and forest canopy density was integrated in the international field project of the Earthwatch Institute ( Křeček and Hall 2008), which focused on the recovery of mountain watersheds and lakes from acidification (1991 -2012). The observed fog precipitation in catchments JD and S was found significant namely in zones above 900 m a.s.l. ...
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... observed fog precipitation in catchments JD and S was found significant namely in zones above 900 m a.s.l. (increasing the annual water yield by 88 -106 mm, i.e., from 10 to 12%; Figure 27). Generally, the collected fog drip there varies from 7 to 8% of the gross precipitation, monitored by the standard rain gauge network. ...
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... the other hand, fog precipitation contributed to higher amounts of acid atmospheric deposition in studied watersheds JD and S. recently (2010)(2011)(2012), the mean annual load of sulphate and nitrate found in the fog drip was 1,975 and 1,080 kg per square kilometre, respectively. These amounts represent 55% of total sulphur and 48% of total nitrogen, Concerning environmental services in watersheds of drinking water reservoirs Josefův Důl and Souš (Figure 26), there is the priority to secure the required drinking water supply. Further specific partial targets are: sustainable water resource recharge, guarding the water quality (chemistry and biota), and control of runoff timing (extreme hydrological events, particularly). ...
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... At the current situation (2010)(2011)(2012), it is possible to decrease the deposition of sulphur and nitrogen in the zones with significant fog precipitation ( Figure 27) up to 33% by reducing the canopy area of mature spruce plantations, or to 18% by their shift to the grass canopy. ...
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... best results can be achieved through a comprehensive approach, which means that the anti- erosion projects should be one of the elements of the integrated water management in watershed that includes the application of natural and technical methods ( Figure 29). Erosion processes in mountain forests are initiated mainly by anthropogenic activities. ...
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... we monitored the discharge by continuous measurements in two small streams in the direct catchment area of the lake. In We also monitored the quality of water in these two discharge measurement sites and in a large stream, the River Harkonjoki by water samples taken monthly during the study year ( Figure 32). The sampling and determination of suspended solids, total nitrogen and total phosphorus, nitrate, phosphate as well as dissolved organic carbon and water colour were performed by Nablabs Ltd. ...
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... final yet important analysis, both form a spatial and a statistical point of view, was the correlation between altitude and the types of surfaces (interfluve, slope, valley) on the one hand, and the type of change taking place on former or present forested areas ( Figure 42). The areas where forests have undergone changes must, however, be analyzed in relation to local topography, the hydrographic network and the presence of various relief units. ...
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Citations
... Since at least the middle of the 20th century, high-income nations have had large-scale implementations of novel management approaches in their public lands [19][20][21]. These include 'multipurpose management' to address multiple socioeconomic objectives [21][22][23][24] as well as 'ecosystem management' [25] and, subsequently, 'ecological forestry' to actively engineer complex, resilient and productive ecosystems [15]. Yet, barring some exceptions [26], the discourse and practice of public forest management, in much of the Global South, still largely oscillates between the dichotomy of single-crop production and strict protection [27,28]. ...
Multipurpose and ecological forest management frameworks are being increasingly applied across the Global North on public lands. However, the discourse and practice of public forest management in much of the developing world are captured by extreme approaches of single-crop (usually timber) production and strict canopy-cover protection, as exemplified by the case of Nepal. We combine insights from field research with published documents and trace the consequences of prevalent management regimes on the ecology and silviculture of Nepal’s public forests. We find that managing for either extreme of timber production or forest protection can degrade forest ecosystems and affect their capacity to address the increasing number of demands placed on them. A history of narrow management outlooks has erased indigenous silvicultural practices and discouraged the development of novel silvicultural solutions to address today’s environmental concerns. Government initiatives advancing singular objectives, such as Nepal’s Scientific Forest Management program, often crumble under political resistance. Forest users in Nepal are widely interested in generating diverse benefits from their forests, including non-commercial products and services, suggesting a mandate for multipurpose management. We present a decentralized adaptive modality of multipurpose management featuring a silviculture that more closely matches the ecology of forests.
... Dipang watershed is a part of the lake cluster of Phewa Lake, a designated Ramsar site. The watershed not only provides freshwater for agriculture and domestic use, but it also provides varieties of ecosystem services (Tognetti et al., 2017). These watershed services include provisioning services (irrigating water supply, fish supply, timber, fuel wood, food, medicine, and handicraft), regulatory services (climate regulation, disease regulation, and water purification) and cultural services (aesthetic and scenic beauty, recreational and tourism, educational resource service and festivals) (MoFE, 2018). ...
