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Consumers' need for multi-function cell phones drives the development of smartphones and their operating systems. Although the competition among smartphone operating systems is lasting for years, there is little research on this topic. This study aims to analysis the smartphone OS market in an ecosystem perspective. We first compare food webs of ma...
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... a "food web" in the smartphone industry. In ecology, food chains describe the eating relationships among species within an ecosystem. Energy and materials move from lower the food chain to the higher level. A set of interconnected food chains make a food web. The "eating" relationships among participants also exist in the smartphone industry. Fig. 2 describes the smartphone industry's "food web". In this "food web", revenue streams supporting the whole system are provided by customers. In the low-level, revenues come from customers to device vendors, service providers, application developers and content providers. Customers buy smartphones from the device vendors, and they ...
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... [1] As we navigate the complexities of the digital landscape, the choice of an operating system becomes a crucial decision, influencing not only user experiences but also the efficiency and security of computing systems. [2,3] This research paper embarks on a comprehensive exploration, aiming to illuminate the distinct characteristics of modern operating systems-Windows, Linux, and macOS. [4]Contextualizing the Digital Era: The digital era has witnessed a transformative journey from traditional computing paradigms to the dynamic, interconnected systems of today. ...
The rapid evolution of technology has propelled the digital landscape into an era where operating systems (OS) play a pivotal role in shaping user experiences and system functionalities. This research paper aims to provide a thorough and comprehensive comparison of modern operating systems, namely Windows, Linux, and macOS. The study employs a multifaceted approach, examining performance metrics, user interface design, security features, compatibility, and community support. By navigating through these key criteria, the research endeavors to offer valuable insights for users, developers, and decision-makers in selecting an operating system that aligns with their specific needs. The findings contribute to the understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of each OS, shedding light on their unique attributes and providing a foundation for future advancements in the digital landscape.
... software and application marketplaces, cooperating with third party developers), component suppliers, cellular carriers, etc. Customers typically purchase smartphones from device vendors (e.g. Apple, Samsung), install software and download application from service platform, and receive extra services such as email and mobile commerce from service providers (Lin & Ye, 2009). While licensing an operating system to device makers, OS owners (e.g. ...
... Further, device makers get components (hardware and technology) from component suppliers (Lin & Ye, 2009). Also, wireless telecommunication technology (3G) and cellular carriers influence the innovation and competition in the industry. ...
This study investigates the dynamic evolution of coopetition between giant entrants from different industries and incumbent leaders, and the role of coopetition in industry leadership battles in a convergent segment. We analyse the case of coopetition between Apple and Samsung in the smartphone industry, taking both a broad perspective and a more focused approach. Our findings suggest that in convergent situations, innovative leaders from other industries are likely to enter newly convergent segments and coopetition between giant entrants and incumbents plays an important role in the industry leadership battles. Also, from the dynamic perspective, the cooperative relationships between giant entrants and incumbents can change to coopetition over time. Thus, the way to value creation will change across the stages of the coopetition and balance is critical for the continuation of a coopetitive relationship.
... The set of elements surrounding the development of mobile applications as well as their relationships is referred to as Mobile Software Ecosystems (MSECO). An MSECO consists of a cooperative evolution system of mobile applications, developers and users that form complex relationships by creating niches, competing and cooperating, similar to biological ecosystems [8]. ...
In a Mobile Software Ecosystem (MSECO), the software organizations have opened up their structures to third-party developers aiming to reach goals to ensure the MSECO is working properly, such as increasing number of users, mobile applications (apps) and developers. Thus, the management organization (keystone) by their Developer Relations (DevRel) teams must restructure its processes to support third-party developers and create ways to attract the development of apps. The development of apps during events planned and conducted by DevRel team (e.g., hackathons or developer conferences) requires an approach that allows developers to achieve the expected performance into the MSECO. However, there is a quality contribution barrier, the App Store, the App Store’s criteria do not guarantee that apps certified by these criteria have good performance in number of downloads and positive reviews into the MSECO. Aims: We present an evaluation of a mobile certification approach for the MSECO context, called MSECO-CERT (Mobile Software ECOsystem app CERTification), in terms of mobile application downloads, ratings and changes in developers’ attitudes. MSECO-CERT comprises support (MSECO-SUP) and development (MSECO-DEV) processes. We describe two empirical studies: feasibility and observational. MSECO-CERT produced a growth coefficient of downloads (363%) and average user ratings (28%) when compared to an ad hoc approach. We observed that the DevRel practitioners (i.e., developer evangelists) and most of the developers (70%) considered MSECO-SUP and MSECO-DEV processes easy to use. They indicate that they would use both processes in the future. The results indicate that a keystone needs to invest in the analysis of their certification processes considering the ecosystem elements and also create mechanisms that allow monitoring the effect of DevRel activities. Our studies also helped to evolve MSECO-CERT by refining roles, activities and artifacts.
