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Histopathological changes in organs of laying hens challenged with different doses of gizzerosine (2.5; 5; 7.5 and 10 mg/kg b.w. daily during a three-week period) are described. The experiment was performed on 115 hens divided into five groups (K0/n=10/-no treatment, Kl/n=21/-treatment with saline, Gl/n=21/-2.5 mg/kg b.w. of gizzerosine, G2/n=21/-5...
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... in groups G4 and G2. Vacuolar degeneration of acinar cells was significantly more frequent in challenged animals and most frequent in the third week in group G3 and in the second week in group G2. However, disseminated acinar necroses, i.e. focal pancreolysis, were found only in the challenged groups, predominantly in the second week in group G3 (Fig. 6), in the second and third weeks in group G1, and in the third week in group G2. Langerhans islets lesions (vacuolisation of the individual islet cells), reversible in character, were poorly distributed in all ...
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This study was designed to evaluate the heavy metals like Zn, Mn, Ag, Pb, Cu, Fe, and Ni in different body parts of broiler and domestic chickens. Broiler (Cock & Hen) and domestic chicken (Cock & Hen) were selected from Bannu to comprise different heavy metals present in different parts of their body. Samples of muscle, liver, gizzard, kidney and...
This study compared growth, feed conversion ratio (FCR), mortality rate and results of slaughter analysis of slow-growing Bronze turkeys (SG), fast-growing Big 6 turkeys (FG), and their reciprocal crosses (SF and FS). Until 6 weeks of age the birds were kept indoors and afterwards they were allowed to use free ranges. Toms were reared until 21 and...
The ban on the use of antibiotics in feeds as growth promoters in many countries throughout the world has increased the incidence of enteric disorders in poultry. Natural additives, inclusion of whole cereals, feeding coarse mash diets, and increasing the level of fiber in the diets have been explored as nutritional strategies to reduce the inciden...
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Citations
... Gizzard erosion has been found to correlate with increased cell counts of Clostridium perfringens in the intestinal tract of broilers (294). A study in laying hens found that gizzerosine induced inflammation and necrosis in the duodenum in birds fed experimental diets containing gizzerosine (8). It is therefore possible that high levels of fishmeal in the diets of broilers causes a disturbance in intestinal homeostasis allowing other opportunistic pathogens such as members of the bacteroides group within the resident microbiota to proliferate and cause enteric disease. ...
... It has been demonstrated that some of the compounds found in fishmeal, such as histamine and gizzerosine, have the potential to be detrimental to intestinal health in poultry and have been implicated in the onset of gizzard erosion in broilers due to stimulating excessive acid production by the proventriculus (156,180,254,384,390). These compounds can also lead to the small intestine becoming inflamed, dilated and filled with watery contents (8,350). The lowering of pH due to the excessive acid production can lead to a reduction in digestive enzyme activity and malabsorption (164). ...
The complex microbial community of the gastrointestinal tract plays an important role in an animal's health by aiding digestion, producing nutrients, protecting against pathogens and in the maturation of the host immune system. A balanced intestinal microbiota is therefore essential for the performance of all food producing animals. Dysbacteriosis (DB) is a poorly understood digestive condition of poultry increased in incidence following the EU wide ban on the use of antimicrobials as growth promoters. It is proposed that DB is an imbalance in the intestinal microbiota; however this is yet to be proven. The aim of this thesis was to explore in detail the role of gut microbiota and their metabolic activity in the development of DB. Gaining a better understanding of DB will aid development of novel management strategies without relying on antimicrobial intervention. Culture-independent microbial profiling using PCR-DGGE revealed an altered microbiota in the small intestinal and caeca in DB affected birds with increased presence of members of the bacteroidetes and clostridia. Specific broiler breeds have been implicated with dysbacteriosis onset; significant changes in intestinal microbiota were observed relating to host genotype. Diet impacts upon the intestinal microbiota and increasing protein density was found to alter the composition of the microbiota leading to an increase in members of the bacteroidetes. Birds fed a vegetarian diet demonstrated improved enteric health and altered ileal microbiota in comparison to birds fed a standard diet. Metabolite profiling via 1 H NMR revealed altered biochemistry in the GI tracts of DB affected birds. The results show bile acid deconjugation and malabsorption of nutrients by the host thus explaining the growth depression seen in affected birds. This thesis reveals previously unknown aspects of DB and provides a firm foundation for future work in elucidating more information on the mechanisms behind the condition and subsequent control strategies. ii Acknowledgments
Ulceration in stomach has constantly been reported in poultry
and livestock. It usually causes persistent diarrhea and poor
absorption in animals, which leads to economic loss (Li et al.