The current study uses the livelihood vulnerability index (LVI) and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change livelihood vulnerability index (IPCC-LVI) approaches to assess household's livelihood vulnerability in the Dipang watershed located in the Central Himalayan region of Nepal. Primary data was collected through various participatory rural appraisal (PRA) tools such as direct observation, key informant interviews (KIIs), focus group discussions (FGDs) and household surveys. Similarly, data on climatic variables were collected from the nearby meteorological station over 30 years (1987-2018). The mean annual average temperature increased by 0.036°C while the average rainfall decreased by 2.30 mm. Respondents perceived a similar trend of rising temperatures, decreasing rainfall intensity, dryness in the atmosphere, and dwindling water sources. The overall LVI score (0.416) indicated that the households are vulnerable to climate change. Food (0.642) and natural disasters and climate variability (0.566) were the most vulnerable among all contributing factors. Similarly, the overall LVI-IPCC score (0.104) indicated that the households were moderately vulnerable due to high exposure (0.566), sensitivity (0.448), and low adaptive capacity (0.334). The study findings suggest an urgent need to reduce high exposure to climate risks, improved livelihood strategies, and boost agricultural productivity and health in the watershed area.
The goal to limit the increase in global temperature below 2 °C requires reaching a balance between anthropogenic emissions and reductions (sinks) in the second half of this century. As carbon sinks, forests can potentially play an important role in carbon capture. The Paris Agreement (2015) requires signatory countries to reduce deforestation, while conserving and enhancing carbon sinks. Innovative approaches may help foresters take up climate-smart management methods and identify measures for scaling purposes. The EU’s funding instrument COST has supported the Action CLIMO (Climate-Smart Forestry in Mountain Regions – CA15226), with the aim of reorienting forestry in mountain areas to challenge the adverse impacts of climate change.
Funded by the EU’s Horizon 2020, CLIMO has brought together scientists and experts in continental and regional focus assessments through a cross-sectoral approach, facilitating the implementation of climate objectives. CLIMO has provided scientific analysis on issues including criteria and indicators, growth dynamics, management prescriptions, long-term perspectives, monitoring technologies, economic impacts, and governance tools. This book addresses different combinations of CLIMO’s driving/primary objectives and discusses smarter ways to develop forestry and monitor forests under current environmental changes, affecting forest ecosystems.
Understanding tree and stand growth dynamics in the frame of climate change calls for large-scale analyses. For analysing growth patterns in mountain forests across Europe, the CLIMO consortium compiled a network of observational plots across European mountain regions. Here, we describe the design and efficacy of this network of plots in monospecific European beech and mixed-species stands of Norway spruce, European beech, and silver fir.
First, we sketch the state of the art of existing monitoring and observational approaches for assessing the growth of mountain forests. Second, we introduce the design, measurement protocols, as well as site and stand characteristics, and we stress the innovation of the newly compiled network. Third, we give an overview of the growth and yield data at stand and tree level, sketch the growth characteristics along elevation gradients, and introduce the methods of statistical evaluation. Fourth, we report additional measurements of soil, genetic resources, and climate smartness indicators and criteria, which were available for statistical evaluation and testing hypotheses. Fifth, we present the ESFONET (European Smart Forest Network) approach of data and knowledge dissemination. The discussion is focussed on the novelty and relevance of the database, its potential for monitoring, understanding and management of mountain forests toward climate smartness, and the requirements for future assessments and inventories.
In this chapter, we describe the design and efficacy of this network of plots in monospecific European beech and mixed-species stands of Norway spruce, European beech, and silver fir. We present how to acquire and evaluate data from individual trees and the whole stand to quantify and understand the growth of mountain forests in Europe under climate change. It will provide concepts, models, and practical hints for analogous trans-geographic projects that may be based on the existing and newly recorded data on forests.
Several urban centres of different sizes have developed over time, and continue to grow, within the basin of Lake Victoria. Uncontrolled urban development, especially along the lake shore, puts environmental pressure on Lake Victoria and its local ecosystem. This study sought to monitor the extent and impacts of urban development (as measured by population growth and built-up land use/land cover) in the Lake Victoria basin, Kenya, between 1978 and 2018. Remote sensing and GIS-based land use/land cover classification was conducted to extract change in built-up areas from Landsat 3, 4, 5 and 8 satellite imagery obtained for the month of January at intervals of ten years. Change in population distribution and density was analysed based on decadal census data from the Kenya National Bureau of Statistics between 1979 and 2019. A statistical regression model was then estimated to relate population growth to built-up area expansion. Results indicate that the basin’s built-up area has expanded by 97% between 1978 and 2018 while the population increased by 140% between 1979 and 2019. Urban development was attributed to the rapidly increasing population in the area as seen in a positive statistical correlation (R2=0.5744) between increase in built-up area and population growth. The resulting environmental pressure on the local ecosystem has been documented mainly in terms of degradation of lake water quality, eutrophication and aquatic biodiversity loss. The study recommends the enactment and implementation of appropriate eco-sensitive local legislation and policies for sustainable urban and rural land use planning in the area. This should aim to control and regulate urban expansion especially in the immediate shoreline areas of the lake and associated riparian zones.
