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Flowering (a–d) and fruiting intensity (e–h) of Myrica pubescens , Piptocoma discolor , Tabebuia chrysantha , Cedrela montana , Vismia tomentosa , Heliocarpus americanus , Isertia laevis , Clethra revoluta (top to bottom) in the perhumid site San Francisco from 1 January 2001. The arrows represent the spring and autumn equinoxes.
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We investigated the effect of seasonality on tree phenology in the tropical montane rain forest of southern Ecuador and analysed possible triggering factors. Two hypotheses were tested: (1) Interspecific synchronization of flowering and fruiting phenology is higher at study sites with pronounced rainfall seasonality compared with sites within perhu...
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... e − b = the duration of the time slot (d), e = the end of the time slot within the year (fixed date), b = the begin of the time slot within the year (fixed date). n = the number of sample trees, fi = Number of all flowering initiations for the sample tree i within all time slots during the observation period. As shown in Figure 1, the SF site is humid throughout the year, with monthly precipitation not falling below 100 mm. Radiation is negatively correlated to the precipitation, which indicates a strong influence of cloudiness. At the perhumid site, flowering (Figure 2a) and fruiting (Figure 2b) occur throughout the year. The main flowering peak as an average of all individuals and species is in the rainy season from February to May and maximum fruiting occurs during the drier season from September to December. The seasonality of phenophases at the plant-community level is low. However, on the species level, the phenological behaviour is annual for seven of the eight study species. The species of the perhumid site can be arranged into four different groups with temporally segregated phenophases (Figure 3). Clethra revoluta , Heliocarpus americanus and Isertia laevis are typical pioneer species, which flower significantly synchronously during the main rainy season and fruit significantly synchronously during the drier season (Table 2). The phenophases of Piptocoma discolor and Tabebuia chrysantha , in contrast, are negatively correlated to the Clethra - Heliocarpus - Isertia group (significant only for Piptocoma) . These species bloom during the drier season with culmination in August and September, and fruiting between August and February. Cedrela montana and Vismia tomentosa are the first species in the year to cease flowering and commence fruiting significantly synchronously. Fruiting occurs during the rainy season for Cedrela montana and Vismia tomentosa . Myrica pubescens shows supra-annual phenophases with one peak in October and another about 6 mo later in May. The fruiting period is relatively long. The dry season in El Bosque (EB) is pronounced (Figure 1). Interestingly, the radiation is only negatively correlated to the precipitation from October to December, with the maximum values measured shortly after the autumn equinox. At the closest meteorological station in Vilcabamba ( c . 5 km distance), mean monthly precipitation exceeds 100 mm only during February to April. In general, the percentages for flowering and fruiting are much higher in EB than in SF (Figure 2). Flowering percentages are very high for all species except for Clethra revoluta . Most of the species reach culmination in fruiting between February and April and cease between May and November. The fruiting percentages are very high here as well. However, a few species show different patterns from the main flowering and fruiting seasons, providing pollen and fruit during times when general offer is low (Table 3). For instance, Cupania sp. shows significant contrasting behaviour to the major group, with fruiting culminating between July and October ...
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Four phenological events (flowering, fruiting, leaf fall, and leaf flushing) were evaluated in Schizolobium parahyba (Veil.) Blake and Vochysia guatemalensis Donn Smith., two tree species of the humid tropical forest in the north of Oaxaca, Mexico, to relate with rainfall and air temperature during a year (September 2006-September 2007). In additio...
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... Diffusing light has been proven to improve radiation usage efficiency, yields at both the plant and ecosystem levels, and even to influence plant blooming, timing, and quantities (Gu et al., 2002;Guenter et al., 2008;Healey et al., 1998;Ortiz et al., 2006;Sinclair et al., 1992). (Mohawesh et al., 2022). ...
Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) stands as the most expensive spice in the world. Newly introduced to Lebanon, widespread implementations of this crop are blooming in the Beqaa region, especially by AUB Arec through its teachings. Saffron blooms in the fall season, each flower produces three stigmas, and it is estimated that an average of 150 thousand flowers are needed to produce 1 kg of Saffron dry weight. Saffron is a male sterile plant, which duplicates manually through its underground corms. This project was implemented due to the high increase of sunlight in the Beqaa region, which prompted the use of nets as controlled shading to evaluate the optimal environmental growth and development for Saffron. The research will analyze the effect of the number of holes per square Inch in nets. Each treatment allows a different percentage of light to reach the plants. The experiment portrays a 616 m2 land plot of an already planted saffron field, which held corms 3 years of age, imported from the kingdom of the Netherlands. The research accommodates 5 total treatments, each treatment corresponding to a net covering a plot in different hole number/size, starting from control (no net), followed by two nets with five 0.51cm holes per square Inch, one with twenty-five 0.1cm holes per square Inch, and one with thirty 0.08cm holes per square Inch; control treatment will be left open to the elements to reveal the effect of nets as a comparison to a non-netted plot. These five treatments will be replicated four times. Our objective is to study which net had the most significance on Saffron growth, development, and increase in the number of blooming flowers, corm number, size, and plant height/cluster number. Higher hole density in nets led to reduced light transmittance, triggering plants to seek light and resulting in increased above-ground biomass. Nets with lower hole density demonstrated the highest effectiveness by promoting greater flower counts and stigma weights, suggesting a conducive environment for saffron flower growth. Nets with higher hole density positively influenced cormlet formation and proliferation, contributing to the development of cormlets.
... En este sentido, para estudios fenológicos reproductivos de estas especies se requerirá mayor tiempo (al menos 4 años) para identificar si estos ciclos fueron interrumpidos o no. Además, es importante estudiar la relación con otras variables como la temperatura, humedad y precipitación (Zimmerman et al., 2007;Günter et al., 2008), ya que esto permitirá una mejor comprensión del porqué se producen estos cambios (Ordóñez-Blanco y Parrado-Roselli, 2017). ...
Las epífitas son un componente importante en los bosques tropicales, donde, debido a la disminución de sus poblaciones naturales, algunas familias vasculares (Orchidaceae y Bromeliaceae) y en general todas las epífitas no vasculares presentan veda en Colombia. Ahora, como estrategia para mitigar la pérdida de biodiversidad, se ha implementado su rescate y reubicación como medida de manejo ambiental. En este trabajo se presentan los métodos utilizados durante las actividades de rescate, reubicación y monitoreo de epífitas vasculares en la región del Guavio (Cundinamarca, Colombia), actividades realizadas durante la construcción de la línea de transmisión eléctrica a 230 kV Guavio-Nueva Esperanza. Se trasladaron 1477 individuos entre Araceae (19 individuos/1 especie), Bromeliaceae (383/12) y Orchidaceae (1075/46), los cuales fueron dispuestos en tres áreas de reubicación final o epifitarios. Se realizaron monitoreos fenológicos reproductivos y fitosanitarios durante dos años. La supervivencia en general para los tres epifitarios fue de 66,7% (985 individuos) y una mortalidad del 33,3% (492 individuos). Durante los dos años en los tres epifitarios predominó el estado fenológico reproductivo sin flor (SF) y el estado fitosanitario bueno (B). Se asocian algunos picos de inicio de floración (IF), floración (FL) y de fructificación (FR) con temporadas lluviosas. Este estudio es base para posteriores actividades de rescate, reubicación y monitoreo de epífitas vasculares en Colombia, en donde se deben considerar nuevas variables como la presencia de raíces nuevas, interacciones con animales, presencia de frutos dehiscentes y medición de variables abióticas.
... Four of these species also indicated high synchrony in fruiting. This further suggests that they compete for seed dispersal arising because of increased fruit availability (Günter et al., 2008;Poulin & Lefebvre, 1999;Wheelwright, 1985). ...