... • Application service suppliers + Network operators + Ad-agencies + Software suppliers + Hardware suppliers [36] • Platform makers [74] • Infrastructure suppliers [124] • Content suppliers [62] • Content registration, management, and reproduction [88] • Content distributer [59] Key Process • FAB a [39] according to the eTOM framework [22] • FAB [39] according to the eTOM framework [22] • Security management processes [4] • Content delivery process on a website + Content distribution process + Caching related processes + Content personalization process [96] Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved. ...
A business model can be perceived as a simple, yet focused, representation of the related activities of a company, which describes how to create the value of the company in terms of information, products and services. Given the significance of the Internet service infrastructure in new Internet-based business logic, notably the positive relationship between the growth of the Internet service infrastructure and GDP growth, this paper elaborates on the business model of the Internet service providers (ISPs). Accordingly, the ISPs’ business model, in the scope of connectivity service providers, based on the selected meta model (Hedman and Kalling’s ontology) at the industry level is analyzed. For validation and generalization assessment, the business components of two ISPs at the instance level and the business components of other service providers in the telecom industry (beyond the scope of this research) are compared, point by point, with the proposed business model components, respectively. The results of this study will raise the awareness of ISPs’ executives and new entrants of different aspects of this business. The proposed business model can be considered as a basic model in the area of designing new business models, especially in the area of new Internet-based technologies.
... A software ecosystem focused on mobile applications is known as MSECO (Mobile Software Ecosystem). MSECO consists of a cooperative evolutionary system comprising mobile applications, developers and users that form complex relationships and create market niches similarly to biological ecosystems (Lin and Ye 2009) (Fontão et al. 2015). An MSECO important element is the mobile application store, i.e. a repository (seen as the ecosystem platform) with mechanisms to publish, store, search, retrieve and catalog applications. ...
Software organizations that maintain mobile platforms (e.g. Apple, Google, and Microsoft) open their infrastructure to attract and engage external developers to meet the demands of users. This scenario has been investigated as Mobile Software Ecosystem (MSECO). In MSECO, an organization provides content reuse repositories where users can search, download and evaluate apps, or where developers can get support materials. Such repositories are commonly inspired by reuse mechanisms and help an organization to control and evolve the whole ecosystem to keep it vibrant. In this scenario, it is important to understand how to govern MSECO as well as how reuse mechanisms can support this goal. As such, we investigated governance strategies that emerge from content reuse repositories based on four steps: (1) designing a governance process; (2) performing an initial evaluation of this process with managers who are experts in the main existing MSECO (Apple, Google, Nokia, Microsoft, and Samsung); (3) interviewing 18 MSECO managers to collect opinion about the process; and (4) conducting an exploratory analysis of the MSECO reuse repositories’ structure based on the proposed governance process. Three types of content reuse repositories (Apps’ Store, Developer’s Central, and Apps’ Management) were analyzed. As a result, this research allowed us to define a governance process from a repository perspective containing 11 activities.
... In Software Engineering, the relationship among mobile application developers and an organization responsible for a technological platform (keystone) which involves cooperation and competition has been investigated as a Software Ecosystem (SECO) (Bosch, 2009). In the mobile application (app) scenario, this context refers to a specific type of SECO, known as Mobile Software Ecosystem (MSECO) (Lin & Ye, 2009;Fontão et al., 2015). The developer is an essential actor to sustain MSECO contributions, such as apps and technical documentation (Fontão et al., 2016;Koch & Kerschbaum, 2014). ...
There is a need to improve the direct communication between large organizations that maintain mobile platforms (e.g. Apple, Google, and Microsoft) and third-party developers to solve technical questions that emerge during the project and development of developers' contributions in a Mobile Software Ecosystem (MSECO).
In this context, those organizations may not know how to define and evolve strategies to govern their developers towards achieving their organizational goals. Such organizations use an infrastructure to support developers, for example, questions and answers (Q&A) portals such as Stack Overflow. Interactions among developers in these portals feed a Q&A repository that can serve as a mechanism to understand and define strategies to support developers. In this paper, we mined 1,568,377 technical questions from Stack Overflow related to Android, iOS, and Windows Phone platforms. Next, we performed comparisons among those MSECO regarding: (i) developers' activity intensity, (ii) hot-topics (using Latent Dirichlet allocation algorithm) from all and more commented/viewed questions, (iii) "What" and "How to" questions, (iv) hottopics from more viewed unanswered questions, and (v) relationship among questions and official developer events. From the results, we identified four key insights: recruiting, educating, and monitoring strategies; barrier reduction; management of technology insertion; and fostering of relationships. The relevance of the four key insights to support developer governance was evaluated by practitioners through a survey. Finally, for each key insight we associated a total of 10 strategies to support developer governance activities. Such strategies were extracted from 65 studies identified through a systematic mapping of the literature.
