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The cultivation of cotton produces about 2–3 tonne of residues per hectare after harvesting. Uprooting and disposal of such a huge amount of cotton residues have become a serious problem. In this review, different technologies developed for clearing standing cotton stalks from the field, performances of available technologies, limitations, and tech...
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In Indian context, green energy mission can be fulfilled through harvesting green energy from agriculture residue which is available abundantly. Slow pyrolysis may be a prominent technology to convert these low value agricultural biomasses into high value products such as Bio-oils, Pyro-gas and Bio-char, which finds vast applications as energy sour...
Citations
... The Nanjing Agricultural Mechanization Research Institute of China has developed a toothed-plate cotton strawharvesting machine, the basic pulling principle of which is to use a kind of toothed plate to hold the cotton straw at a certain angle. This mechanism easily leads to an increase in the pulling and breaking rate due to the structure of the toothed plate [1,2]. ...
In the field of straw recycling, a cotton straw-harvesting mechanism is an important piece of agricultural equipment. The mechanistic analysis method of the harvesting mechanism is a major focus of research and development in this field. Currently, in the mechanistic analysis of the cotton straw recycling mechanism, the kinematic and mechanical analysis of the recycling mechanism is generally the main focus. There is not a lot of research based on the quantitative analysis between different recycling mechanisms. In this study, a clamped cotton straw pulling mechanism is optimized and designed, and two different pulling structures are designed. In addition, a two-dimensional modeling and analysis method is used to establish the two-dimensional equations of motion of the two pulling mechanisms, analyze the leakage and breakage rates of the two clamping structures, predict the final pulling effect, and verify the results of the field tests. According to the analysis, the belt-clamping side has more uniform clamping stress and a larger clamping contact area than the chain-clamping side, and the tangential stress on cotton straw is smaller. Based on the field-test verification, the band-clamping side had a higher pulling net rate by an average of 19.32% and a lower missed pulling rate by an average of 6.01% than the chain-clamping side. Therefore, it was determined that the main reason for the lower pulling net rate of the chain-gripped side than that of the belt-gripped side was the higher pulling breakage rate, and the secondary reason was the high leakage pulling rate. Thus, the feasibility and accuracy of the analytical method of this study are verified.
... According to the analysis of WOS search results, research on the cotton byproducts-derived biochar is distributed in 55 countries or regions. Cotton is a cash crop globally cultivated, with four main cultivated species including Gossypium herbaceum, Gossypium arboreum, Gossypium hirsutum, and Gossypium barbadense [35]. As shown in Fig. 2, China has published 179 papers, ranking first in terms of publication volume, accounting for 57.56% of the total publication volume, indicating that China played a significant role in cotton byproductderived biochar research. ...
Biochar can improve soil health and fix CO2 by altering soil microenvironment, thus impacting the global carbon cycle and the change of soil ecological environment. Recent studies show that cotton byproduct-derived biochar is a potential effective amendment for soil improvement so that it could play an important role in agricultural and environmental conservation. In this work, research topics on cotton byproduct-derived biochar in soil in last decade and so are systematically reviewed for better understanding of the progresses of cotton byproduct-derived biochar in (i) the morphologic and physicochemical characterization, (ii) latest research hotspots and trends, (iii) the roles in soil reclamation, and (iv) relevant carbon sequestration mechanisms. Finally, the future research directions regarding cotton byproduct-derived biochar mingled to soil environment are discussed. Insight derived from this work would provide scientific basis for promoting more applications of cotton byproduct-derived biochar in soil ecological restoration and carbon fixation.
Graphical Abstract
... As natural fiber materials, agricultural residues have good biodegradability and can be used as raw materials in the paper and pulp industry. These agricultural residues are processed to produce paper, packaging materials, and other paper-based products [57,58]. Agricultural residues can be used in the production of construction materials [59], for example, rice husk ash can be used as a partial replacement for cement in concrete production, improving its strength and durability. ...
