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Biosludge from a wastewater treatment plant was able to adsorb colourants, particularly vat dyes, from textile wastewater. Autoclaved and resting biosludge showed different adsorption abilities with different types of vat dyes. The adsorption abil- ity of the biosludge increased with an increase in sludge age (solid retention time; SRT). Autoclaved...
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Discharging of untreated or partially treated textile wastewater is common in Ethiopia, and this has detrimental effect to the environment. It is difficult to treat textile wastewater by conventional biological processes. In this study, real textile wastewater was taken and treated using sequencing batch reactor using a biomass taken from domestic...
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... The melanoidin adsorption capacity of both types of cells (resting and autoclaved) was determined by jar-test system (Sirianuntapiboon and Seangow, 2004) under constant temperature of 30°C for 3 h using the MP solution. The concentration of acetogenic bacteria BP103 cells of the reaction mixtures were varied as 1000, 1500, 3000, 3500 and 4000 mg/L. ...
... The concentration of acetogenic bacteria BP103 cells of the reaction mixtures were varied as 1000, 1500, 3000, 3500 and 4000 mg/L. The MP adsorption capacity of cell types A and B were analyzed by using Freundlich's adsorption isotherm equation according to the multilayer adsorption mechanism of bio-sludge (Sirianuntapiboon and Seangow, 2004). ...
... But, dead (autoclaved) cells showed an adsorption yield of about two times higher than living (resting) cells. This might be due to the effect of some metabolism of the living cells to repress the adsorption ability due to the toxic of MP (Metcalf & Eddy Inc., 2004;Sirianuntapiboon and Seangow, 2004;Sirianuntapiboon and Srisornsak, 2007). However, the relevant data for adsorption mechanism was not collected in this study. ...
Acetogenic bacteria BP103 cells could be used as the absorbent for melanoidin pigment (MP) and molasses wastewater (MWW). The maximum MP adsorption yield of this strain observed from the dead (autoclaved) cell. It was two times higher than that with resting cells. However, the MP adsorption yield of the strain was 50-60% decreased by acclimatization with the media containing MP. The deteriorated cells (MP-adsorbed cells) could be recovered by washing with 0.1% SDS, 0.1% Tween 80 and 0.1 mol/L NaOH solutions. Among them, 0.1 mol/L NaOH solution was most suitable according to highest elution ability and no-effect to the MP adsorption capacity (The adsorption yield of deteriorated cell was reduced only 10% after washing three times with 0.1 mol/L NaOH solution). In SBR system, the strain showed very low MP removal yield with both molasses wastewater (MWW) from the anaerobic pond (An-MWW) and stillage from an alcohol factory (U-MWW). However, the MP removal yield was increased by supplementation with carbon sources (glucose). Also, the MP removal efficiency was increased with the increase of supplemented-glucose concentration. The highest COD, BOD(5), TKN and MP removal efficiencies of the SBR system with 10 times-diluted An-MWW solution containing 30 g/L glucose under HRT of seven days were 65.2+/-2.5%, 82.8+/-3.4%, 32.1+/-0.8% and 50.2+/-3.7%, respectively. The large molecular weight fraction of MP in both U-MWW and An-MWW solutions were rapidly removed by acetogenic bacteria BP103, while the small molecular weight fractions of MP still remained in the effluent.
... Our previous study [22,23] found that both SBR and GAC-SBR systems could be applied for treatment textile wastewater containing direct dyes, but GAC-SBR give higher dye removal efficiency than SBR system, because, the GAC-SBR system was operated under high total bio-sludge concentration resulting from the bio-film mass [8,17,23,24]. The SRT of the GAC-SBR system was thus longer than that of the conventional SBR system resulting in an increase dyes adsorption capacity of the bio-sludge [22][23][24][33][34][35]. ...
... Our previous study [22,23] found that both SBR and GAC-SBR systems could be applied for treatment textile wastewater containing direct dyes, but GAC-SBR give higher dye removal efficiency than SBR system, because, the GAC-SBR system was operated under high total bio-sludge concentration resulting from the bio-film mass [8,17,23,24]. The SRT of the GAC-SBR system was thus longer than that of the conventional SBR system resulting in an increase dyes adsorption capacity of the bio-sludge [22][23][24][33][34][35]. However, the system showed quite low dye removal efficiency of only 57% [23]. ...
... However, the system showed quite low dye removal efficiency of only 57% [23]. The dye removal mechanism consists of dye adsorption and degradation [22][23][24]36]. Then, MLSS and bio-sludge age (SRT) might effect to both organic and dye removal efficiencies [24,34]. ...
