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-Flowchart of patients' selection. AC (Adriamycin & Cyclophosphamide) or AC-T (Adriamycin & Cyclophosphamide followed by Taxane) regimes treatments. (Based on the oncology decision according to treatment guidelines).
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Objective: Serum tumor markers has been evolved as an effective tool to determine prognosis and treatment efficiency in different types of cancer. The aim of this study was to explore the chemotherapy monitoring efficiency and prognostic sensitivity of tumor associated cancer antigen 15-3 (CA 15-3) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) markers in earl...
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Citations
... Multiple marker assays may signi cantly improve the sensitivity of detecting heterogeneous tumor cells compared with single marker assays [18]. Multiple serum-based tumor markers have been described for breast cancer, the most widely tumor markers used are CA 15 − 3 and CEA [19]. Breast cancer is only one condition that may cause high levels of CA 15 − 3. The pre-operative concentration of CA 15 − 3 thus might be combined with existing prognostic factors for predicting outcomes in patients with newly diagnosed breast cancer. ...
Background: Breast cancer is a prevalent life-threatening disease worldwide. Oxidative stress has been implicated in the development and progression of various cancers, including BC. Assessing lipid peroxidation and overall antioxidant status in breast cancer offers valuable information regarding the advancement, prognosis, and effectiveness of treatment options.
Methods: A total of one hundred and fifty women, categorized into three groups Normal, Benign BC, and Malignant BC cases. Patients were selected and examined in the oncology clinic, fasting blood samples were collected and measurements of Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC), Ox-LDL, CA 15.3, and CEA were performed. Then statistical analysis was done to compare the levels of these parameters in different groups and measure the analytical performance of TAC and Ox-LDL in BC.
Results:
The serum level of TAC in malignant cases was significantly decreased compared to benign group, 8.3 U/ml and 16.04 U/ml (P<0.001) respectively. Healthy controls show higher levels of TAC (43.4 U/ml). The levels of Ox-LDL in BC was significantly increased in malignant cases and benign group, 3831, and 1234 pg/ml, respectively compared to normal controls (682 pg/ml) (P<0.001). CEA and CA15-3 sharply increased in BC groups compared to control group. A significant area under the curve (AUC) for TAC (0.975, P<0.001), and Ox-LDL (0.986, P<0.001) was observed in ROC curve analysis.
Conclusion:
The present study revealed that breast cancer patients had lower TAC and higher Ox-LDL serum levels, indicating elevated oxidative stress. Additionally, TAC and Ox-LDL levels may serve as promising monitoring parameters in BC.
... Anoop et al. found that elevated serum CEA levels in metastatic breast cancer patients were significantly associated with poorer survival outcomes, indicating its prognostic value in metastatic TNBC [138]. Li et al.'s meta-analysis further supported CEA's association with larger tumor size, lymph node involvement, and advanced tumor stage [139]. Yang et al.'s study demonstrated that increased CEA levels during therapy could predict a poor therapeutic response [140]. ...
Breast cancer is a prevalent malignancy in the present day, particularly affecting women as one of the most common forms of cancer. A significant portion of patients initially present with localized disease, for which curative treatments are pursued. Conversely, another substantial segment is diagnosed with metastatic disease, which has a worse prognosis. Recent years have witnessed a profound transformation in the prognosis for this latter group, primarily due to the discovery of various biomarkers and the emergence of targeted therapies. These biomarkers, encompassing serological, histological, and genetic indicators, have demonstrated their value across multiple aspects of breast cancer management. They play crucial roles in initial diagnosis, aiding in the detection of relapses during follow-up, guiding the application of targeted treatments, and offering valuable insights for prognostic stratification, especially for highly aggressive tumor types. Molecular markers have now become the keystone of metastatic breast cancer diagnosis, given the diverse array of chemotherapy options and treatment modalities available. These markers signify a transformative shift in the arsenal of therapeutic options against breast cancer. Their diagnostic precision enables the categorization of tumors with elevated risks of recurrence, increased aggressiveness, and heightened mortality. Furthermore, the existence of therapies tailored to target specific molecular anomalies triggers a cascade of changes in tumor behavior. Therefore, the primary objective of this article is to offer a comprehensive review of the clinical, diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic utility of the principal biomarkers currently in use, as well as of their clinical impact on metastatic breast cancer. In doing so, our goal is to contribute to a more profound comprehension of this complex disease and, ultimately, to enhance patient outcomes through more precise and effective treatment strategies.
... Several blood-based biomarkers with utility in remission and treatment monitoring exist for human oncology patients including, PSA, CEA and CA-125 [7][8][9][10][11]. These markers not only have utility in screening for cancer in an 'at risk' population but are also used to monitor for treatment response and disease progression [7,8,10]. ...
