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Despite guidance to consume a variety of foods, the role of dietary variety in ensuring nutrient adequacy is unclear. The aim of this study was to determine whether a commodity-based measure of dietary variety was associated with the probability of nutrient adequacy after adjusting for energy and food group intakes. Subjects were 4969 men and 4800...
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The high cardiovascular mortality in Eastern Europe has often been attributed to poor diet, but individual-level data on nutrition in the region are generally not available. This paper describes the methods of dietary assessment and presents preliminary findings on food and nutrient intakes in large general population samples in Russia, Poland and...
Assessment of the dietary intake of a population must consider the large within-person variation in daily intakes. A 1986 report by the National Academy of Sciences (NAS), commissioned by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), marked an important milestone in the history of this issue. Since that time, USDA has been working cooperatively with s...
Citations
... Dietary diversity score (DDS), an indicator used to measure the diversity and balance of dietary intake, was developed by Kant et al. [22] and has been validated in studies in recent years [14,15]. According to a previous study [23] and the food group classification guidance of the United Nation's Food and Agriculture Organization [24], we calculated the DDS based on five major food categories (18 subcategories) (Table S3): grain products (nonwhole grains, whole grains), fruits (vitamin A-rich fruits, citrus and berries, and others), vegetables (vitamin A-rich vegetables, dark green leafy vegetables, starchy tubers, and others), dairy foods (cheese, milk, and yogurt), animal foods and protein alternatives (poultry, red meat, organ meat, fish and seafoods, eggs, nuts and legumes). One point was added to each DDS when participants consumed any food in each food subcategory. ...
Little is known about the independent and joint effects of the energy-adjusted dietary inflammatory index (E-DII) and dietary diversity score (DDS) on sarcopenia and its components (low muscle mass, low muscle strength, and low physical performance). A total of 155,669 UK Biobank participants with ≥1 (maximum 5) 24 h dietary assessments were included in this cross-sectional analysis. We used logistic regression models to investigate the associations of E-DII and DDS with sarcopenia and its three components. We further examined the joint effects of E-DII and DDS on sarcopenia and its components using additive and multiplicative interaction analyses. We observed that lower E-DII and higher DDS were associated with lower odds of sarcopenia and its components. There were significant joint associations of E-DII and DDS with sarcopenia and low physical performance (p-interaction < 0.05) on the multiplicative interactive scale. Our study suggests that lower dietary inflammatory potential and higher dietary diversity might be important protective factors against sarcopenia and its components. More cases of sarcopenia and low physical performance might be preventable by adherence to a more anti-inflammatory diet combined with a higher dietary diversity.
... However, the 15 daily meal patterns were diverse owing to the use of a wide variety of foods. As dietary diversity was recognized as a critical component of a healthy diet (40), the 15 daily meal patterns of the FELD were expected to be healthy. ...
Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese provide target values for proteins, fats, and carbohydrates. However, they do not provide information on reference values for amino acids (AAs) and fatty acids (FAs), which determine the quality of foods in detail. Therefore, we evaluated AAs and FAs using the Food Exchange Lists—Dietary Guidance for Persons with Diabetes (in Japanese) Utilization, Second Edition Sample Menus and Practice (FELD) as an ideal Japanese diet. Based on FELD, 15 different daily meal patterns were employed with combinations of three levels of carbohydrates %energy (high carbohydrate [HC], 60%; middle carbohydrate [MC], 55%; and low carbohydrate [LC], 50%) and five levels of energy (1,200–2,000 kcal). Using the Japanese Food Composition Table 2020 adjusted for 1,000 kcal, 18 AAs, 49 FAs, and calorie densities (CDs, kcal/g) were calculated and compared among the three groups. Dietary AA was rich in glutamic acid, aspartic acid, and leucine; in order, no significant differences were observed among HC, MC, and LC for 18 AAs. Dietary FA was higher for 18:1 total, 16:0, and 18:2 n-6. Moreover, 16:0, 20:0, and 18:1 total in LC and 22:0 and 18:3 n-3 in MC were significantly higher than those in HC. The HC, MC, and LC CD was low at 0.82, 0.84, and 0.93 kcal/g, respectively. No significant differences in 18 AAs and CD were noted among HC, MC, and LC in FELD; however, significant differences were observed in the FA profiles. This study suggests the importance of evaluating diet using AA and FA units.
