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![Fluorescence confocal microscopy: (a) principal diagram of a two-channel FCM setup; (b) image of phase-separated domains of F-actin (green) and DNA (red) labeled by two different dyes [11]; (c) polarizing microscope texture of the pattern formed in a drying droplet of aqueous DNA and colocalized with the fluorescence confocal signal from a small number of molecules marked by fluorescent dye (green) [12].](profile/Ivan-Smalyukh-2/publication/51931197/figure/fig3/AS:669388155932677@1536605981147/Fluorescence-confocal-microscopy-a-principal-diagram-of-a-two-channel-FCM-setup-b.png)
Fluorescence confocal microscopy: (a) principal diagram of a two-channel FCM setup; (b) image of phase-separated domains of F-actin (green) and DNA (red) labeled by two different dyes [11]; (c) polarizing microscope texture of the pattern formed in a drying droplet of aqueous DNA and colocalized with the fluorescence confocal signal from a small number of molecules marked by fluorescent dye (green) [12].
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The fast-growing field of soft matter research requires increasingly
sophisticated tools for experimental studies. One of the oldest and most widely
used tools to study soft matter systems is optical microscopy. Recent advances
in optical microscopy techniques have resulted in a vast body of new
experimental results and discoveries. New imaging mod...
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The molecular mechanisms driving the progression from nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) to fibrosing steatohepatitis (NASH) are insufficiently understood. Techniques enabling the characterization of different lipid species with both chemical and spatial information can provide valuable insights into their contributions to the disease pro...
Citations
... The reflection signal can also be collected. The working principle of the CLSM is described in detail elsewhere [72][73][74][75]. ...
... Confocality is achieved automatically and without a pinhole, as the probability of two-or three-photon absorption is extremely low and is realized only in the focal plane from a volume of the order of a femtoliter ( Figure 4B). The working principle of the MPT is described in detail elsewhere [75,115,116]. ...
... The excitation of the CARS signal does not require electronic excitation of the molecules ( Figure 4A-non-linear microscopy-shows the process schematically). The working principle of the 2PT-CARS is described in detail elsewhere [75,121,123]. ...
Information on the penetration depth, pathways, metabolization, storage of vehicles, active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), and functional cosmetic ingredients (FCIs) of topically applied formulations or contaminants (substances) in skin is of great importance for understanding their interaction with skin targets, treatment efficacy, and risk assessment—a challenging task in dermatology, cosmetology, and pharmacy. Non-invasive methods for the qualitative and quantitative visualization of substances in skin in vivo are favored and limited to optical imaging and spectroscopic methods such as fluorescence/reflectance confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM); two-photon tomography (2PT) combined with autofluorescence (2PT-AF), fluorescence lifetime imaging (2PT-FLIM), second-harmonic generation (SHG), coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS), and reflectance confocal microscopy (2PT-RCM); three-photon tomography (3PT); confocal Raman micro-spectroscopy (CRM); surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) micro-spectroscopy; stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy; and optical coherence tomography (OCT). This review summarizes the state of the art in the use of the CLSM, 2PT, 3PT, CRM, SERS, SRS, and OCT optical methods to study skin penetration in vivo non-invasively (302 references). The advantages, limitations, possibilities, and prospects of the reviewed optical methods are comprehensively discussed. The ex vivo studies discussed are potentially translatable into in vivo measurements. The requirements for the optical properties of substances to determine their penetration into skin by certain methods are highlighted.
... Neutron diffraction could replace use of X-rays in specific cases of sample instability under X-rays, seeking light-weight atoms like hydrogen, or contrast-matching experiments. PLM has long been used to analyse surfactant mesophases, however despite the ease of accessibility to polarized light microscopes, image analysis requires a long experience in the field and coupling to diffraction experiments may be necessary (Lee et al., 2018). Circular dichroism (CD) is a spectroscopic technique, which is useful to probe chirality in molecular and supramolecular systems in solution. ...
The demand for microbially produced surface‐active compounds for use in industrial processes and products is increasing. As such, there has been a comparable increase in the number of publications relating to the characterization of novel surface‐active compounds: novel producers of already characterized surface‐active compounds and production processes for the generation of these compounds. Leading researchers in the field have identified that many of these studies utilize techniques are not precise and accurate enough, so some published conclusions might not be justified. Such studies lacking robust experimental evidence generated by validated techniques and standard operating procedures are detrimental to the field of microbially produced surface‐active compound research. In this publication, we have critically reviewed a wide range of techniques utilized in the characterization of surface‐active compounds from microbial sources: identification of surface‐active compound producing microorganisms and functional testing of resultant surface‐active compounds. We have also reviewed the experimental evidence required for process development to take these compounds out of the laboratory and into industrial application. We devised this review as a guide to both researchers and the peer‐reviewed process to improve the stringency of future studies and publications within this field of science.