2020, Wang et al 2021). Gizzard erosion and ulceration
syndrome (GEU) was firstly reported in chicken in 1930s. It
was described and termed as ‘ventriculitis’, ‘black vomit’,
‘vomito negro’ and ‘Muskelmagenerosionen’ in different
published articles. GEU is characterized by erosive lesions in
the koilin layer of gizzard, and macroscopic defects in
mucosa (Gjevre et al. 2013). Bacillus species, particularly
Bacillus cereus (B. cereus) group, is being widely applied as
probiotics in plant pesticides, animal feed or human food
chains. However, some pathogenic B. cereus isolates have
been recently proved to be responsible for GEU in birds and
have potential hazards to cause vomiting, diarrhea or
ulceration in birds, pigs and human as well (Li et al., 2020;
Zuo et al. 2020, Haque et al 2021a). In another study, a
pathogenic isolate of B. cereus was obtained from a diseased
hen with hemorrhaged pneumonia and its feed. Subsequently,
typical diarrhea and GEU were determined after post oral
administrations in chickens. Moreover, its genome contained
virulence genes which mediated intestinal cell death and host
immune system dysfunction (Zhang et al., 2019). When B.
cereus along with some other pathogens co-infected the
chicken and ducks, it caused GEU, and sometimes lead to
respiratory infection with immunosuppression, promoted
severe diarrhea and malnutrition (Zuo et al 2020, Haque et al
2021b, Haque et al 2022).
Background: Cloves are aromatic spices containing diverse chemically-active substances with biological properties. They have also been used in traditional medicine.
Aim: This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of clove buds powder (CBP) dietary administration on the performance and jejunum morphology of the broiler chickens.
Methods: A total of 360 one-day old chicks (Ross 308) were distributed according to a completely randomized design on three experimental groups according to CBP% in feed (0.0, 0.5, and 1.0%), with six replicates for each treatment group. The studied traits included body weight, daily weight gain, daily feed consumption, feed conversion ratio, mortality%, European broiler index, villus height, crypt depth, and villus height/crypt depth ratio.
Results: The broilers final body weight, daily weight gain, and daily feed consumption reduced significantly (P≤0.01) in groups consuming different percentages of CBP, and a significant increase (P<0.05) in feed conversion ratio was noted in the CBP groups. The adding CBP to feed caused a significant decrease (P<0.05) in the European broiler index (EBI). However, clove buds powder increased (P≤0.01) villus height and villus height/crypt depth ratio (h/c ratio) compared to the control group. On the other hand, the results showed that there were no significant differences (P>0.05) between treatment groups in Mortality% and crypt depth.
Conclusion: This study concluded that the addition of clove bud powder had a negative effect on daily feed consumption, daily body weight gain, final body weight, feed conversion ratio, European broiler index at a dose used in this study. But it improved intestinal morphology.
Gizzard erosion and ulceration syndrome (GEU) was described for the first time in the 1930s. The main focus of early studies was on nutritional deficiencies and peroxidation of highly polyunsaturated fatty acids as causative factors. During the 1970s and 1980s the focus was moved towards toxic substances in the feed. Scott's review in 1985 concluded that overproduction of gastric acid induced by gizzerosine was a major cause of GEU. During the last decades, serotype 1 of fowl adenovirus A and Clostridium perfringens have been implicated as important pathogenic agents in the development of GEU in chickens. Although GEU is globally distributed and its subclinical form appears to be common in commercial poultry flocks, the condition is rarely mentioned in standard textbooks on poultry health. This regrettable fact is probably due in part to the lack of one definitive cause of the syndrome.
A new selective method for the determination of the bioactive amine gizzerosine in poultry feed is presented based on hydrophilic
interaction chromatography coupled to electrospray ionisation and tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry. The protonated molecular
ions were selected for fragmentation and scanning of the two major product ions using the mass analyser in the multiple reaction
monitoring mode. The analytical methodology included acid hydrolysis of feed sample aliquots and desalting and crude clean-up
of hydrolysates using cation-exchange chromatography on a polymeric solid-phase extraction sorbent. Mean overall recoveries
(n=9) were 68–82% in spike-recovery experiments. The limit of detection was 0.25mgkg−1. The method was applied to the analysis of fish meal and fish meal-containing poultry feed samples. Although gizzerosine
could not be detected in any of the samples, it was found in fish meal made from sand eel after heating to 130°C for 24h.
KeywordsHILIC–Mass spectrometry–Amine–Feed–Gizzard erosion
