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The uptake of electric vehicles in New Zealand is rapidly increasing and there is a desire for information about charging systems. This information is required by consumers, engineers, and businesses interested in installing charging infrastructure. This project was completed during the 2015-2016 summer break and aimed to enhance the University of...
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... In addition, the EVSE controller also supports the maintenance service, which can be conducted by either physical access (e.g., USB) or over-the-air service via OCPP from the CSMS (e.g., patch and software update [29]. The connector consists of power lines, control lines, control pilots (i.e., power line communication (PLC) in CCS, or CAN buses in CHAdeMO), enabling power supply, analog control, and data communication, respectively [30]. • Battery Management System (BMS): BMS controls the status of the SEV battery within the specified safe operating conditions [31]. ...
... • Battery Management System (BMS): BMS controls the status of the SEV battery within the specified safe operating conditions [31]. For instance, it monitors the real-time voltage, current, and battery temperature to avoid excessive current or overheating [30]. • SEV control & communication interface: SEV battery charging interface collects the battery data information from the BMS and sends the EVSE's configuration to the BMS for a compatibility check [30]. ...
... For instance, it monitors the real-time voltage, current, and battery temperature to avoid excessive current or overheating [30]. • SEV control & communication interface: SEV battery charging interface collects the battery data information from the BMS and sends the EVSE's configuration to the BMS for a compatibility check [30]. ...
An efficient operation of the electric shared mobility system (ESMS) relies heavily on seamless interconnections among shared electric vehicles (SEV), electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE), and the grid. Nevertheless, this interconnectivity also makes the ESMS vulnerable to cyberattacks that may cause short-term breakdowns or long-term degradation of the ESMS. This study focuses on one such attack with long-lasting effects, the Delayed Charge Attack (DCA), that stealthily delays the charging service by exploiting the physical and communication vulnerabilities. To begin, we present the ESMS threat model by highlighting the assets, information flow, and access points. We next identify a linked sequence of vulnerabilities as a viable attack vector for launching DCA. Then, we detail the implementation of DCA, which can effectively bypass the detection in the SEV’s battery management system and the cross-verification in the cloud environment. We test the DCA model against various Anomaly Detection (AD) algorithms by simulating the DCA dynamics in a Susceptible-Infectious-Removed-Susceptible process, where the EVSE can be compromised by the DCA or detected for repair. Using real-world taxi trip data and EVSE locations in New York City, the DCA model allows us to explore the long-term impacts and validate the system consequences. The results show that a 10-min delay results in 12-min longer queuing times and 8% more unfulfilled requests, leading to a 10.7% ($311.7) weekly revenue loss per driver. With the AD algorithms, the weekly revenue loss remains at least 3.8% ($111.8) with increased repair costs of $36,000, suggesting the DCA’s robustness against the AD.
... The wall-box was an integral part of the charging management system because it served as an additional semi-fast charger. Features such as real-time energy monitoring, charge scheduling, remote control (lock/unlock and output current), custom tariff configurations, consumption and cost data, and compatibility with iOS and Android system operations were all factory-installed [149][150][151]. These features allowed the wall-box to play a significant role in the management of chargers. ...
Citation: Ntombela, M.; Musasa, K.; Moloi, K. A Comprehensive Review for Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV) Drive Circuits Technology, Operations, and Challenges. World Electr. Veh. J. 2023, 14, 195. Abstract: Electric vehicles (EVs) are gaining more and more traction as a viable option in the automotive sector. This mode of transportation is currently on track, according to current trends, to totally replace internal combustion engine (ICE) cars in the not-too-distant future. The economic system, the energy infrastructure, and the environment are just a few of the areas where electric vehicles could have a major impact. The transportation industry produces the second-most carbon dioxide gas from the combustion of fossil fuels, making it the second-highest contributor to global warming. A lot of people are looking to EVs, or electric vehicles, as a possible game-changing answer to this problem. Since an electric motor drives the electric vehicle's propeller instead of an internal combustion engine, electric vehicles can reduce their carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions compared to traditional automobiles. If coupled with renewable energy sources, EVs might theoretically become emission-free automobiles. In this paper, we will examine the various EV drive circuit types, including their construction and the benefits and drawbacks of employing each. This article discusses the current state of battery technology with an emphasis on EV batteries. This article discusses the best electric motor for EVs in terms of efficiency, power density, fault tolerance, dependability, cost, and more. Next, we conduct in-depth research into the difficulties and potential rewards of EV adoption in the future. While improvements in areas like charging times and battery performance are encouraging, government regulation of EVs remains a big non-technical barrier.