Phenology influences many forest functions and can inform forest conservation and management, yet representative phenological data for most common tropical forest tree species remain sparse or absent. Between June 2011 and December 2013, we investigated flowering, fruiting, and leafing patterns in the Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, a montane forest located near the equator in Uganda, drawing on 16,410 observations of 530 trees of 54 species located between 2066 and 2527 m in elevation. The park's climate is equatorial with two wet and dry seasons each year. Flowering and fruiting were strongly seasonal while patterns in leafing were less pronounced. Flower occurrence peaked at the beginning of the short dry season followed by a pronounced trough during the beginning and the middle of the short wet season. Fruit occurrence had a pronounced peak during high rainfall months in March through April with most fruits ripening during drier months in May through July. Fruit scarcity was observed for a 4‐month period spanning September to December and most flushing of leaves noted at the end of the wet season in November and December. Our binomial generalized linear mixed models indicated that flowering and fruiting were negatively associated with temperature and that leafing activity was positively associated with rainfall and temperature. These findings are consistent with the insolation‐ and water‐limitation hypotheses suggesting that the seasonally varying availability of resources such as light, water, and nutrients determines these phenological patterns. Ideally, prolonged, multi‐year community‐level studies would be supported so as to better characterize the influence of climate and of climate variability.
... Cover greenhouse with shade net led to scatter solar radiation (Wong, 1994). Shade netting enhance plant growth and yield due to increase the photosynthesis process via avoiding abiotic stress from severe high temperature during summer and decrease the wind speed which allow better microclimate for plant growth (Guenter et al., 2008). On the other hand, black and blue net reduce radiation reaching crops underneath. ...
This study explored the economic viability of different coloured shade net on Mango production (Mangifera indica L. cv. Keitt). This study investigated development and production in terms of light intensity, minimum and maximum air temperature, relative humidity, and plant growth across two seasons.
When compared to open field conditions, coloured shade net resulted in maximum temperatures and higher relative humidity. The black net cover and open field treatment gave the lowest mango yield compared with all greenhouse net cover. When compared to alternative treatments, the use of white and yellow nets resulted in a considerable increase in the number of fruits per plant, and total yield per plant. According to the data, the optimum microclimate for growing mango in Egypt is under white and yellow net compared to the other net cover. Black greenhouse net cover gave the lowest productivity during the experimental duration.
Production costs, total revenue, net return and ratio of total revenue to cost for Keitt mango in Egypt are presented in this study. The result shows that the net return for white net reached LE 15777 and LE 15270 per 2000 m2 which was more than double those in the open field (LE 5980 and LE 5081 per 2000 m2) in 2019 and 2020 respectively. However, ratio of total revenue to costs was found higher in white net in both season which were 1.9 and 1.8 respectively.
Keywords
Keitt mango, coloured shade net, net return, ratio of total revenue to costs, Egypt
... The timing of fruiting phenology is the result of internal and external cues [37]. Abiotic environmental conditions such as rain [38][39][40][41][42], temperature [5,14,15,43], photoperiod, and ENSO [41,44] have been shown to play a significant role in the timing of fruiting phenology. Meanwhile, no significant correlation was determined between precipitation (winter, spring, summer, autumn, and annual) and temperature (winter, spring, summer, autumn, and annual) factors and any of the six fruiting events in this study (all p > 0.05, Tables 2 and 3). ...
... The timing of fruiting phenology is the result of internal and external cues [37]. Abiotic environmental conditions such as rain [38][39][40][41][42], temperature [5,14,15,43], photoperiod, and ENSO [41,44] have been shown to play a significant role in the timing of fruiting phenology. Meanwhile, no significant correlation was determined between precipitation (winter, spring, summer, autumn, and annual) and temperature (winter, spring, summer, autumn, and annual) factors and any of the six fruiting events in this study (all p > 0.05, Tables 2 and 3). ...
Fruit setting and ripening are crucial in the reproductive cycle of many desert plant species, but their response to precipitation changes is still unclear. To clarify the response patterns, a long-term in situ water addition experiment with five treatments, namely natural precipitation (control) plus an extra 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of the local mean annual precipitation (145 mm), was conducted in a temperate desert in northwestern China. A whole series of fruiting events including the onset, peak, and end of fruit setting and the onset, peak, and end of fruit ripening of a locally dominant shrub, Nitraria tangutorum, were observed from 2012 to 2018. The results show that (1) water addition treatments had no significant effects on all six fruiting events in almost all years, and the occurrence time of almost all fruiting events remained relatively stable compared with leaf phenology and flowering phenology after the water addition treatments; (2) the occurrence times of all fruiting events were not correlated to the amounts of water added in the treatments; (3) there are significant inter-annual variations in each fruiting event. However, neither temperature nor precipitation play key roles, but the preceding flowering events drive their inter-annual variation.