... The status of dietary quality and micronutrient adequacy among adolescent girls and boys Individual dietary diversity is de ned as the type and number of food groups consumed by an individual over 24 hours. It is re ective of an individual's ability to access a variety of foods and is a proxy of micronutrient adequacy [30,[45][46]. Dietary diversity score (DDS) for adolescents were calculated based on 9 food groups [30]. Adolescents who consumed at least four (4) out of the 9 recommended food groups were categorized as having high dietary diversity whereas those who consumed less than four (4) food groups were categorized as having a less diversi ed diet. ...
Background: Globally, iron deficiency anaemia is a widespread nutrition problem, a concern for public health that affects nearly 2 billion people, mostly adolescents, young children, infants and the elderly, women of reproductive age and people with chronic inflammatory diseases. As far as Acholi sub-region is concerned, the available information is on women of reproductive age, concealing that of adolescents in regards to iron deficiency. This inadequacy prompted the study to examine status of dietary quality and micronutrient adequacy, iron deficiency anaemia and their associated factors among adolescents in secondary schools of Gulu district.
Methods: Using cross sectional study, 341 adolescent boys and girls aged 10-19 years from two schools in rural of Gulu district were recruited for the study. HemoCue method was used to measure the prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia where as individual dietary diversity as an indicator of micronutrient adequacy was measured using the Individual Dietary Diversity Score (IDDS),
Results: The prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia was found to be 16% (Girls:18.1%; Boys:13.0%). In addition, the mean measure of haemoglobin (Hb) level was 13.21 g/dl, and was slightly higher in boys (13.46±1.55 g/dl) compared to girls (13.02±1.30 g/dl). Individual Dietary Diversity Score (IDDS) was not significantly different (p˃0.05) between adolescent girls and boys, with mean individual dietary diversities measures of 3.47±2.143 and 2.98±1.785, respectively, indicating low dietary diversity. Among all food groups, animal source foods, fruits and vegetables rich in vitamin A, other fruits and vegetables were the most consumed by adolescent girls compared to boys. The analysis from binary logistic regression showed that, all the socio-demographic factors in the study did not predict dietary diversity as presented by the p value of (p ˃ 0.05). On the other hand, analysis from linear regression revealed that high education attainment by parent/guardian and nature of menstruation predicted the prevalence of anaemia amongst adolescents (p<0.05).
Conclusions: The prevalence of anaemia was found to be high and characterised with low dietary diversity among adolescents in Gulu district. This study recommends the need for health education and promotion of agricultural practices that support good nutrition in schools with the view of reducing the burden from iron deficiency anaemia.
... However, the current study did not find a significant relationship between the risk of MS and the DDS score. An explanation for this outcome is that a higher DDS is linked to greater energy consumption and thus may be linked to the development of obesity [22]. Therefore, it is recommended to focus on increasing the diversity score for healthy food groups such as vegetables and whole grains. ...
... In addition to reports indicating a positive association between DDS and macro-and micronutrient intake [22,59], multiple research studies have indicated a negative correlation between the DDS and chronic illnesses, including metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, and cancer [60][61][62]. However, this study, did not find any significant association between DDS and the incidence of MS. ...
... Having a diverse diet is a general nutrition recommendation. However, as a higher DDS is associated with higher energy intake [22] and obesity [63], it is essential to emphasize that the recommendation to increase dietary diversity is associated with considering energy intake. Increasing the diversity score for healthy food groups such as vegetables and whole grains is better. ...
A diet rich in proinflammatory components and inflammation are suggested to be significant risk factors for multiple sclerosis (MS). This study aimed to investigate the association between the risk of MS and the inflammatory potential of an individual’s diet and dietary diversity through pro-inflammatory/anti-inflammatory food intake score (PAIFIS) and dietary diversity score (DDS). In a hospital-based case–control study, 397 participants, including 197 patients with MS and 200 healthy participants aged over 18 years, were evaluated. The history of smoking, dietary intake, and anthropometric characteristics, including body mass index, waist circumference, total body fat, and fat-free mass were assessed. A validated 160-item semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire was used to calculate the PAIFIS and DDS scores. The mean age of the participants was 32.45 ± 8.66 years, and most were females (274, 79.4%). The PAIFIS score was significantly higher among MS patients than healthy participants (p = 0.001). Between PAIFIS and DDS, only PAFIS was significantly related to MS risk (odds ratio, 1.002; 95% confidence interval, 1.001–1.004; p = 0.001). PAIFIS, as an index of dietary inflammation, can predict MS. Further studies are needed to document these findings.