... It serves a strategy to meet users' demands that is essential for the maintenance of the keystone's business [2]. In the mobile application (app) scenario, this context refers to a specific type of SECO, known as Mobile Software Ecosystem (MSECO) [4] [5]. ...
Mobile application (app) developers use Questions and Answers (Q&A) repositories, such as Stack Overflow, to gain knowledge that helps in building and evolving their apps. In this mobile software ecosystem (MSECO), there is no direct communication between the organizations that maintain mobile platforms (e.g. Apple, Google and Microsoft) and developers to solve technical questions. Q&A repositories can serve as a mechanism to understand the MSECO composed by developers and apps as well as to define strategies to support developers. In this paper, we used 13,515,636 posts from Stack Overflow by identifying 1,568,377 questions related to Android, iOS and Windows Phone. After this, we performed comparisons among the three MSECOs regarding: (i) developers’ activity intensity, (ii) hot-topics (using Latent Dirichlet allocation) in all questions and more commented/viewed questions, and (iii) relationship among questions and official developer events. It helped us to define a set of five propositions that can help the organization to monitor the MSECO from a Q&A repository.
... In Software Engineering, this scenario refers to the Mobile Software Ecosystem (MSECO), that is composed of elements competing and cooperating (e.g. developers and users) surrounding the app [2]. The developers collab- orate with the keystone when producing apps or any other artifact (e.g. ...
Mobile application developers use repositories to store and reuse resources that support the development process. These repositories can be classified into internal – property of an organization that owns the mobile platform – or external – maintained by developers’ communities in a open-source way. The app store is an example of an internal repository. As examples of external repositories, we can mention Github (code) and Stack Overflow (questions and answers. Such repositories can be used to support keystone’s strategy to open its infrastructure in order to engage developers to meet the users’ demands. This scenario refers to Mobile Software Ecosystem (MSECO) where keystones can use governance models to increase profits and reduce possible risks. However, it is necessary to understand how to monitor the engagement of developers using repositories as sources of information. In other words, it is important to define developers’ governance guidelines to monitor the developer, contributions, technical questions, alignment with the keystone’ goals, and developers’ experience (DX). In this context, the goal of this PhD dissertation is to define a guideline-based approach to govern developers in an MSECO.
... Because of this, the keystone provides an environment that encourages the platform's expansion from the contributions of external developers [2]. This collaborative environment (which involves competition and cooperation in software development consisting of mobile applications) form a Mobile Software Ecosystem (MSECO) [3]. ...
... A MSECO consists of a system of collaborative mobile applications development, developers and users who form complex relationships competing and cooperating [3]. Each element must contribute to the ecosystem so as to properly maintain its health (property to survive after any disturbance and remain productive over time) [4]. ...
Software organizations (keystones) that maintain a Mobile Software Ecosystem (MSECO) must provide and manage mechanisms to attract, engage and retain mobile application developers. In this scenario, there is the involvement of expectations, perceptions and feelings of the developer in his/her interaction with various artifacts and other developers, named, Developer Experience (DX). Studying the factors that influence DX in the context of ecosystems is important for keystones that need mechanisms to keep developers accountable for productivity, robustness, and niche creation. In this paper, we applied the Snowballing methodology and thematic analysis to an initial identification of DX influence factors in MSECO. Eleven papers were analyzed from the viewpoint of Software Ecosystems. Initially, we identified 20 influence factors related to DX. Such factors can help to understand the DX in MSECO.
... The market for mobile smartphone applications is most often seen as a prime example for a software ecosystem. Lin and Ye (2009) provided an overview of the ecosystems of several platforms, with participants being mobile phone operators, device manufacturers, OS (platform) providers, third-party app developers, end users, and the providers of application portals (marketplaces). They include content providers as well as splitting the device side into vendor, maker, and component suppliers, while Schlagwein, Schoder, and Fischbach (2010) differentiated between network operators, device manufacturers, OS, and applications, including on that level the orchestrator and contributors. ...
... In such a two-sided market (Eisenmann, Parker, and Van Alstyne 2006;Rochet and Tirole 2003), a cross-sided network effect is present, meaning that the benefit for both groups depends on the number of active participants in the other group (Holzer and Ondrus 2011). Also, Lin and Ye (2009) put the competition in smartphone ecosystems into the context of network effects. ...
This study provides insights into the success of smartphone applications (apps) based on the chosen business model and version release strategy, and relates these variables to the motivations of their third-party innovators in the smartphone OS market. The analysis is based on a questionnaire focusing on motivational factors and demographics of developers, coupled with secondary data on the apps themselves and their success. We find that apps developed due to the personal needs of the developer for new functionalities result in higher success in terms of number of downloads, whereas many of the intrinsic motivations outlined in user innovation theory do not have a significant impact on app success. Our findings imply that, while some insights from user innovation theory are applicable to understanding factors that contribute to the potential success of apps, the smartphone application software ecosystem has its own dynamics, including the absence of learning effects over several apps that require further focus and more in-depth research.
