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Food allergy mechanism. Food allergy results from an overblown reaction of the immune system to a food allergen. Two steps are necessary for this occurrence: an initial phase of sensitization to a specific antigen (A) and the elicitation of an allergic reaction after a second exposure to the same antigen (B).
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People’s health has been threatened by several common food hazards. Thus, it is very important to establish rapid and accurate methods to detect food hazards. In recent years, biosensors have inspired developments because of their specificity and sensitivity, short reaction time, low cost, small size and easy operation. Owing to their high precisio...
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Context 1
... the same food allergen comes into contact again, the allergen will bind to mast cells or basophil-bound IgE and crosslink at least two IgE antibodies, which leads to the destruction of the cell membrane and the release of secretions from mast cells and basophil granules such as histamine, neutral protease, and proteoglycan contained in the medium, and triggers classical allergic symptoms. The main mechanism of allergic symptoms is shown in Figure 3. ...
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... mast cells were sensitized by nitrophenol bovine serum albumin (DNP-BSA). Then, a Figure 3. Food allergy mechanism. ...
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... present, researchers have taken some measures to ensure the specificity of cell-based electrochemical sensors. Jiang et al. [35] used the mechanism (see Figure 3) of allergy to realize the specific detection of tropomyosin in shrimp. In order to enable mast cells to specifically recognize the target allergen antigen, the researchers first used tropomyosin antibody IgE to incubate mast cells at 37 • C for 30 min. ...
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Heavy metal-responsive operons were used for the generation of Escherichia coli cell-based biosensors. The selectivity and specificity of the biosensors were determined based on the interaction between heavy metals and regulatory proteins; thereby, the modulating target selectivity of biosensors could be achieved by changing target sensing properti...
Citations
... 6. Electrochemical Techniques: (18) Electrochemical techniques, such as voltammetry and amperometry, can be used for the detection of toxic metals, pesticides, and other electroactive substances. These techniques measure the electrical current or potential generated by the interaction between the analyte and an electrode. ...
Toxicology, the study of adverse effects caused by chemical substances, has evolved significantly over the centuries. While modern toxicology relies heavily on advanced laboratory techniques and scientific methodologies, it is important not to overlook the valuable insights offered by ancient knowledge systems. This paper aims to explore the intersection of ancient and modern toxicology, highlighting the potential synergies and benefits of blending these two approaches. By analysing ancient texts, such as traditional medicine systems, historical records, and cultural practices, we can uncover valuable information about the toxic properties of various substances, their effects on human health, and strategies employed by ancient Ayurveda physicians (Visha Vaidyas) to manage and mitigate toxicity risks. These insights enclosed under the specialty clinical branch in Ayurveda called as Agadatantra, provide a rich historical context and a foundation for modern toxicological research. The integration of traditional knowledge into modern toxicology can lead to new discoveries, novel approaches, and enhanced understanding of toxic substances. Traditional practices often emphasize the use of natural remedies, herbal medicines, and holistic approaches, which may offer unique perspectives on toxicity assessment, treatment, and prevention. Combining this traditional wisdom with contemporary scientific methods, such as high-throughput screening, molecular biology, and computational modelling, can result in more comprehensive toxicological evaluations and improved risk assessment frameworks.
... Today, sensors play an essential role in people's daily lives, and the design of sensors at high-frequency ranges is the attention of designers, like optical sensors in millimeter wave frequencies (terahertz range) [1][2][3][4], and RFID sensors for the IoT healthcare system [5][6][7]. In oil, gas, and petrochemicals [8,9], cosmetics [10,11], and food production [12][13][14][15][16], an accurate microwave sensor is needed to yield a high-quality product. Microstrip sensor structures are suitable for microwave frequencies due to their high sensitivity and accuracy. ...
... The sensitivity is obtained according to equation (12). Regions with the highest electrical field showed the highest sensitivity, and the highest electrical field was related to the coupled lines and gaps. ...
In this paper, a microstrip sensor structure was designed and implemented to detect blood glucose levels (BGL) based on changes in resonant frequencies, achieved by creating couplings at sensitive regions. A coupled step line (CSL) was used to create a sensitive region on the sensor suitable for BGL testing. Transmission matrix theory was employed for the mathematical analysis to obtain the resonant frequency. Received Blood samples from 50 different patients were centrifuged, and their serums were extracted to study the performance of the microchip sensor. By placing individual serum samples (50 µl) at the sensitive region of the sensor, the scattering parameters of the sensor were measured to investigate the resonant frequency variation. In addition, the effects of basic blood parameters were analyzed based on the amount of frequency shift. High sensitivity, suitable quality (Q) factor, compact size, and acceptable reproducibility of the measured results are important features of the developed sensor.