... Several blood-based biomarkers with utility in remission and treatment monitoring exist for human oncology patients including, PSA, CEA and CA-125 [7][8][9][10][11]. These markers not only have utility in screening for cancer in an 'at risk' population but are also used to monitor for treatment response and disease progression [7,8,10]. ...
Background:
Hematopoietic malignancies are extremely common in pet dogs and represent nearly 30% of the malignancies diagnosed in this population each year. Clinicians commonly use existing tools such as physical exam findings, radiographs, ultrasound and baseline blood work to monitor these patients for treatment response and remission. Circulating biomarkers, such as prostate specific antigen or carcinoembryonic antigen, can be useful tools for monitoring treatment response and remission status in human cancer patients. To date, there has a been a lack of useful circulating biomarkers available to veterinary oncology patients.
Methods:
Circulating plasma nucleosome concentrations were evaluated at diagnosis, throughout treatment and during remission monitoring for 40 dogs with lymphoma, acute myelogenous leukemia and multiple myeloma. Additionally, C-reactive protein and thymidine kinase-1 levels were recorded.
Results:
Plasma nucleosome concentrations were significantly higher at diagnosis and progressive disease than they were when dogs were in remission. All but two dogs had plasma nucleosome concentrations that returned to the low range during treatment. These two dogs had the shortest progression free and overall survival times. Dogs with the highest plasma nucleosome concentrations had a significantly shorter first progression free survival than dogs with lower plasma nucleosome concentrations at diagnosis. Plasma nucleosome concentrations correlated better with disease response and progression than either thymidine kinase or C reactive protein.
Conclusions:
Plasma nucleosome concentrations can be a useful tool for treatment monitoring and disease progression in dogs with hematopoietic malignancies.
... Its elevation varies according to the type of disease; therefore, its measurement is not useful in all cases. This marker is elevated in less than 50% of women with localized or early breast cancer but is elevated in 80% of cases of advanced breast cancer, and in some individuals, it is not detected at any stage of the disease [31,32]. CA 15-3 may be elevated in other cancers (colon, lung, pancreatic, ovarian, or prostate) and in other non-tumor situations (cirrhosis, hepatitis, and benign breast disease). ...
Breast cancer is one of the most common malignancies worldwide and the most common form of cancer in women. A large proportion of patients begin with localized disease and undergo treatment with curative intent, while another large proportion of patients debuts with disseminated metastatic disease. In the last subgroup of patients, the prognosis in recent years has changed radically, given the existence of different targeted therapies thanks to the discovery of different biomarkers. Serological, histological, and genetic biomarkers have demonstrated their usefulness in the initial diagnosis, in the follow-up to detect relapses, to guide targeted treatment, and to stratify the prognosis of the most aggressive tumors in those with breast cancer. Molecular markers are currently the basis for the diagnosis of metastatic disease, given the wide variety of chemotherapy regions and existing therapies. These markers have been a real revolution in the therapeutic arsenal for breast cancer, and their diagnostic validity allows the classification of tumors with higher rates of relapse, aggressiveness, and mortality. In this sense, the existence of therapies targeting different molecular alterations causes a series of changes in tumor biology that can be assessed throughout the course of the disease to provide information on the underlying pathophysiology of metastatic disease, which allows us to broaden our knowledge of the different mechanisms of tissue invasion. Therefore, the aim of the present article is to review the clinical, diagnostic, predictive, prognostic utility and limitations of the main biomarkers available and under development in metastatic breast cancer.
... The most predominant cancer marker for breast cancer identification as well as monitoring is cancer antigen 15-3; additional biomarkers that are related to breast cancer are CA 27.29, BRCA1, BRCA2 and (carcinoembryonic antigen) CEA [44,99,100]. This particular marker is frequently used on a clinical level to monitor the therapy for breast cancer in its advanced stages. ...
Cancer is one of the major public health issues in the world. It has become the second leading cause of death, with approximately 75% of cancer deaths transpiring in low- or middle-income countries. It causes a heavy global economic cost estimated at more than a trillion dollars per year. The most common cancers are breast, colon, rectum, prostate, and lung cancers. Many of these cancers can be treated effectively and cured if detected at the primary stage. Nowadays, around 50% of cancers are detected at late stages, leading to serious health complications and death. Early diagnosis of cancer diseases substantially increases the efficient treatment and high chances of survival. Biosensors are one of the potential screening methodologies useful in the early screening of cancer biomarkers. This review summarizes the recent findings about novel cancer biomarkers and their advantages over traditional biomarkers, and novel biosensing and diagnostic methods for them; thus, this review may be helpful in the early recognition and monitoring of treatment response of various human cancers.