... Lower cloudiness reduces albedo but increases sunshine duration, enhancing the photosynthetic rate during the less-wet season from July to September. Higher cloud fraction in the wet season absorbs Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR), affecting photosynthesis and flowering (Bendix et al., 2008;Günter et al., 2008). In fact, flowering and fruit production are synchronized with drought periods and sunny conditions and are indicators of reduced cloud cover percentage. ...
The lack of delimitation between the South American Monsoon System (SAMS) and the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) has led to problematic calibration of archives in paleoclimate studies, particularly in northern South America. We show for the first time recorded in a paleoclimate archive that the ITCZ is the primary controller of oxygen (δ¹⁸OTR) and carbon (δ¹³CTR) isotopes in Cedrela nebulosa tree-rings (1864–2018). In contrast, a monsoonal pattern is not observed at this latitude. Spatial correlations revealed that δ¹⁸OTR better reflects months of higher precipitation (March–June) in the western Amazon than local rainout processes at decadal time scale, owing to the strong convection in the basin at this time of the year. Similarly, this study identified cloud cover as a vital controller in sunshine duration, which influences the phenology of Cedrela nebulosa. We interpret the variability of the δ¹³CTR as an enhancement in the photosynthetic rate during light-increased months (July–September), strongly regulated by cloudiness reduction when the ITCZ rain band retreats to northwestern South America in austral winter. Overall, these results reveals that Cedrela nebulosa is well-adapted to wet environments, and its cellulose-based stable isotopic signals reflect the direct influence of the ITCZ excursions from austral autumn to winter with minimal SAMS control.
... Las líneas muestran la precipitación media mensual promedio de todas las localidades en cada región (Costa y Amazonía). (Adams, 2010;Bernard, 2002;Günter et al., 2008;Heideman, 2000;Racey y Entwistle, 2000), los que coinciden con períodos de alta disponibilidad de alimento y lluvia (Adams, 2010;Bernard, 2002;Günter et al., 2008;Heideman, 2000;Racey y Entwistle, 2000). Las especies registradas en este estudio presentaron picos reproductivos que coinciden con estos períodos. ...
... Las líneas muestran la precipitación media mensual promedio de todas las localidades en cada región (Costa y Amazonía). (Adams, 2010;Bernard, 2002;Günter et al., 2008;Heideman, 2000;Racey y Entwistle, 2000), los que coinciden con períodos de alta disponibilidad de alimento y lluvia (Adams, 2010;Bernard, 2002;Günter et al., 2008;Heideman, 2000;Racey y Entwistle, 2000). Las especies registradas en este estudio presentaron picos reproductivos que coinciden con estos períodos. ...
... Estudios en Ecuador sobre dispersión de semillas (Jara-Guerrero et al., 2011;Lindner, 2006), fenología (Muchhala, 2008;Muchhala y Jarrín-V., 2002), estacionalidad de bosques tropicales (Günter et al., 2008;Ortiz et al., 2006) y presencia de saladeros (Tirira et al., 2019), apoyan nuestros resultados en el país. A nivel neotropical, está demostrado que la precipitación influye en los ciclos reproductivos de los murciélagos; tanto de forma directa, en la sincronización de la actividad reproductiva, como indirecta, en la disponibilidad de frutas e insectos que los murciélagos consumen (Adams, 2010;Estrada y Coates-Estrada, 2001;Günter et al., 2008;Heideman, 2000;Molinari y Soriano, 2014;Montiel et al., 2011;Racey y Entwistle, 2000;Ribeiro et al., 2004;Sperr et al., 2011;Stoner, 2001). ...
Los murciélagos constituyen el segundo orden más diverso en ambientes neotropicales, tanto taxonómica como ecológicamente. Su rol en los ecosistemas y los factores que influyen en sus estrategias reproductivas son conocidos, no así sus aspectos reproductivos. En este artículo presentamos información reproductiva sobre 19 especies de murciélagos para el Ecuador. En seis estudios de campo registramos 384 murciélagos filostómidos correspondientes a 40 especies, 20 géneros y ocho subfamilias, que incluyeron 19 hembras en algún estado reproductivo (74 % en gestación, 14 % con crías y 11 % lactantes). Los resultados muestran de uno a dos picos reproductivos; los registros en la época lluviosa (febrero, octubre y noviembre) presentaron el mayor número de hembras en actividad sexual. Estos picos están asociados con la precipitación y la abundancia de alimento. Nuestros resultados permiten llenar vacíos de información sobre el estado reproductivo de los quirópteros y contribuir a los objetivos del Plan de Acción para la conservación de los murciélagos del Ecuador.