... In addition to encapsulating signal probes and nanomaterials, hydrogels have promising application potential in encapsulating or fixing cells onto electrodes to fabricate cell-based electrochemical sensors (CESs). Using living cells as sensing media or recognition elements, CESs can not only be applied to quantitative analysis but also interrogate the toxicological effects of hazards on cells (Zhang, Lu, et al. 2021). The key is to immobilize cells on the surface of the appropriate electrode and maintain their activity during the whole detection process. ...
Food safety is a global issue in public hygiene. The accurate, sensitive, and on-site detection of various food contaminants performs significant implications. However, traditional methods suffer from the time-consuming and professional operation, restricting their on-site application. Hydrogels with the merits of highly porous structure, high biocompatibility, good shape-adaptability, and stimuli-responsiveness offer a promising biomaterial to design sensors for ensuring food safety. This review describes the emerging applications of hydrogel-based sensors in food safety inspection in recent years. In particular, this study elaborates on their fabrication strategies and unique sensing mechanisms depending on whether the hydrogel is stimuli-responsive or not. Stimuli-responsive hydrogels can be integrated with various functional ligands for sensitive and convenient detection via signal amplification and transduction; while non-stimuli-responsive hydrogels are mainly used as solid-state encapsulating carriers for signal probe, nanomaterial, or cell and as conductive media. In addition, their existing challenges, future perspectives, and application prospects are discussed. These practices greatly enrich the application scenarios and improve the detection performance of hydrogel-based sensors in food safety detection.
... In recent years, the obtainment of easily accessible, accurate, real-time data on the effects of different chemicals as pollutants has become a crucial environmental issue drawing great public concern and scientific attention. Therefore, there is a growing interest in developing label-free, low-cost, easy-to-use methods that provide qualitative and quantitative on-site information about the effects of chemicals (pollutants) without the need for sophisticated instruments that require extended preparation of samples [1][2][3]. Colorimetric and electrochemical biosensors present a cost-effective alternative to conventional toxicity tests [4], especially in places where ease of use and cost are important. There are also methods that tend to combine the simplicity of the measurement, without lengthy preparation, with high accuracy. ...
Electrochemical-based biosensors have the potential to be a fast, label-free, simple approach to detecting the effects of cytotoxic substances in liquid media. In the work presented here, a cell-based electrochemical biosensor was developed and evaluated to detect the cytotoxic effects of Zn2+ ions in a solution as a reference test chemical. A549 cells were attached to the surface of stainless-steel electrodes. After treatment with ZnCl2, the morphological changes of the cells and, ultimately, their death and detachment from the electrode surface as cytotoxic effects were detected through changes in the electrical signal. Electrochemical cell-based impedance spectroscopy (ECIS) measurements were conducted with cytotoxicity tests and microscopic observation to investigate the behavior of the A549 cells. As expected, the Zn2+ ions caused changes in cell confluency and spreading, which were checked by light microscopy, while the cell morphology and attachment pattern were explored by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The ECIS measurements confirmed the ability of the biosensor to detect the effects of Zn2+ ions on A549 cells attached to the low-cost stainless-steel surfaces and its potential for use as an inexpensive detector for a broad range of chemicals and nanomaterials in their cytotoxic concentrations.
... Application of electrochemical sensors in detection of food allergens Allergens Food MethodOther risks in our diet, such as antibiotics, agricultural and veterinary medicine residues, toxic chemicals, and heavy metals, represent a threat to food quality and can be detected via electrochemical sensing(Zhang et al., 2021). ...
ABSTRACT
The method of nutrient identification in food involves a number of complicated techniques. While some of these procedures have issues with quantification accuracy, others take a long time to prepare the samples. These detection techniques also cost a lot of money, have poor sensitivity, are unsuitable for clinical or routine application, consume a lot of solvent, employ highly dangerous volatile compounds, and have numerous additional problems. These elements make this detection strategy ineffective. Electrochemical sensors are a type of sensor that use
electrochemical transducers as electrodes to detect food constituents and other potentially harmful chemicals. They are available in a variety of sizes, shapes and electrode configurations. These sensors are quicker to use, more sensitive, less expensive, and more sensitive than conventional detection techniques. These sensors assist in the detection of fat soluble vitamins (Vitamin A,D,E,K), water soluble vitamins (B complex and vitamin C), essential amino acids (Threonine, Tryptophan, Methionin and Histidine), non-essential amino acids (Tyrosine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Proline and Aspartic Acid), pathogens (E.coli, Vibrio Cholerae, B. cereus and S. aureus), food allergens (Tropomyosin, Casein, Tropomyosin, Parvalbumin, Dinitrophenylated bovine serum albumin and Wheat Protein) as well as other common food hazards.