... MUC1 has at least two distinguished glycoforms named CA15-3 and CA27.29, which are soluble glycoproteins and serve as markers of breast cancer. The serum or salivary level of CA15-3 greater than 30 U/ml was determined as a factor correlated with a higher risk of primary and metastatic breast cancer development [49][50][51], while a level of CA27.29 is used as a prognostic marker in patients with breast cancer after surgery and before chemotherapy (Fig. 2) [52]. In addition, CA72-4, which is a mucin-like glycoprotein, with a molecular mass between 200 and 400 kDa, is clinically detected by a 72-4 assay strictly specific for the sialyl-Tn antigen [53]. ...
Changes in the glycosylation process appear early in carcinogenesis and evolve with the growth and spread of cancer. The correlation of the characteristic glycosylation signature with the tumor stage and the appropriate therapy choice is an important issue in translational medicine. Oncologists also pay attention to extracellular vesicles as reservoirs of new cancer glycomarkers that can be potent for cancer diagnosis/prognosis. In this review, we recall glycomarkers used in oncology and show their new glycoforms of improved clinical relevance. We summarize current knowledge on the biological functions of glycoepitopes in cancer-derived extracellular vesicles and their potential use in clinical practice. Is glycomics a future of cancer diagnosis? It may be, but in combination with other omics analyses than alone.
The diagnostic efficacy of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and carbohydrate antigen 15-3 (CA15-3) is limited in breast cancer (BC), highlighting the necessity of exploring novel biomarkers to improve for BC diagnosis. Therefore, we assessed the diagnostic value of fat mass and obesity-associated protein (FTO), phosphatidylinositol-4,5-biphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit β (PIK3CB) as a potential complementary biomarker to CEA and CA153 in breast cancer by measuring serum FTO,PIK3CB levels. FTO, PIK3CB, CEA and CA15-3 levels were measured in 112 BC patients and 64 healthy controls using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. Spearman’s rank correlation analysis was conducted to assess the correlation between the levels of the 2 markers. The relationships between FTO, PIK3CB, CEA, CA15-3 and clinical characteristics were evaluated. Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis was performed to assess the diagnostic value of FTO, PIK3CB, CEA and CA15-3 of BC. Serum FTO, PIK3CB, CEA and CA15-3 levels were significantly increased in BC. There was no correlation between FTO, PIK3CB and CEA, CA15-3. FTO and PIK3CB demonstrated significant diagnostic performance for breast cancer, with FTO achieving a specificity of 90.63%. The diagnostic performance of 2-four biomarker combinations was significantly superior to individual CEA or CA153, with a combined panel of 4 biomarkers yielding an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.918, sensitivity of 81.25% and specificity of 85.94%. In early-stage breast cancer (I + II), the combination of FTO, PIK3CB, CEA and CA153 yielded an AUC of 0.895, sensitivity of 77.22% and specificity of 85.71%. FTO and PIK3CB can be served as potential biomarkers to complement CEA and CA15-3 for BC diagnosis. Combining FTO, PIK3CB, CEA and CA15-3 improves the diagnostic efficiency of breast cancer.
Background
Hematopoietic malignancies are extremely common in pet dogs and represent nearly 30% of the malignancies diagnosed in this population each year. Clinicians commonly use existing tools such as physical exam findings, radiographs, ultrasound and baseline blood work to monitor these patients for treatment response and remission. Circulating biomarkers, such as prostate specific antigen or carcinoembryonic antigen, can be useful tools for monitoring treatment response and remission status in human cancer patients. To date, there has a been a lack of useful circulating biomarkers available to veterinary oncology patients.
Methods
Circulating plasma nucleosome concentrations were evaluated at diagnosis, throughout treatment and during remission monitoring for 40 dogs with lymphoma, acute myelogenous leukemia and multiple myeloma. Additionally, C-reactive protein and thymidine kinase-1 levels were recorded.
Results
Plasma nucleosome concentrations were significantly higher at diagnosis and progressive disease than they were when dogs were in remission. All but two dogs had plasma nucleosome concentrations that returned to the low range during treatment. These two dogs had the shortest progression free and overall survival times. Dogs with the highest plasma nucleosome concentrations had a significantly shorter first progression free survival than dogs with lower plasma nucleosome concentrations at diagnosis. Plasma nucleosome concentrations correlated better with disease response and progression than either thymidine kinase or C reactive protein.
Conclusions
Plasma nucleosome concentrations can be a useful tool for treatment monitoring and disease progression in dogs with hematopoietic malignancies.