... The remote wireless control terminal in this vehicle was a smartphone. The intelligent vehicle acts as a bridge between Bluetooth and a microcontroller (MCU) [150]. It may provide automatic direction control, gravity induction control, speech control, an automatic tracking system, automatic collision avoidance, and other support features. ...
The transportation sector is seeing an increased adoption rate of electric vehicles (EV), which comprise battery electric vehicles (BEV), hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV). This mode of transportation is likely to displace automobiles powered by internal combustion engines (ICE) in the nearest future, as indicated by the current trend. Each of the key EC components is home to a variety of technologies that are either currently in use or will be in the near future. Electric vehicles have the potential to have a significant impact on a variety of fields, including the economy, the energy infrastructure, and the natural environment. As a result of the production of carbon dioxide gas from the combustion of fossil fuels, transportation is the sector that is responsible for the second-highest amount of greenhouse gas emissions. Electric vehicles, often known as EVs, are getting a lot of attention as a potentially game-changing solution to this issue. It is possible for electric vehicles to produce fewer emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) than conventional automobiles due to the fact that an electric motor serves as the vehicle's propeller rather than an internal combustion engine. EVs have the potential to become zero-emission vehicles if they are paired with renewable energy sources. This document presents an overview of the numerous types of EV drive circuits, covering their design as well as the benefits and drawbacks associated with each type. The current state of battery technology, particularly that pertaining to the batteries utilized in electronic vehicles, is discussed in this paper. This article also discusses electric motor efficiency, power density, fault tolerance, dependability, cost, and the best electric motor for EVs. Then, a thorough study of future EV implementation's obstacles and prospects is done. Charging times and battery performance are examples of technological challenges, but government regulation of EVs continues to be a substantial non-technical hurdle.
... It process the real-time information between the EVSE and the EVSE vendor controller in the CSMS, e.g., availability status. In addition, the EVSE controller also supports the maintenance service, which can be conducted by either physical access (e.g., USB) or over-the-air service via OCPP from the CSMS (e.g., patch and software update [23]. ...
... For instance, the SEV driver must initiate a charging request with the desired state of charge (SoC) or charging duration, which can be accomplished through the charging app (e.g., EVgo [25] and EVmatch [26]) or human-machine interface (HMI). Before the charging starts, several rounds of confirmation will proceed via the analog control lines for a compatibility check (e.g., SEV battery and charger parameters) [23]. During the charging process, numerous communication exchanges take place between the EVSE and SEV regarding power supply and battery conditions [23] (e.g., maximum voltage to stop charging, target voltage, battery capacity, and maximum admissible current of the EVSE and SEV). ...
... Before the charging starts, several rounds of confirmation will proceed via the analog control lines for a compatibility check (e.g., SEV battery and charger parameters) [23]. During the charging process, numerous communication exchanges take place between the EVSE and SEV regarding power supply and battery conditions [23] (e.g., maximum voltage to stop charging, target voltage, battery capacity, and maximum admissible current of the EVSE and SEV). Furthermore, the BMS continuously calculates the optimal charging current based on the current SoC, battery condition, and temperature. ...
An efficient operation of the electric shared mobility system (ESMS) relies heavily on seamless interconnections between shared electric vehicles (SEV), electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE), and the grid. Nevertheless, this interconnectivity also makes the ESMS vulnerable to cyberattacks that may cause short-term breakdowns or long-term degradation of the ESMS. This study focuses on one such attack with long-lasting effects, the Delayed Charge Attack (DCA), that stealthily delays the charging service by exploiting the physical and communication vulnerabilities. To begin, we present the ESMS threat model by highlighting the assets, information flow, and access points. We next identify a linked sequence of vulnerabilities as a viable attack vector for launching DCA. Then, we detail the implementation of DCA, which can effectively bypass the detection in the SEV's battery management system and the cross-verification in the cloud environment. We test the DCA model against various Anomaly Detection (AD) algorithms by simulating the DCA dynamics in a Susceptible-Infectious-Removed-Susceptible (SIRS) process, where the EVSE can be compromised by the DCA or detected for repair. Using real-world taxi trip data and EVSE locations in New York City, the DCA model allows us to explore the long-term impacts and validate the system consequences. The results show that a 10-min delay will result in 12-min longer queuing times and 8% more unfulfilled requests, leading to a 10.7% (\$311.7) weekly revenue loss per driver. With the AD algorithms, the weekly revenue loss remains at 3.8% (\$111.8), suggesting the robustness of the DCA.