Keywords: electrochemical sensors, detection, food, analytical technique, vitamins, hazards
... A cell-based electrochemical biosensor includes cells as sensitive recognition elements, able to react to an external stimulation or environmental changes [156][157][158]. Under the external stimulation, the cell response can be transformed in a measurable and processable electrochemical signal. ...
Food allergy has been indicated as the most frequent adverse reaction to food ingredients over the past few years. Since the only way to avoid the occurrence of allergic phenomena is to eliminate allergenic foods, it is essential to have complete and accurate information on the components of foodstuff. In this framework, it is mandatory and crucial to provide fast, cost-effective, affordable, and reliable analysis methods for the screening of specific allergen content in food products. This review reports the research advancements concerning food allergen detection, involving electrochemical biosensors. It focuses on the sensing strategies evidencing different types of recognition elements such as antibodies, nucleic acids, and cells, among others, the nanomaterial role, the several electrochemical techniques involved and last, but not least, the ad hoc electrodic surface modification approaches. Moreover, a selection of the most recent electrochemical sensors for allergen detection are reported and critically analyzed in terms of the sensors’ analytical performances. Finally, advantages, limitations, and potentialities for practical applications of electrochemical biosensors for allergens are discussed.
... Although these methods present the ideal sensitivity and selectivity for assaying the level of GSH in human cells or tissues, the application of a fluorometric assay suffers from the difficulties caused by the necessity for the derivatization procedures of the samples before measurement, the fact that the utilization of an electrochemical detector needs an operating electrochemical cell with a higher applied oxidation potential, resulting in its shortened life span, and high-performance liquid chromatography, capillary electrophoresis, mass spectrometry, magnetic resonance spectroscopy and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy require the use of the expensive, sophisticated and specialized apparatus as well as the requirement for experienced technicians, which severely confines the applications of these techniques in clinical chemistry [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33]. Conversely, the colorimetric assay has received continuous attention as an attractive alternative strategy because it is a simple, convenient, sensitive and accurate route to accomplish the assessment. ...
The assessment of glutathione (GSH) levels is associated with early diagnostics and pathological analysis for various disorders. Among all kinds of techniques for detecting GSH, the colorimetric assay relying on the oxidation of 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) catalyzed by many nanomaterials with peroxidase-like activity attracts increasing attention owing to its outstanding merits, such as high sensitivity and high selectivity. However, the aggregation between the nanomaterials severely hinders the entrance of TMB into the “active site” of these peroxidase mimics. To address this problem, the D-amino acid incorporated nanoflowers possessing peroxidase-like activity with a diameter of 10–15 μm, TMB and H2O2 were employed to establish the detection system for determining the level of glutathione. The larger diameter size of the hybrid nanoflowers substantially averts the aggregation between them. The results confirm that the hybrid nanoflowers detection system presents a low limit of detection, wide linear range, perfect selectivity, good storage stability and desired operational stability for the detection of GSH relying on the intrinsic peroxidase-like activity and favorable mechanical stability of the hybrid nanoflowers, indicating that the hybrid nanoflowers detection system has tremendous application potential in clinical diagnosis and treatment.
Electrochemical sensors have become indispensable tools for the detection and monitoring of food and environmental toxins. In recent years, nanofiber-based materials have emerged as promising candidates for constructing electrochemical sensors, offering a plethora of unique advantages, such as a large surface area, enhanced electron transfer kinetics, and the ability to immobilize diverse recognition elements. This comprehensive review sheds light on the pivotal role of nanofibers in advancing electrochemical sensors for the detection of food and environmental toxins. Various fabrication methods for nanofibers, including electrospinning, template-assisted synthesis, and self-assembly techniques, are elucidated in detail. It highlights the integration of nanofibers as electrode materials, nanocomposites, and immobilization platforms for recognition elements like enzymes, antibodies, and aptamers. The influence of nanofiber properties, encompassing morphology, composition, and surface modification, on the sensing performance is meticulously discussed. Moreover, a comprehensive overview of the latest advancements in nanofiber-based electrochemical sensors for detecting pesticide residues, heavy metals, mycotoxins, and other environmental contaminants is presented. We address challenges and future perspectives in the field, including scalability, cost-effectiveness, and seamless integration with wearable devices. This review illuminates new horizons for the development of sensitive, selective, and portable analytical devices, thereby significantly contributing to improved food safety and environmental monitoring.