... Numerous liquids, colloids, gels, and liquid crystals can be loosely classified into this material category. The hierarchical molecular order of soft materials is governed by the selforganization of the basic structural units based on weak interactions such as Van der Waals interactions, π-stacking or hydrogen bonding [1][2][3]. Such materials are particularly interesting since the mesoscopic length scales of their basic structural units, along with their physical properties, can be manipulated at ease. ...
... Noteworthy, optical tools have shown a great potential in evaluating material properties and manipulating the physical behaviors of soft matter systems. Traditional techniques, such as bright and dark field, polarizationbased, phase contrast and total internal reflection microscopy, along with absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy, have been widely used to examine and characterize soft materials [3,[7][8][9]. The integration of optics and photonic concepts with the soft matter field not only helps with the characterization of materials but also greatly contributes towards the modification and synthesis of advanced materials. ...
In the past decade, the development of artificial materials
exhibiting novel optical properties has become a major
scientific endeavor. One particularly interesting system is
synthetic soft matter, which plays a central role in numerous fields ranging from life sciences, chemistry to condensed matter and biophysics. In this paper, we review
briefly the optical force-induced nonlinearities in colloidal
suspensions, which can give rise to nonlinear self-trapping
of light for enhanced propagation through otherwise
highly scattering media such as dielectric and plasmonic
nanosuspensions. We then focus on discussing our recent
work with respect to nonlinear biological suspensions,
including self-trapping of light in colloidal suspensions
of marine bacteria and red blood cells, where the nonlinear response is largely attributed to the optical forces
acting on the cells. Although it is commonly believed that
biological media cannot exhibit high optical nonlinearity,
self-focusing of light and formation of soliton-like waveguides in bio-soft matter have been observed.
Furthermore, we present preliminary results on biological
waveguiding and sensing, and discuss some perspectives
towards biomedical applications. The concept may be
developed for subsequent studies and techniques
in situations when low scattering and deep penetration
of light is desired.
... For that reason different 3D imaging techniques have been developed (for recent reviews, see Refs. [126,127]). Here the principle of the methods will be briefly presented. ...
... Fluorescent confocal microscopy enables 3D imaging of orientational order by combining POM with florescent confocal microscopy [127,128]. In this technique a small amount of the fluorescent anisotropic molecules are added to NLC, in which they are homogenously dispersed and oriented in the direction of n. ...
This review presents experimental realization and behaviour of the ferromagnetic nematic phase, which is observed in different suspensions of magnetic nanoplatelets. After a general introduction, the challenges in the synthesis of magnetic nanoplatelets and preparation of the nematic suspensions are discussed. A brief explanation of a simple macroscopic theory, which can be used to understand the main features of the ferromagnetic phase, follows. In the main part, four different ferromagnetic nematic systems are presented: (i) ferromagnetic suspensions of the platelets in nematic liquid crystals, (ii) dense suspensions in an isotropic solvent – ferromagnetic ferrofluids, (iii) biaxial ferromagnetic nematic suspensions, and (iv) chiral ferromagnetic suspensions. The main focus is on the formation of the ferromagnetic phases and the growth of the magnetic domains. At the end, dynamics of ferromagnetic liquid crystals and methods for their observation are briefly discussed.
... Whereas Schlieren textures in thin cells give directly the Pontryagin-Thom construction for (quasi-)twodimensional nematics, the analogous colored surfaces of three-dimensional textures are not an automatic output of any current imaging technique. These surfaces can be extracted easily from knowledge of the director field, which can in turn be obtained from confocal microscopy [18,19] or polarizing-mode nonlinear optical microscopies such as 3PEF-PM, coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy [21], and stimulated Raman scattering microscopy [22]. To construct this surface, we take intensity data from confocal slices, polarized at four different angles π/4 apart in the xy plane (E 2 0 , E 2 π/4 , E 2 π/2 , E 2 3π/4 ). ...
The Hopf fibration is an example of a texture: a topologically stable,
smooth, global configuration of a field. Here we demonstrate the controlled
sculpting of the Hopf fibration in nematic liquid crystals through the control
of point defects. We demonstrate how these are related to torons by use of a
topological visualization technique derived from the Pontryagin-Thom
construction.
We present a high-speed holographic microscopic technique for quantitative measurement of polarization light-field, referred to as polarization holographic microscopy (PHM). Employing the principle of common-path interferometry, PHM quantitatively measures the spatially resolved Jones matrix components of anisotropic samples with only two consecutive measurements of spatially modulated holograms. We demonstrate the features of PHM with imaging the dynamics of liquid crystal droplets at a video-rate.