... A steep decrease in precipitation during the El Niño year likely limited resource availability for Swainson's Thrushes, since seasonal fluctuations in rainfall are a key driver of changes in primary productivity and food availability in the tropics (Schloss et al., 1999;Wolda, 1980;Wunderle et al., 2014). Indeed, rainfall seasonality shapes phenological patterns in montane forest with trees fruiting with the onset of, or during, the rainy season (Günter et al., 2008;Kessler-Rios and Kattan, 2012;van Schaik et al., 1993). Consistent with our findings was the similar pattern observed at a spring stopover site in Costa Rica, where Swainson's Thrush and other Neotropical frugivorous species showed lower physical condition during an El Niño year, likely in response to reduced fruit availability (Wolfe and Ralph, 2009). ...
Neotropical migratory songbirds overwintering at mid elevations in the Andes of northern South America depend on remnants of native forest and shade-grown coffee plantations. The quality of such habitats is one of the primary ecological factors limiting survival of migratory birds during the non-breeding season. We assessed the relative quality of shade-grown coffee plantations vs. forest in the Colombian Andes as winter habitat for Swainson's Thrush (Catharus ustulatus). We hypothesized that native forest has a higher intrinsic value (i.e., food abundance) than shade-coffee plantations, as native forest was the original habitat for Swainsonś Thrush. We compared thrush physical condition, density, feather corticosterone values, and apparent annual survival as indicators of habitat quality in these two habitats. Measures of body condition and density were higher in forest than in shade-grown coffee, while survival was similar between habitats. This implies that forest had a higher carrying capacity than shade coffee and therefore had higher intrinsic value. Seasonal trends in body condition revealed a decline in the quality of forest with the onset of the dry season in early winter and an increase during late winter in line with increasing rainfall, suggesting that the timing of the rainy season likely offsets the negative effects of seasonal drought. Feather corticosterone levels were higher in forest, possibly as a result of a density-dependent stress response, however, we cannot rule out the effects of food availability or its distribution in space on stress levels. Our indicators suggested that native forest is a higher-quality winter habitat than shade-grown coffee. Our findings highlight how individual indicators of habitat quality can be misleading and emphasize the value of using multiple measures. While shade coffee is a critical habitat in the absence of native forest and its importance for the conservation of migratory birds is widely accepted, our results indicate that the conservation of native forest must be a conservation priority wherever possible.
... Similarly, support for a combined effect of habitat and year, suggests that birds were also responding to inter-annual variation in habitat condition. We suggest that these differences in departure schedules between habitats and years are related to differences in habitat structure, moisture and seasonal precipitation and their known effect on food availability (Günter et al., 2008) and habitat quality for Neotropical migrants (Sillett & Holmes, 2002;Smith et al., 2010;Strong & Sherry, 2000). ...
Migratory birds travel vast distances and the timing of migratory flights can affect survival and the ability to reproduce. For Neotropical migrant songbirds, early spring departure from wintering sites, early arrival to the breeding grounds and higher reproductive success have been related to the use of suitable habitats and environmental conditions during the non‐breeding season. However, how migratory strategies are shaped by winter habitat choice is largely unknown due to the general inability to track birds from specific wintering habitats to stopovers or breeding destinations.
We assessed how winter habitat (native forest vs. shade‐grown coffee plantations) relates to spring departure date and migration pace in Swainson's Thrush Catharus ustulatus. We also determined the effect of departure date and total migration duration on the arrival date of birds detected near or within their breeding range.
We used a novel application of Motus radiotelemetry arrays to track individuals from their wintering grounds in the Andes of South America along their migratory journey to North America.