Agricultural residues are readily available and inexpensive renewable resources in China and can be utilized for reducing China’s reliance on fossil fuels and CO2 emissions. This study conducted a systematic study of energy production and consumption, CO2 emissions, and agricultural residues available for energy and environmental benefits in China. The gap between the domestic production and consumption of energy in China was large. China’s energy consumption structure was dominated by coal over the past thirty years, which was strongly linked the increasing CO2 emissions in China. China has abundant agricultural residues resource, most of which were utilized as soil amendments, animal feeds, substrates in mushroom cultivation, and industrial materials. The usable agricultural residues for energy were estimated to be about 226.9 million tons in 2020. If those usable agricultural residues would be converted into bio-oil and biochar through pyrolysis, it could not only replace about 102 million tons of crude oil, but also sequestrate about 209 million tons of CO2-equivalent. It is expected that the results from this study can promote the application of agricultural residues in potential of energy production and carbon sequestration.
... As of 2023, cotton is cultivated in almost 130 countries and covering approximately 32 million hectares due to its importance in economy (USDA, 2023a). Cotton can be used in textile with its fibers and linters, its seeds can be used in edible oil production, its stalk and leaves can be used as soil enrichers, in livestock feed production, food packaging, 2 stationery, gloves, pillows and bed sheets (Munir et al., 2020;Shahrajabian et al., 2020;Pandirwar et al., 2023). Cottonseed oil is frequently used in food industry due to its high temperature frying properties (Zhang and Wedegaertner, 2021). ...
The COVID-19 pandemic has posed a significant impact on agriculture. Due to its importance in world trade and human life, the effects of the pandemic on the cotton economy were evaluated by using the data of important organizations such as the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the World Trade Organization, and International Cotton Advisory Committee in this study. With the Chow test, which measures of structural breaks, the effects of COVID-19 on cotton production and trade were examined. According to the Chow test results, the pandemic had no significant effect on cotton production, exports and imports in the People’s Republic of China and Türkiye, while being highly influential on cotton production and exports in the U.S. and Brazil. Distinctively, in Pakistan, it had a significant impact on cotton production and import. It was observed that although the demand, trade and prices for cotton were descended, the cotton prices started to recover with the increase in demand in the third quarter of 2020. In June 2022, the highest peak in cotton prices was observed. As a conclusion, it is shown that cotton production and trade during the pandemic were affected in all countries except People’s Republic of China and Türkiye. However, the marks of the effects of factors such as decreasing stocks, uncertainties in national economies, high inflation and increase in production costs on the cotton economy will be better understood in the coming years.
... results in the loss of valuable biochemical compounds found in cotton stalks 5 . Cotton stalks are a potential source of raw materials to produce bioethanol, biogas, and composite building materials due to their high cellulose (33-36%), hemicellulose (9-18%), and lignin (25-31%) content [6][7][8] . Their biochemical composition promotes the production of biogas through anaerobic digestion as well as supports the conversion into fermentable sugars for bioethanol both of which have the potential to be used as renewable and environmentally benign energy sources. ...
This paper presents a novel approach to utilizing agricultural waste. It compares three different applications for cotton stalks: fabrication of wood composites, bioethanol production, and biogas cradle-to-gate Life cycle assessment production processes. Cotton cultivation generates a lot of debris, mostly cotton stalks, which are incinerated or landfilled, Sustainable resource management is critical for maintaining the ecosystem, and economic stability, and promoting social fairness since it ensures the long-term availability of resources while minimizing environmental damage. The investigation uses the Ecological Footprint, Impact 2002 +, Global Warming Damage Potential, Greenhouse Gas Protocol, Recipe Midpoint, Ecosystem Damage Potential, and CML IA Baseline—open LCA-enabled environmental sustainability assessments. The analysis showed that bioethanol has a lower carbon footprint and climate change impact than both wood composite and biogas production processes, as a result, this could cause a preference for bioethanol production as an environmentally friendly strategy for cotton stalks utilization. While human toxicity was higher in the biogas production process, it emits less fossil CO2 than biogenic CO2. The total climate change of wood composite, bioethanol, and biogas production processes was 0.01761, 0.011300, and 0.01083 points, respectively. This research helps accomplish wider ecological and economic aims by giving insights into sustainable waste management practices.
... As natural ber materials, crop residues have good biodegradability and can be used as industrial materials, such as raw materials for pulp, packaging, and thermal insulation [46,47]. In 2020, about 23.6 million tons of agricultural residues were used as industrial materials, accounting for 2.47% of the total collectable output of agricultural residues. ...