... One of the ways to tackle the issue is by using a fast charger, which is able to provide a larger capacity of DC electricity to charge the vehicles. There are several fast DC charging standards, including CHAdeMO (charge de move) and Combo, which are able to provide a fast-charging mode, generally up to 80% of the capacity within 30 min depending on the rate of power delivery (6-200 kW) [34]. Furthermore, since both CHAdeMO and Combo support a fast-charging process, they have a good prospect for the vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology. ...
Transportation is the second-largest sector contributing to greenhouse gas emissions due to CO2 gas generation from the combustion of fossil fuels. Electric vehicles (EVs) are believed to be a great solution to overcome this issue. EVs can reduce CO2 emissions because the vehicles use an electric motor as a propeller instead of an internal combustion engine. Combined with sustainable energy resources, EVs may become zero-emission transportation. This paper presents an overview of the EV drive train types, including their architecture with the benefits and drawbacks of each type. The aim is to summarize the recent progress of EV technology that always continues to be updated. Furthermore, a comparative investigation on energy density and efficiency, specific energy and power, cost, and application is carried out for batteries as the main energy storage. This discussion provides an understanding of the current development of battery technology, especially the batteries used in EVs. Moreover, the electric motor efficiency, power density, fault tolerance, reliability, and cost are also presented, including the most effective electric motor to use in EVs. The challenges and opportunities of EV deployment in the future are then discussed comprehensively. The government regulation for EVs is still a major non-technical challenge, whereas the charging time and battery performance are the challenges for the technical aspect.
Compared to 10 years ago, electric mobility has increasingly become a present-day reality. However, it is still too early to think of this development as an “electric revolution,” even while acknowledging that the steps toward this new method of conceiving mobility have started and as of 2020, developments in the sector are visible. If one takes a careful look around, it is now commonplace to see the ever-increasing number of electric cars, especially fleets involved in car-sharing arrangements. In addition, there is also a proliferation of recharging systems within the city.
The following chapter presents a general discussion of the panorama of electric mobility. It will include: A brief introduction of, and current developments regarding electric vehicles (EVs) around the world; the different types of EVs currently available according to their hybridization levels; the various charging methods and the related systems and equipment as part of infrastructure of the electric vehicle supply equipment.
Battery systems and charging infrastructures are essential, cost intense, and partly interchangeable building blocks of electric mobility. Although both building blocks are expected to develop favorably in the coming years, their current limitations hinder the adoption of electric vehicles. As their advancement competes for limited resources, it is of interest to quantify the trade-offs between battery capacity and charging infrastructure improvements in order to allocate research and development resources and public spending effectively. In an analysis that utilizes mobility data from a large cohort of regular drivers, we assess the impact of three electric mobility scenario parameters – battery capacity, charging infrastructure coverage, and charging power – on key performance indicators and side effects of electric mobility. The study goes beyond the state-of-the-art in several ways, including the large amount of driving data that serves as input (909 conventional vehicles monitored over two years while traveling over 46.5 million km (28.9 million miles)), the quality of the movement data (profiles based on global positioning systems), and the use of clustering that allows us to assess driver segments separately within one coherent analysis. For 180 battery-infrastructure scenarios, we derive energy consumption and charging behavior of the vehicles, electric reachability of destinations, electric mileage share of hybrid vehicles, and grid impact (electricity demand and time of peaks). Results show that realistic battery capacity improvements dispel concerns about the need for a dense charging infrastructure. We find that only small segments of long-range drivers and vehicles with very limited electric range benefit much from a dense charging network. Moreover, we observe that the benefits of fast charging are small for most driver segments even if charging can take place only at the home location.