We found variation in migratory strategies between habitats, with birds wintering in native forest departing later than birds in coffee. We present isotopic evidence for native forest being of higher quality than shade‐coffee for Swainson's Thrush and hypothesize that moister conditions in forest, as shown by stable isotope (δ¹³C) analysis of thrush whole blood, provides favourable pre‐migratory conditions allowing birds to delay departure from wintering grounds. Habitat, between‐site and ‐year variation in departure date, suggests that birds made facultative adjustments to winter habitat quality and environmental conditions. Independent of habitat, birds that departed later migrated faster and this pattern was maintained along the migration route (n = 44). Migrating earlier and slower or later and faster was unlikely to result in significant differences in arrival time to breeding destinations.
Our findings reveal underappreciated complexity in migratory decisions by long‐distance migrants that contrast with the current paradigm of earlier departures and arrival from optimal habitats. The next step is to understand the relative fitness benefits of early versus late schedules or whether each strategy is an equally good response to experienced conditions.
... The work done by Spina et al (2001), concerning his phenological study in the swamp forest community in the municipality of Campinas, has highlighted that most of the species bore fruit between the months of August and October, confirming the results from this study, which most of the species presented phenophases in the same season (August to October). In the rainforests, the period of occurrence of anthesis phenophase has been associated with abiotic factors such as: temperature, precipitation, air and soil humidity Marchioretto et al. 2007;Gunter et al. 2008;Liebsch & Bos Mikich 2009;Lima et al. 2018). Morellato and collaborators (1989) and Marques & Oliveira (2004) have suggested in their studies that flowering could be led by the increase of photoperiod, temperature and humidity, during the changing seasons, as it is the case of this study and Spina's (2001), and that occurred mainly during the transition from winter to spring. ...
The way both phenophase and periodicity occur is crucial to define phenological patterns of species and communities. These studies are of great importance in order to understand the behavior of such communities in relation to climate variability, the measurement of the amount of fruit and the best time for seed collection. Thus, this work has the objective to describe the phenological patterns of the twelve most important species within their phytosociological structure from an arboreal shrub community in a swamp forest in the municipality of Bauru, SP. We have noticed that most of the species, the anthesis, occurred in the beginning and in the end of the dry season. For fruiting phenophase, the pattern has presented a greater variation from one year to another, meaning that in the first year, 75% of the individuals bore fruit during the dry season. On the other hand, lower fructification has been noticed throughout the same period (June to October) of the following year. Thus, we could get to the conclusion that anthesis phenophase has a strong correlation with the changing seasons. Fruiting phenophases have not shown to have a clear pattern. We could notice that fructification is strongly related with precipitation variability index, and it can be explained since there was a significant increase of rainfall and a decrease of fructification in the second year. RESUMO A forma como a fenofase e a periodicidade ocorrem é crucial para definir os padrões fenológicos de espécies e comunidades. Esses estudos são de grande importância para o entendimento do comportamento dessas comunidades em relação à variabilidade climática, a mensuração da quantidade de frutos e a melhor época para a coleta de sementes. Assim, este trabalho tem o objetivo de descrever os padrões fenológicos das doze espécies mais importantes dentro de sua estrutura fitossociológica de uma comunidade arbustiva arbórea de uma floresta pantanosa no município de Bauru, SP. Notamos que a maioria das espécies, a antese, ocorreu no início e no final da estação seca. Para a fenofase de frutificação, o padrão apresentou maior variação de um ano para o outro, ou seja, Brazilian Journal of Development Braz. J. of Develop., Curitiba, v. 6, n. 10 , p.81560-81576, oct. 2020. ISSN 2525-8761 81561 no primeiro ano, 75% dos indivíduos frutificaram na estação seca. Por outro lado, menor frutificação foi observada ao longo do mesmo período (junho a outubro) do ano seguinte. Assim, podemos chegar à conclusão de que a fenofase da antese tem forte correlação com as mudanças das estações. As fenofases de frutificação não demonstraram ter um padrão claro. Pudemos notar que a frutificação está fortemente relacionada com o índice de variabilidade da precipitação, o que pode ser explicado uma vez que houve um aumento significativo da precipitação e uma diminuição da frutificação no segundo ano. Palavras-chave: fenologia, antese, frutificação, floresta pantanosa, precipitação.