China is encountering two big challenges: supply shortage of energy especially liquid fuels and serious environmental problems especially increasing CO 2 emissions. Agricultural residues are readily available and inexpensive renewable resources in China and it can be expected to reduce China’s reliance on fossil fuels and CO 2 emissions through the use of agricultural residues. This study conducted a systematic study of energy production and consumption, CO 2 emissions, and agricultural residues available for energy and environmental benefits. The gap between the domestic production and consumption of energy in China became larger and larger, and China’s energy consumption structure was dominated by coal over the past thirty years. The increasing energy consumption especially coal consumption were strongly linked the increasing CO 2 emissions in China. As the largest agricultural country in the world, China has abundant agricultural residues, most of which were utilized as soil amendments, animal feeds, substrates in mushroom cultivation, and industrial materials. The usable agricultural residues for energy were estimated to be about 226.9 million tons in 2020. If those usable agricultural residues would be converted into bio-oil and biochar through pyrolysis, it could not only replace about 102 million tons of crude oil, but also sequestrate about 209 million tons of CO 2 -equivalent. It is expected that the results from this study can promote the application of agricultural residues in potential of energy production and carbon sequestration.
... However, limited literature is available on cotton stalks depolymerization, due to which many industries are still not using cotton stalks for biofuel production. Unlike other agricultural residues (rice straw, wheat straw, corn stover), cotton stalks exhibit a hardwood like fibrous structure (Pandirwar et al., 2022). The fibrous structure of cotton stalks makes it useful in the pulp and paper industry where the pre-treatment causes the fractionation of lignin, which remains underutilized waste for these industries. ...
Zeolites, being acidic, act as the most promising catalytic materials for deoxygenating reactive oxygenated compounds produced during the pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass. Herein, two zeolites, HY and HZSM-5, with different Si/Al ratios, are employed to investigate the effect of zeolite structure on aromatic hydrocarbons (AHs) production during flash hydropyrolysis of cotton stalks (Temperature= 800 ˚C, H2 pressure= 10 bar). Both the zeolites enhanced AHs production. However, the pore structure and pore size of HZSM-5 marked a pronounced effect on the reduction of oxygenated compounds. With an increase in Si/Al ratio, AHs area% was found to decrease owing to the decrease in acidity. Ni/zeolite catalysts were also investigated to look into the effect of metal loading on the catalytic properties of zeolite. Ni/zeolite catalysts enhanced the aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbon production by further conversion of phenolics and other oxygenated compounds due to the promotion of direct deoxygenation, decarbonylation and decarboxylation reactions.
In this paper, the microscopic damage mechanism of Modified Sporidiobolus johnsonii A (MSJA) in spray drying was investigated. The results showed that at a water content of 0.21 or a temperature of 52oC and at a water content of 0.07 or a temperature of 71oC, irreversible damage such as selective-permeable damage and collapse due to the transformation of the gel phase and the inverse-hexagonal phase of the phospholipid molecular layer of the cell membrane bilayer were the main reasons for the beginning of inactivation and large amount of inactivation of MSJA, respectively, in the spray-drying process.
In this paper, a new horizontal-shaft roller-type cotton stalk puller was designed to address the problems of weak research on cotton stalk pulling and harvesting machines, poor agronomic adaptability, and insufficient research. First, the physical and mechanical properties of cotton stalk were experimentally studied, the cotton stalk pulling force test was conducted and the moisture content and the bending characteristics of cotton stalk were evaluated. The test results showed that cotton stalk pulling force was positively correlated with the cotton stalk diameter and the bending characteristics were positively correlated with the moisture content but were not evidently influenced by the diameter. Second, with the missed pulling rate and pull-off rate as the evaluation indexes and three independent variables, namely, forward speed, linear speed of stalk pulling rod, and rotation speed of stalk pulling roller, as the influencing factors, a 3D response surface model was established. On this basis, the lack-of-fit term P (p = 0.3650) > 0.05 of the evaluation index—missed pulling rate P1—was acquired, and the P value of pull-off rate P2 was always smaller than 0.0001. Finally, the results demonstrated that the influence of various factors on the missed pulling rate of cotton stalk is significant and followed the order forward speed > linear speed of stalk pulling rod > rotation speed of stalk pulling roller; the significance level regarding the influence on the pull-off rate followed the order rotation speed of stalk pulling roller > linear speed of stalk pulling rod > forward speed. Through the parameter optimization analysis, the optimal parameter combination was obtained which coincide with the model optimization and prediction result. The proposed method provides a basis and experimental reference for studying cotton stalk harvesting machineries.