... In the present study, we investigated the quantitative association between the diets of children and female caregivers. Micronutrient adequacy 20,21 and food intake adjusted for energy were calculated for each individual. In addition, we assessed food allocation within the caregiver-child pair to understand food allocation related to the differences in nutrient adequacy and food group intake between the child and caregiver. ...
... 39 The values were based on 18% iron bioavailability; therefore, we adjusted them to 10% based on the WHO report considering the dietary pattern of the sample. 36 The PA for calcium was calculated using the adequate intake, based on the method recommended by Foote et al. 21 The calculated PA for each nutrient and MPA in each season was averaged and used for the analyses. ...
Objective
The aim of the study was to investigate the quantitative association between the dietary intakes of children and their caregivers.
Method
In this cross‐sectional study, a non‐consecutive 2‐day 24‐h dietary recall was conducted in two seasons. Participants comprised 142 pairs of 12–59‐month‐old children and their female caregivers from rural areas of Kenya. Energy and micronutrient adequacy, food group intakes and food allocation were assessed. Differences and correlations between caregiver and child diets were examined, and multiple regression analysis was used to investigate the relationship between the children's and caregivers’ dietary intakes.
Results
The child's diet was significantly lower in energy and higher in micronutrient adequacy than was the caregiver's diet ( p < 0.001). Specifically, the child's diet contained more fruits, dairy products, sugar and confectionaries per 4184 kj. Children were allocated relatively more dishes containing nutrient‐rich foods than staple foods. The correlation coefficients between the dietary intake of caregivers and children were stronger among 24–59‐month‐old children. After controlling with covariates, caregiver energy intake was significantly associated with child energy intake (standardised beta [ β ] = 0.512, p < 0.001), and caregiver micronutrient adequacy was associated with child micronutrient adequacy ( β = 0.679 and β = 0.262 after energy adjustment, p < 0.001).
Conclusions
The dietary intakes of caregivers and children were closely related. The children had a more nutrient‐rich diet compared to that of their caregivers. Differences in food group intakes and food allocation may contribute to the higher nutrient adequacy of children. There is a need to improve the diet of caregivers, which would contribute to improving the diet of children.
... Third, diet variety is highly related to improvements in birth weight and anthropometric status of the child. Studies in different age groups have also shown that an increase in individual dietary diversity scores is related to increased nutrient adequacy of the diet (Foote et al., 2004;Mirmiran et al., 2004;Kennedy et al., 2007). Thus, this study estimated household nutrition security using the dietary diversity score (DDS) approach. ...
... One of the characteristics of a healthy diet is dietary diversity [5], which is often applied to demonstrate the quality of the diet [43]. Also, DDS positively correlates with adult dietary nutrient adequacy [44]. ...
Background
Dietary patterns that include high-quality and varied food groups have the potential to modulate oxidative status. This research was conducted to determine dietary diversity score (DDS) and food quality score (FQS) in football players and their matched non-athletes, also their associations with oxidative indicators assessed by the urinary levels of F2alpha-isoprostane (F2a-IP) and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG).
Methods
Participants consisted of 45 male football players and 45 male non-athletes in two age-and body mass index (BMI)-matched groups from Shiraz City, Iran. Anthropometric measurements were performed, and urine samples were analyzed to determine oxidative biomarkers. Dietary data derived from a reliable food frequency questionnaire with 168 items was completed to determine DDS and FQS. For data analysis, an appropriate generalized estimating equation model was set up.
Results
Our results demonstrated that FQS (β = 5.46; P < 0.001) and DDS (β = 1.30; P < 0.001) scores were significantly higher in the footballers in comparison to the non-athletes. Moreover, FQS was negatively associated with 8-OHdG (β=-0.35; P = 0.008) and F2a-IP (β=-4.30; P = 0.01) levels in all participants. In addition, DDS was inversely related to 8-OHdG (β=-1.25; P = 0.01) and F2a-IP (β=-11.67; P = 0.04) levels in all participants.
Conclusions
Food quality scores and dietary diversity of footballers’ diets were found to be higher in comparison to the non-athletes. Furthermore, a higher FQS and DDS were associated with lower levels of oxidative biomarkers in all participants.
... Several indices have been proposed to assess diversity (3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8). The most commonly used are the Food Variety Score (FVS) (3) and the Dietary Diversity Score (DDS) (4). ...