The GAC-SBR efficiency was decreased with the increase of dyestuff concentration or the decrease of bio-sludge concentration. The system showed the highest removal efficiency with synthetic textile wastewater (STWW) containing 40 mg/L direct red 23 or direct blue 201 under MLSS of 3,000 mg/L and hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 7.5 days. But, the effluent NO(3)(-) was higher than that of the influent. Direct red 23 was more effective than direct blue 201 to repress the GAC-SBR system efficiency. The dyes removal efficiency of the system with STWW containing direct red 23 was reduced by 30% with the increase of direct red 23 from 40 mg/L to 160 mg/L. The system with raw textile wastewater (TWW) showed quite low BOD(5) TKN and dye removal efficiencies of only 64.7+/-4.9% and 50.2+/-6.9%, respectively. But its' efficiencies could be increased by adding carbon sources (BOD(5)). The dye removal efficiency with TWW was increased by 30% and 20% by adding glucose (TWW+glucose) or Thai rice noodle wastewater (TWW+TRNWW), respectively. SRT of the systems were 28+/-1 days and 31+/-2 days with TWW+glucose and TWW+TRNWW, respectively.
... On the treatment of SIEWW by SBR system, both organic matter and heavy metals could be rapidly removed with high efficiencies due to growth of bio-sludge: growth association mechanism (Ohmomo et al., 1988;Metcalf and Eddy, 1995). The same two types of activity were earlier reported for decolorization of vate dye by bio-sludge and decolorization of melanoidin by fungi (Sirianuntapiboon and Saengow, 2004;Sirianuntapiboon et al., 1991). The increase of HRT or decrease of organic loading of both SBR and GAC-SBR systems could increase the system efficiencies and improve the sludge quality as SVI (Metcalf and Eddy, 1995;Sirianuntapiboon and Chaiyasing, 2000). ...
Living bio-sludge from domestic wastewater treatment plant was used as adsorbent of heavy metals (Pb(2+), Ni(2+)) and its adsorption capacity was about 10-30% reduced by autoclaving at 110 degrees C for 10 min. The living bio-sludge acclimatized in synthetic industrial estate wastewater (SIEWW) without heavy metals showed the highest Pb(2+) and Ni(2+) adsorption capacities at 840+/-20 and 720+/-10 mg/g bio-sludge, respectively. The adsorbed Pb(2+) and Ni(2+) were easily eluted (70-77%) from bio-sludge by washing with 0.1 mol/l HNO(3) solution. The heavy metals (Pb(2+), Ni(2+)) removal efficiency of both SBR and GAC-SBR systems were increased with the increase of hydraulic retention time (HRT), or the decrease of organic loading. The SBR system showed higher heavy metals removal efficiency than GAC-SBR system at the same organic loading or HRT. The Pb(2+), Ni(2+), BOD(5), COD and TKN removal efficiencies of GAC-SBR system were 88.6+/-0.9%, 94.6+/-0.1%, 91.3+/-1.0%, 81.9+/-1.0% and 62.9+/-0.5%, respectively with industrial estate wastewater (IEWW) with 410 mg/l glucose, 5 mg/l Pb(2+) and 5 mg/l Ni(2+) under organic loading of 1.25 kg BOD(5)/m(3) d (HRT of 3 days). The bio-sludge quality (sludge volume index: SVI) of the system was less than 80 ml/g. The excess sludge from both SBR and GAC-SBR systems with SIEWW under the organic loading of 1.25-2.50 kg BOD(5)/m(3) d contained Pb(2+) and Ni(2+) at concentrations of 240-250 mg Pb(2+)/g bio-sludge and 180-210 mg Ni(2+)/g bio-sludge, respectively.
... The concentrations of bio-sludge of the reaction mixtures were varied at 1000, 1500, 3000, 3500, and 4000 mg/L. The dye adsorption capacity of both biosludge groups and GAC were analyzed by using Freundlich's adsorption isotherm equation based on the multilayer adsorption mechanism of bio-sludge (Rubin, 1978;Sirianuntapiboon and Saengow, 2004). ...
... The color intensities of STWW and TWW were determined as the absorbance at the optimum wavelength, as shown in Table 1, after centrifugation at 6000g for 10 min. The optimal wavelength for determination of the color intensity of each type of wastewater was observed by scanning with a wavelength scanning-spectrophotometer (Sirianuntapiboon et al., 1995;Sirianuntapiboon and Saengow, 2004). The solid retention time (SRT/sludge age) was determined as the ratio of the total MLSS of the system to the amount of excess sludge produced in a day. ...
... The bio-sludge from a domestic wastewater treatment plant could be used as the adsorbent of both organic matter and direct dyes, and the adsorption ability was reduced by autoclaving, especially for organic matter (Table 5). The adsorption mechanisms of this bio-sludge might be similar to the melanoidin adsorption mechanism in Rhizoctonia sp. and Aspergillus oryzae and the vat dyes adsorption mechanism of bio-sludge (Ohmomo et al., 1988;Sirianuntapiboon and Saengow, 2004). ...
Resting (living) bio-sludge from a domestic wastewater treatment plant was used as an adsorbent of both direct dyes and organic matter in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) system. The dye adsorption capacity of the bio-sludge was not increased by acclimatization with direct dyes. The adsorption of Direct Red 23 and Direct Blue 201 onto the bio-sludge was almost the same. The resting bio-sludge showed higher adsorption capacity than the autoclaved bio-sludge. The resting bio-sludge that was acclimatized with synthetic textile wastewater (STWW) without direct dyes showed the highest Direct Blue 201, COD, and BOD(5) removal capacities of 16.1+/-0.4, 453+/-7, and 293+/-9 mg/g of bio-sludge, respectively. After reuse, the dye adsorption ability of deteriorated bio-sludge was recovered by washing with 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) solution. The direct dyes in the STWW were also easily removed by a GAC-SBR system. The dye removal efficiencies were higher than 80%, even when the system was operated under a high organic loading of 0.36kgBOD(5)/m(3)-d. The GAC-SBR system, however, showed a low direct dye removal efficiency of only 57+/-2.1% with raw textile wastewater (TWW) even though the system was operated with an organic loading of only 0.083kgBOD(5)/m(3)-d. The dyes, COD, BOD(5), and total kjeldalh nitrogen removal efficiencies increased up to 76.0+/-2.8%, 86.2+/-0.5%, 84.2+/-0.7%, and 68.2+/-2.1%, respectively, when 0.89 g/L glucose (organic loading of 0.17kgBOD(5)/m(3)-d) was supplemented into the TWW.
... The biological removal of color was good with vat and sulfur dyes (Nigam et al., 1995). A previous study (Sirianuntapiboon and Seangow, 2004) also reported that vat dye could be adsorbed on the bio-sludge and removed by SBR systems operating under short solid retention operation (SRT). However, little research on the biological removal of disperse dyes has been reported. ...
... Disperse Red 60 was more easily adsorbed onto bio-sludge than Disperse Blue 60 because the molecular weight of Disperse Red 60 is less than that of Disperse Blue 60 (Society ofDyes and Colourists, 1987). The adsorption mechanisms of this bio-sludge might be similar to that of the melanoidin adsorption mechanism in Rhizoctonia sp. and Aspergillus oryzae and the vat dye adsorption mechanism of biosludge (Sirianuntapiboon et al., 1995;Ohmomo et al., 1988;Sirianuntapiboon and Seangow, 2004). The COD and BOD 5 removal efficiencies of dead bio-sludge (autoclaved bio-sludge) decreased down to only 10–15% of the efficiency of resting bio-sludge. ...
... a STWW + glucose is the TWW that was supplemented with 0.89 g/L of glucose. from our previous work on vat dye and heavy metal adsorption by bio-sludge (Sirianuntapiboon and Seangow, 2004;Sirianuntapiboon and Chaiyasing, 2000). The dye adsorption capacity of bio-sludge increased through acclimatization with disperse dye (Bromley-Challenor et al., 2000). ...
Granular activated carbon (GAC) did not show any significant adsorption ability on the disperse dyes, while resting (living) bio-sludge of a domestic wastewater treatment plant showed high adsorption abilities on both disperse dyes and organic matter. The dye adsorption ability of bio-sludge increased by approximately 30% through acclimatization with disperse dyes, and it decreased by autoclaving. The deteriorated bio-sludge could be reused after being washed with 0.1N NaOH solution. Disperse Red 60 was more easily adsorbed onto the bio-sludge than Disperse Blue 60. The Disperse Red 60, COD, and BOD5 adsorption capacities of acclimatized, resting bio-sludge were 40.0+/-0.1, 450+/-12, and 300+/-10mg/g of bio-sludge, respectively. The GAC-SBR system could be applied to treat textile wastewater (TWW) containing disperse dyes with high dye, BOD5, COD, and TKN removal efficiencies of 93.0+/-1.1%, 88.0+/-3.1%, 92.2+/-2.7% and 51.5+/-7.0%, respectively without any excess bio-sludge production under an organic loading of 0.18 kg BOD5/m3-d. Furthermore, the removal efficiencies increased with the addition of glucose into the system. The dye, BOD5, COD, and TKN removal efficiencies of the GAC-SBR system with TWW containing 0.89 g/L glucose were 94.6+/-0.7%, 94.4+/-0.6%, 94.4+/-0.8% and 59.3+/-8.5%, respectively, under an SRT of 67+/-0.4 days.