Background and aims
Diversity is a key element of diet quality. The Food Variety Score (FVS) is used to assess diversity, especially in low- and middle-income countries. It sums up the number of foods consumed ignoring their nutrient content. A more suitable index should combine the number of foods consumed and their nutritional composition. We adapted the Nutritional Functional Diversity indicator (NFD), proposed by ecologists, to measure diversity in the human diet. We compared NFD and FVS evaluating subjects’ distributions across quartiles of the two diversity indices. To evaluate which one reflected a higher diet quality, we estimated associations between these two diversity indices and diet quality measures, i.e., the Mediterranean Diet Score (MDS) and the Healthy Eating Index-2015 (HEI-2015). Associations were expressed by odds ratios (OR) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI).
Materials and methods
We used the data of controls only derived from an integrated series of hospital-based case-control cancer studies conducted in different Italian areas. The NFD identifies groups of foods based on a set of nutrients according to a cluster analysis. Some steps are required: creating a food-nutrient matrix; clustering of the Euclidean food-food distance matrix to identify groups of foods with nutritional (dis)similarities; and calculating the NFD as the ratio between the sum of branch lengths of the dendrogram belonging to the number of foods consumed by individuals (i.e., subject-specific diversity) and the sum of all branch lengths of the dendrogram (i.e., maximal diversity).
Results
More than one quarter of individuals (28.4%) were differently classified within quartiles of the two diversity indices. For both indices, increasing the diversity level increased the risk for adhering to MDS (OR for NFD = 11.26; 95% CI: 7.88–16.09, and OR for FVS = 6.80; 95% CI: 4.84–9.54) and to HEI-2015 (OR for NDF = 2.86; 95% CI: 2.39–3.42, and OR for FVS = 2.72; 95% CI: 2.27–3.26). Associations were stronger for NFD.
Conclusion
Our findings showed a greater ability of NFD to assess diet quality quantifying the degree of diversity.
... The MPA of micronutrient intake was calculated as the mean of the probability of adequacy for the 11 micronutrients. 28,32 Other data collection Individual and household characteristics were collected through faceto-face interviews by trained enumerators. Individual-level data (in addition to dietary intake) included information on adolescent's age, ethnicity, education, occupation, and diet restrictions. ...
Adolescence is a sensitive transition time that affects rights, roles, and responsibilities in food choice, yet limited evidence exists on dietary intakes during this critical period. This study assessed the food consumption pattern and the adequacy of energy, macronutrient, and micronutrient intakes among female youth belonging to three occupational groups in Vietnam. Dietary intakes were measured for 1001 participants aged 16–22 years using INDDEX24's 24‐h recall method. Multivariate regression analyses were conducted to examine differences in diet outcomes among the three occupational groups. Dietary diversity was similar across groups but workers, compared to high school and college students, consumed less baked/grain‐based sweets and fast foods, and more soft drinks, other sweets, and processed meat. Two‐thirds of the sample showed energy intake lower than the estimated energy requirement, while a substantial percentage had insufficient or excessive intake of carbohydrate and fat. The mean probability of adequacy of nutrient intakes was low (0.33) and not different across all three occupational groups except for folate, which favored workers. Our study provides novel evidence supporting the development and implementation of interventions to achieve national targets, with emphasis on female youths who undergo special transitions in education, occupation, and lifestyle.
... While metrics like the Mean Adequacy Ratio (12), Mean Probability Adequacy (13) and the Probability of Adequate Nutrient Intake (PANDiet) (14) are valid measures of the nutritional adequacy of diets that have been used in diverse contexts, they were excluded because they rely entirely on food composition tables or databases that many developing and some developed countries do not have (15), a lack which is obviously a major hindrance to their use for global dietary monitoring. ...
Diets are changing everywhere, and the burden of disease associated with unhealthy diets is a worldwide concern. Measurement and monitoring of diets across countries and population groups is critical. However, there are no harmonized metrics for tracking how the healthfulness of diets around the world is evolving.
This report assesses the validity, usefulness and fitness for purpose of existing healthy diet metrics as global and national monitoring indicators, presents a comparative assessment of selected healthy diet metrics and discusses priorities and opportunities to improve diet monitoring.
This report is an important first step of the Healthy Diets Monitoring Initiative to respond to the need for developing healthy diets metrics for assessing and monitoring diets at national and global level.