Hospital effluents are of major concern for environmental and public health, due to presence of high concentrations of hazardous substances such as pharmaceutically active compounds, toxic chemicals, radioisotopes, and pathogens. This hospital wastewater (HWW) is then discharged directly to municipal wastewater treatment plants without any pretreatment. And reports document that the HWW is the major source for emergence of various drug-resistant pathogens. Because of this harmful nature of HWW, it needs to be well treated before discharged into environment. Conventional physiochemical wastewater treatment methods fail in terms of high costs of treatments and generation of harmful by-products. Therefore, there is need of new approach that is sustainable and eco-friendly. In this chapter, application of green chemistry for treatment of HWW is discussed in brief. Basically, green chemistry involves use of different chemicals and chemical processes that produce lesser amount of waste products harmful for environment. Therefore, green chemistry techniques can be employed as viable solution for treatment of huge amount of wastewater generated in hospitals.
Dyes and pigments, the most important colorants, are widely used in industries such as textiles, pharmaceuticals, food, cosmetics, plastics, paints, inks, photographs, and paper. Therefore, they produce huge amounts of undesirable colored industrial wastewater. Wastewater containing dyes and pigments not only makes them aesthetically unacceptable but also creates serious health risk factors for living organisms and the environment. The techniques used in the treatment of wastewater containing dye and pigments are generally categorized as physical, chemical, biological, and thermal techniques as well as combined techniques. Various methods such as aerobic and anaerobic microbial degradation, coagulation and chemical oxidation, membrane separation, electrocoagulation, dilution, filtration, flotation, softening, and reverse osmosis are widely used to remove colorants from industrial effluents. This chapter will cover the definitions and classifications of industrial wastewater, dyes and pigments, and treatment techniques for industrial wastewater containing dyes and pigments.
The color removal efficiency of a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) system with synthetic textile wastewater (STWW) containing 80 mg/L disperse dye increased with the increase of mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) or solids retention time (SRT). The color removal efficiency was over 98% at an MLSS of 4,000 mg/L and SRT of over 25 days. Also, the color removal efficiency decreased with the increase of dye concentration. Both disperse blue 60 and disperse red 60 repressed the growths and activities of both heterotrophic and denitrifying bacteria, but they did not show any effect on nitrifying bacteria. However, the SBR system did not show any change in color removal efficiency of both disperse red 60 and disperse blue 60. The SBR system showed quite low color, COD and BOD5 removal efficiencies with raw textile wastewater (TWW). But, the system removal efficiencies could be increased by dilution of the TWW and supplementation with glucose. The color removal efficiency of the system with four times diluted-TWW containing 1.875 g/L glucose was 69.6±4.0%. Moreover, contaminated-NaCl in STWW could depress color adsorption yields of living as well as dead bio-sludge.
Issatchenkia orientalis No. SF9-246 cell showed both melanoidin (MP) adsorption and degradation abilities and its MP-adsorption yield was reduced by acclimatization with medium containing MP. The living cell showed the MP-adsorption ability of 15%; higher than the autoclaved cell (dead cell). The MP-adsorption ability of the deteriorated cell (MP-adsorbed cell) was recovered by washing with 0.1 mol L -1 H 2SO 4 solution. Un-expectantly, the MP-adsorption capacity of the deteriorated cell was about 100 to 150% increased after washing with 0.1 mol L -1 H 2SO 4 solution. Also, the strain showed the highest biomass production yield of 43.6±2.5 g L -1 in the medium containing MP within 7 days cultivation and the crude protein content of the biomass was 36.38±1.12%. In addition, the strain produced intracellular glutathione S-transferase enzymes types Y-1 and Y-2 (GST Y-1 and GST Y-2) and GST Y-1 production was induced by MP.
